Joshua Pearce argues that implementing five policies could help Ecuador radically reduce the costs of scientific research through open-source hardware. Exorbitant equipment prices currently limit scientific access. However, open-source microcontrollers and 3D printers now enable customized, low-cost scientific tools to be fabricated for much less than commercial equivalents. The five proposed policies include: forming a task force to identify top opportunities for strategic goals and ROI through open-source hardware; funding development of identified open-source scientific hardware; creating a national catalog of validated open-source scientific hardware; enacting government purchasing preferences for Ecuador-made open-source hardware; and funding basic "maker spaces" with equipment like 3D printers at public universities. This could

1. Joshua Pearce´s response to FLOK Society´s Open Letter:
Ecuador has an opportunity to radically reduce the cost of experimental research in
the sciences while improving scientific tools by implementing five policies to support
open-source hardware for science.
Exorbitant prices of primarily imported scientific equipment limit scientific access in
both education and research. Historically, the scientific community had no choice –
forced to buy proprietary tools to participate in state-of-the-art research (high
monetary cost) or develop everything from scratch (high time cost). Now the
combination of open-source microcontrollers and 3D printers enables the fabrication
of customized, low-cost scientific equipment with far less time investment.1
For example, open-source colorimeters can be built to do COD measurements for
under $50 replacing similar hand-held tools that cost over $20002 or single
automated devices used in solar energy labs such as a filter wheel can be built in a
day for $50 replacing inferior commercial tools that cost $2,500.3 Even high-end
equipment can be built from open-source plans such as an $800 open-source
microscope that replaces a $80,000 conventional microscope.4
This method not only offers the potential to radically reduce the cost of doing
science, but also training future scientists.5 An entire university classroom of physics
optics setups can be printed in house for $500 on a $500 open-source 3D printer
replacing $15,000 of commercial equipment6, which would save over $400,000 if
scaled only to the basic physics labs in the 29 public universities in Ecuador.
To fully take advantage of this opportunity Ecuador must implement policies that
allow knowledge to scale horizontally. This horizontal scaling will be accomplished by
federal funding being spent only once for development of scientific equipment and
then a return on the investment (ROI) is realized by the digital replication of the
devices throughout the country for only the costs of materials. Practically this means
research-grade scientific instruments will be much more accessible at every level in
the education spectrum and that a greater percentage of Ecuador’s scientists will
be able to do research at the internationally-competitive level. Improvements in
science lead to improvements in technology, which will enhance every aspect of
Ecuador’s economy.
1
J.M. Pearce, Open‐Source Lab: How to Build Your Own Hardware and Reduce Research Costs, Elsevier, (2014).
Anzalone GC, Glover AG, Pearce JM. Open‐Source Colorimeter. Sensors 13(4):5338‐5346 (2013).
3
J.M. Pearce, Building Research Equipment with Free, Open‐Source Hardware. Science 337(6100): 1303–1304 (2012).
4
Open Source Through the Lens of a Microscope. SciDev.Net. (2013).
5
J.M. Pearce, Open‐source hardware for research and education”, Physics Today 66(11), 8 (2013).
6
Zhang C, Anzalone NC, Faria RP, Pearce JM. Open‐Source 3D‐Printable Optics Equipment. PLoS ONE 8(3): e59840. (2013).
2

2. 5 policies to accomplish it:
1. Form a task force to identify the top 100 opportunities to realize strategic
national goals and a high ROI on open-source scientific hardware. The
countries largest current expenditures on equipment should be found along
with the most likely future expenditures. Rank all science based purchases
from internationally-sourced suppliers by value so equivalent (or superior)
open-source devices can be identified as either existing or needing to be
developed for (6).
2. Federal funding of the development of open-source scientific hardware
identified in (5). This can be accomplished with a combination or traditional
grants, contests, or bounties.
3. Create a national catalog of vetted and validated free and open-source
scientific hardware housing the bill of materials, digital designs, instructions for
assembly and operation and all software and firmware.
4. To provide incentives for Ecuador’s entrepreneurs to begin to produce this
equipment all levels of government will enact purchasing policy preferences
for “made in Ecuador” free and open-source hardware / libre hardware.
5. To enable distributed manufacturing in Ecuador’s universities a basic “maker
space” will be funded at each public university including access to opensource 3D printers, machine shop tools, and laser cutters.