This document discusses different types of joins in SQL, including inner joins, outer joins, cross joins, and natural joins. It provides examples of how to write join conditions in the WHERE clause and use table aliases. It also covers Cartesian products that result when join conditions are omitted, as well as guidelines for qualifying ambiguous column names when joins involve multiple tables.
(** MYSQL DBA Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/mysql-dba **)
This Edureka PPT on SQL Joins will discuss the various types of Joins used in SQL Server with examples. The following topics will be covered in this PPT:
Introduction to SQL
What are Joins?
Types of Joins
FAQs about Joins
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(** MYSQL DBA Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/mysql-dba **)
This Edureka PPT on SQL Joins will discuss the various types of Joins used in SQL Server with examples. The following topics will be covered in this PPT:
Introduction to SQL
What are Joins?
Types of Joins
FAQs about Joins
Follow us to never miss an update in the future.
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/edurekaIN
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Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/edurekaIN/
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este taller es un paso a paso para reforzar los conocimientos en creación de consultas en SQL Server utilizando los elementos JOIN, SUBQUERIES, APPLY y CTE. esta totalmente diseñado para realizarse con recursos gratuitos y disponibles en la red
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
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- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
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Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
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• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
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• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
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We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
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Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
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Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
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Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
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During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
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https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
3. Cartesian Products
When a join condition is invalid or omitted completely, the result is a
Cartesian product, in which all combinations of rows are displayed.
All rows in the first table are joined to all rows in the second table.
A Cartesian product tends to generate a large number of rows, and the
result is rarely useful.
You should always include a valid join condition in a WHERE clause, unless
you have a specific need to combine all rows from all tables.
Cartesian products are useful for some tests when you need to generate a
large number of rows to simulate a reasonable amount of data.
6. Joining Tables Using Oracle Syntax
Use a join to query data from more than one table.
Write the join condition in the WHERE clause.
Prefix the column name with the table name when the same column
name appears in more than one table.
7. Defining Joins
Guidelines
When data from more than one
table in the database is required, a
join condition is used.
Rows in one table can be joined to
rows in another table according to
common values existing in
corresponding columns, that is,
usually primary and foreign key
columns.
To display data from two or more
related tables, write a simple join
condition in the WHERE clause.
When writing a SELECT statement that
joins tables, precede the column name with
the table name for clarity and to enhance
database access.
If the same column name appears in more
than one table, the column name must be
prefixed with the table name.
To join n tables together, you need a
minimum of n-1 join conditions.
For example, to join four tables, a minimum
of three joins is required.
This rule may not apply if your table has a
concatenated primary key, in which case
more than one column is required to
uniquely identify each row.
9. Equijoins
To determine an employee’s department name, you compare the
value in the DEPARTMENT_ID column in the EMPLOYEES table
with the DEPARTMENT_ID values in the DEPARTMENTS table.
The relationship between the EMPLOYEES and DEPARTMENTS
tables is an equijoin—that is, values in the DEPARTMENT_ID
column on both tables must be equal.
Frequently, this type of join involves primary and foreign key
complements.
Note: Equijoins are also called simple joins or inner joins.
10. Decision Matrix
Explain the use of a decision matrix for simplifying writing joins.
For example, if you want to display the name and department number of all the
employees who are in the same department as Goyal, you can start by making the
following decision tree:
Now the SQL statement can be easily formulated by looking at the decision matrix.
The first column gives the column list in the SELECT statement, the second column
gives the tables for the FROM clause, and the third column gives the condition for the
WHERE clause.
11. Qualifying Ambiguous Column Names
Guidelines
Table aliases can be max. up to 30
characters in length, but shorter is
better.
Use table prefixes to qualify column
names that are in multiple tables.
If a table alias is used for a particular
table name in the FROM clause, then
that table alias must be substituted for
the table name throughout the
SELECT statement.
Table aliases should be meaningful.
The table alias is valid only for the
current SELECT statement.
Distinguish columns that have identical
names but reside in different tables by
using column aliases.
Using Table Aliases
Simplify queries by using table aliases.
Improve performance by using table
prefixes.
15. Outer Joins Syntax
You use an outer join to also see rows that do not meet the join condition.
The Outer join operator is the plus sign (+).
(+) is placed on the “side” of the join that is deficient in information.
17. Joining Tables Using SQL: 1999 Syntax
table1.column
CROSS JOIN
NATURAL JOIN
JOIN table
USING
JOIN table ON
table1.column_name
= table2.column_name
LEFT/RIGHT/FULL OUTER
Denotes the table and column from which data is retrieved
Returns a Cartesian product from the two tables
Joins two tables based on the same column name
column_name Performs an equijoin based on the column name
Performs an equijoin based on the condition in the ON clause
18. Creating Cross Joins
The CROSS JOIN clause produces the cross product of two tables.
This is the same as a Cartesian product between the two tables.
19. Creating Natural Joins
The NATURAL JOIN clause is based on all columns in the two tables that have the same name.
It selects rows from the two tables that have equal values in all matched columns.
If the columns having the same names have different data types, an error is returned.
20. Creating Joins with the USING Clause
If several columns have the same names but the data types do not match, the NATURAL JOIN
clause can be modified with the USING clause to specify the columns that should be used for an
equi-join.
Use the USING clause to match only one column when more than one column matches.
Do not use a table name or alias in the referenced columns.
The NATURAL JOIN and USING clauses are mutually exclusive.
21. Creating Joins with the ON Clause
The join condition for the natural join is basically an equi-join of all columns with the same name.
To specify arbitrary conditions or specify columns to join, the ON clause is used.
The join condition is separated from other search conditions.
The ON clause makes code easy to understand.
23. INNER Joins Versus OUTER Joins
In SQL: 1999, the join of two tables returning only matched rows is an
inner join.
A join between two tables that returns the results of the inner join as well as
unmatched rows left (or right) tables is a left (or right) outer join.
A join between two tables that returns the results of an inner join as well as
the results of a left and right join is a full outer join.
25. LEFT OUTER JOIN
This query retrieves all rows in the EMPLOYEES table, which is the left table even if
there is no match in the DEPARTMENTS table.
This query was completed in earlier releases as follows:
SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name
FROM employees e, departments d
WHERE d.department_id (+) = e.department_id;
26. RIGHT OUTER JOIN
This query retrieves all rows in the DEPARTMENTS table, which is the right table
even if there is no match in the EMPLOYEES table.
This query was completed in earlier releases as follows:
SELECT e.last_name,e.department_id,d.department_name
FROM employees e, departments d
WHERE d.department_id = e.department_id (+);
27. FULL OUTER JOIN
This query retrieves all rows in the EMPLOYEES table, even if there is no match in the
DEPARTMENTS table. It also retrieves all rows in the DEPARTMENTS table, even if there is no
match in the EMPLOYEES table.
It was not possible to complete this in earlier releases using outer joins. However, you could
accomplish the same results using the UNION operator.
SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name
FROM employees e, departments d
WHERE e.department_id (+) = d.department_id
UNION
SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name
FROM employees e, departments d
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id (+);
29. Summary
There are multiple ways to join tables.
Types of Joins
Equijoins
Non-equijoins
Outer joins
Self joins
Cross joins
Natural joins
Full or outer joins
Cartesian Products
A Cartesian product results in all combinations of rows displayed. This is done by either omitting the WHERE
clause or specifying the CROSS JOIN clause.
Table Aliases
Table aliases speed up database access.
Table aliases can help to keep SQL code smaller, by conserving memory.