This document discusses informing the public about immunization through strategic communication. It suggests finding out what the public thinks through tracking opinions of health professionals and parents. It also suggests pre-testing communications and evaluating their effectiveness. The document examines perceptions of disease severity and vaccine safety over time. It explores what influences parents, including negative media reports and scientific papers questioning vaccine safety. Effective communication is shown to be important for program acceptance through an example from Romania's HPV vaccine program. Overall, the document emphasizes understanding audiences and testing communications to engage the public about immunization.
The document discusses the Meningitis Research Foundation's current and upcoming work including assessing the impact of meningitis on families, developing a comprehensive meningococcal genome library, estimating the true burden of meningococcal disease in England, and funding 17 current research projects totaling over £2.7 million. It also puts out a call for proposals on hot topics in meningococcal research like monitoring MenB vaccine implementation and developing improved second generation MenB vaccines.
MRF funded research into barriers to treating acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) in Malawi. They found recognition barriers like misdiagnosis of other illnesses and not recognizing severity. Action barriers included prioritizing maternal health, negative views of healthcare, and financial/decision constraints. To address this, MRF is training health workers to use WHO triage systems to identify severely ill children for treatment or referral. They are also using radio, mobile apps, and transport bikes to raise awareness and improve access to care. The goal is to reduce delays, prioritize treatment, and improve outcomes for children with meningitis.
Viral meningitis is a common problem, with an estimated 2,500-4,000 cases per year in the UK. It is caused by a variety of viruses, most commonly enteroviruses. While often considered self-limiting, viral meningitis can cause significant short-term symptoms like headaches and longer-term issues like fatigue, as well as incurring high healthcare costs. More research is needed to better understand pathogenesis, improve diagnosis, identify treatment options, and evaluate long-term outcomes.
The document discusses meningitis vaccines and changes to immunization programs. It summarizes the epidemiology of different meningitis strains like MenB, MenC, MenW, and MenY in various countries. It describes the vaccines available for different strains and how they are used. Future vaccines for MenB are discussed, including investigational vaccines in development by Pfizer and Novartis that use novel antigens discovered through reverse vaccinology. Forthcoming changes to immunization schedules are also mentioned.
The document discusses issues related to meningococcal B (MenB) vaccines before and after implementation. It addresses questions such as whether vaccine components are immunogenic, if vaccines can be incorporated into routine schedules, vaccine tolerability, and how to assess effectiveness. Studies show MenB vaccines have immunogenic components and can be given according to routine schedules with minimal interference or reduction in immune response. The vaccines demonstrate a good safety profile in clinical trials with few serious adverse events potentially related to vaccination. Overall, the document evaluates key considerations for MenB vaccines prior to and following widespread use.
VIRAL MENINGITIS BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE CHINKIPO...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
Meningitis is an infection of the protective membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The disease is contagious and can spread through respiratory and fecal-oral routes. Common symptoms include headache, fever, and neck stiffness. Bacterial meningitis requires prompt treatment with antibiotics to prevent serious complications like brain damage.
For more information:
http://www.7activemedical.com/
info@7activemedical.com
http://www.7activestudio.com
info@7activestudio.com
http://www.sciencetuts.com/
Contact: +91- 9700061777,
040-64501777 / 65864777
7 Active Technology Solutions Pvt.Ltd. is an educational 3D digital content provider for K-12. We also customise the content as per your requirement for companies platform providers colleges etc . 7 Active driving force "The Joy of Happy Learning" -- is what makes difference from other digital content providers. We consider Student needs, Lecturer needs and College needs in designing the 3D & 2D Animated Video Lectures. We are carrying a huge 3D Digital Library ready to use.
VIRAL MENINGITIS
Viral meningitis is an infection usually affecting children under 5 years of age.
The virus causing the infection usually infects the meninges, which are the protective tissue coverings of the brain and spinal cord.
The meninges is made up of 3 distinct layers :
1. The Pia mater – which is the layer directly in contact with
the brain and spinal cord.
2. Arachnoid mater – which consists of spider web-like
extensions.
3. The Dura mater – which is the outermost and toughest
layer of the meninges.
Cerebrospinal fluid or CSF,which also protects the brain and spinal cord,flows between the meninges and the surface of the brain.
The most common causes of viral meningitis are :
1. The Mumps virus
2. The Measles virus
3. Enteroviruses
4. The Herpes virus
5. Japanese Encephalitis virus
The most common mechanism of transmission include :
1. Sneezing or Coughing
2. Faecal contamination
3. Bite from an infected insect (such as a mosquito)
After entering the body, the virus makes multiple copies of itself,and enters the bloodstream, eventually reaching the brain. Here, it crosses the blood brain barrier,to enter the CSF, ultimatley infecting the cells of the meninges.This causes an inflammation of the meninges,because of the body’s attempts to fight the infection.
Symptoms of viral meningitis in an infant or young child include :
1. Fever
2. Irritability
3. Loss of appetite
4. Decreased consciousness
Symptoms of viral meningitis in an older child or adult
include :
1. Fever
2. Headache
3. Neck stiffness
4. Photosensitivity
5. Decreased consciousness
6. Nausea or vomitting
In general,the symptoms of viral meningitis are less severe than what’s seen with bacterial meningitis.
Treatment for viral meningitis include :
1. Use of Acetaminophen/NSAIDs (for the fever & headache).
2. Acyclovir (if the meningitis is caused by the Herpes virus)
Besides supportive therapy, there is no specific
treatment for viral meningitis, which usually runs it
course within 2 weeks, if there are no complications.
Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord caused by bacterial or viral infections. The two most common types of bacterial meningitis are caused by Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcal meningitis) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal meningitis). Viruses from the enterovirus group are the most common cause of viral meningitis. Symptoms of meningitis include fever, headache, stiff neck, and sensitivity to light. While bacterial meningitis requires intravenous antibiotics, viral meningitis is usually treated with supportive care. Handwashing is the best way to prevent transmission between people through contact with nose and throat secretions.
The document discusses the Meningitis Research Foundation's current and upcoming work including assessing the impact of meningitis on families, developing a comprehensive meningococcal genome library, estimating the true burden of meningococcal disease in England, and funding 17 current research projects totaling over £2.7 million. It also puts out a call for proposals on hot topics in meningococcal research like monitoring MenB vaccine implementation and developing improved second generation MenB vaccines.
MRF funded research into barriers to treating acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) in Malawi. They found recognition barriers like misdiagnosis of other illnesses and not recognizing severity. Action barriers included prioritizing maternal health, negative views of healthcare, and financial/decision constraints. To address this, MRF is training health workers to use WHO triage systems to identify severely ill children for treatment or referral. They are also using radio, mobile apps, and transport bikes to raise awareness and improve access to care. The goal is to reduce delays, prioritize treatment, and improve outcomes for children with meningitis.
Viral meningitis is a common problem, with an estimated 2,500-4,000 cases per year in the UK. It is caused by a variety of viruses, most commonly enteroviruses. While often considered self-limiting, viral meningitis can cause significant short-term symptoms like headaches and longer-term issues like fatigue, as well as incurring high healthcare costs. More research is needed to better understand pathogenesis, improve diagnosis, identify treatment options, and evaluate long-term outcomes.
The document discusses meningitis vaccines and changes to immunization programs. It summarizes the epidemiology of different meningitis strains like MenB, MenC, MenW, and MenY in various countries. It describes the vaccines available for different strains and how they are used. Future vaccines for MenB are discussed, including investigational vaccines in development by Pfizer and Novartis that use novel antigens discovered through reverse vaccinology. Forthcoming changes to immunization schedules are also mentioned.
The document discusses issues related to meningococcal B (MenB) vaccines before and after implementation. It addresses questions such as whether vaccine components are immunogenic, if vaccines can be incorporated into routine schedules, vaccine tolerability, and how to assess effectiveness. Studies show MenB vaccines have immunogenic components and can be given according to routine schedules with minimal interference or reduction in immune response. The vaccines demonstrate a good safety profile in clinical trials with few serious adverse events potentially related to vaccination. Overall, the document evaluates key considerations for MenB vaccines prior to and following widespread use.
VIRAL MENINGITIS BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE CHINKIPO...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
Meningitis is an infection of the protective membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The disease is contagious and can spread through respiratory and fecal-oral routes. Common symptoms include headache, fever, and neck stiffness. Bacterial meningitis requires prompt treatment with antibiotics to prevent serious complications like brain damage.
For more information:
http://www.7activemedical.com/
info@7activemedical.com
http://www.7activestudio.com
info@7activestudio.com
http://www.sciencetuts.com/
Contact: +91- 9700061777,
040-64501777 / 65864777
7 Active Technology Solutions Pvt.Ltd. is an educational 3D digital content provider for K-12. We also customise the content as per your requirement for companies platform providers colleges etc . 7 Active driving force "The Joy of Happy Learning" -- is what makes difference from other digital content providers. We consider Student needs, Lecturer needs and College needs in designing the 3D & 2D Animated Video Lectures. We are carrying a huge 3D Digital Library ready to use.
VIRAL MENINGITIS
Viral meningitis is an infection usually affecting children under 5 years of age.
The virus causing the infection usually infects the meninges, which are the protective tissue coverings of the brain and spinal cord.
The meninges is made up of 3 distinct layers :
1. The Pia mater – which is the layer directly in contact with
the brain and spinal cord.
2. Arachnoid mater – which consists of spider web-like
extensions.
3. The Dura mater – which is the outermost and toughest
layer of the meninges.
Cerebrospinal fluid or CSF,which also protects the brain and spinal cord,flows between the meninges and the surface of the brain.
The most common causes of viral meningitis are :
1. The Mumps virus
2. The Measles virus
3. Enteroviruses
4. The Herpes virus
5. Japanese Encephalitis virus
The most common mechanism of transmission include :
1. Sneezing or Coughing
2. Faecal contamination
3. Bite from an infected insect (such as a mosquito)
After entering the body, the virus makes multiple copies of itself,and enters the bloodstream, eventually reaching the brain. Here, it crosses the blood brain barrier,to enter the CSF, ultimatley infecting the cells of the meninges.This causes an inflammation of the meninges,because of the body’s attempts to fight the infection.
Symptoms of viral meningitis in an infant or young child include :
1. Fever
2. Irritability
3. Loss of appetite
4. Decreased consciousness
Symptoms of viral meningitis in an older child or adult
include :
1. Fever
2. Headache
3. Neck stiffness
4. Photosensitivity
5. Decreased consciousness
6. Nausea or vomitting
In general,the symptoms of viral meningitis are less severe than what’s seen with bacterial meningitis.
Treatment for viral meningitis include :
1. Use of Acetaminophen/NSAIDs (for the fever & headache).
2. Acyclovir (if the meningitis is caused by the Herpes virus)
Besides supportive therapy, there is no specific
treatment for viral meningitis, which usually runs it
course within 2 weeks, if there are no complications.
Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord caused by bacterial or viral infections. The two most common types of bacterial meningitis are caused by Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcal meningitis) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal meningitis). Viruses from the enterovirus group are the most common cause of viral meningitis. Symptoms of meningitis include fever, headache, stiff neck, and sensitivity to light. While bacterial meningitis requires intravenous antibiotics, viral meningitis is usually treated with supportive care. Handwashing is the best way to prevent transmission between people through contact with nose and throat secretions.
This is a stub deck of a larger internal presentation on two things:
1) ad formats and mediums and how we do a poor job matching the message to the medium
2) the downfall of the current obsession with targeting. Why creative triumphs over data every time but media agencies and clients are focused on where they can see small gains instead of GIANT GAINS in their ROI
The solutions had to be removed for now but I think a smart person could figure it out.
The document provides background information on erectile dysfunction (ED) treatment options and market analysis. It discusses key events and competitors from 1990-2002. An analysis of ED patients' ages across different countries found the average age was highest in the US and UK. Barriers to treatment varied by age, with embarrassment and believing the condition wasn't serious enough being top barriers. A SWOT analysis identified Cialis' strengths as its effects lasting up to 36 hours and fewer side effects, while weaknesses included being a new drug and banned direct-to-consumer advertising in Europe. The document proposes targeting men aged 50-65 with Cialis and positioning it as allowing for more intimacy due to its duration and flexibility. It provides pricing
Public opinion landscape state of the union - jan 24GloverParkGroup
The document provides an overview of public opinion on economic conditions and key stories in 2011 based on surveys conducted throughout the year. It finds that the economy was the top or second most closely followed story for most of 2011. While views of the economic news were mostly negative early in the year, by the end of 2011 more saw it as a mix of good and bad news rather than mostly bad. Consumer confidence tracked closely with the stock market over the course of 2011. Several economic indicators like the unemployment rate declined over the course of the year.
1. The study explored attachment patterns in 60 internationally adopted children aged 7-8 from China, Ethiopia, and Russia based on the Friends and Family Interview.
2. Results showed 83% of children from China had a secure attachment pattern compared to 39% from Russia and 50% from Ethiopia.
3. Younger age of adoption was associated with higher rates of secure attachment - 72% for children adopted within the first year of life compared to 44% for those adopted after 3 years of age.
4. Children from Russia showed more signs of fear/distress (24%) than those from China or Ethiopia. Children from Ethiopia showed no signs of fear/distress or frustration.
1. The study explored attachment patterns in 60 internationally adopted children aged 7-8 from China, Ethiopia, and Russia based on the Friends and Family Interview.
2. 83% of children from China had a secure attachment pattern compared to 39% from Russia and 50% from Ethiopia.
3. Younger age of adoption was associated with higher rates of secure attachment - 72% of children adopted before 1 year old showed secure patterns versus 44% adopted after 3 years old.
Our mobile planet global smartphone users study 2012 (2)José Ramón Valle
The document discusses global smartphone usage based on a survey conducted in early 2012. It finds that smartphone ownership is increasing worldwide, with ownership rising 10-20% in countries like the UK, US, France, Germany, Spain and Japan between 2011 and 2012. It also notes that smartphones have become people's primary means of accessing the internet, even surpassing desktop computers in some countries. The document discusses how smartphones are used for many daily activities and are people's constant companion, with over 90% of users accessing them at home. It also explores how smartphone users engage in parallel media activities like listening to music or watching videos while using their phones online. The document examines how traditional offline advertising influences mobile searches, with two-thirds of
The document discusses global smartphone usage, finding that smartphone ownership and internet access via smartphones is rising worldwide. It also notes that smartphone users frequently look up local information and businesses near their location, with around 1 in 5 making a purchase after doing so. Finally, over half of mobile shoppers in most countries purchase something on their smartphone at least monthly.
LOD: Participant Behaviors and Social EngagementPerformics
The document summarizes key findings from a study about people's daily use of media and their dependence on different devices. Some of the main findings presented include:
- People spend more time on their mobile (20% after 5 minutes, 52% after 1 hour) and desktop (11% after 5 minutes, 60% after 1 hour) compared to other devices like TV, newspaper, and tablet on their first daily use.
- Younger people aged 18-29 are more dependent on their mobile (78%) compared to older age groups for activities like checking email, social networks, news, and weather.
- If people forget their mobile phone, the top concerns are not being able to make/receive calls
- The document reports findings from a 2010 survey of 1,600 corporate computer end-users in small businesses in the US, Japan, Germany, and UK.
- It finds that viruses, Trojans, and data stealing malware are considered the most serious security threats, and that large companies are more likely than small companies to have policies and training to prevent data leakage.
- For small businesses, installing security software, restricting internet access, and issuing security policies are the most common IT approaches to protecting against data stealing malware, though over 1/3 of employees feel their IT department can do better educating them.
The document reviews public opinion on the economy and politics in 2012, finding that while perceptions of personal financial situations were optimistic, views of the national economy and government remained pessimistic. It also shows that while approval of Obama's job performance held steady, many expect continued economic difficulties in 2013 and have doubts about Washington's ability to make progress on important issues.
Etude IPSOS Google Global Smartphone Use 27022012cingrand
The document discusses global smartphone usage based on a survey conducted in early 2012. It finds that smartphone ownership is increasing worldwide, with ownership rising 10-20% in countries like the UK, US, France, Germany, Spain and Japan over the previous year. The document also notes that smartphones have become people's primary means of accessing the internet, even surpassing desktop computers in some countries. Finally, it discusses how smartphones are used for many parallel media activities like listening to music or watching videos while also browsing online.
The document discusses global smartphone usage based on a survey conducted in early 2012. It finds that smartphone ownership is increasing worldwide, with ownership rising 10-20% in major countries from 2011 to the start of 2012. People are using their smartphones to access the internet nearly as frequently as desktop computers. Smartphones have become consumers' constant companion, with people using them at home, work, on the go, and in various other locations. The document also notes that smartphone users often engage in parallel media activities like listening to music or watching videos while using their phones online. Offline advertising is found to influence mobile searches, with two-thirds of smartphone users reporting searching on their phones in response to ads seen elsewhere. Search engines are a
This document summarizes research on mobile media usage among different age groups. The key findings are:
1) Younger generations are more likely to own smartphones and tablets compared to older generations. Over half of those aged 18-32 own a smartphone.
2) Smartphone users tend to use their devices for more activities while tablet users are more likely to watch TV network programs.
3) Over half of smartphone and tablet users use their devices at least sometimes while watching primetime TV, with younger users doing so more frequently.
4) On average, users have less than one TV-related app on their smartphones but tablet users are more inclined to watch full programs or movies using such apps.
This document summarizes trends in Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) epidemiology based on a presentation given by Dr. Joshua Metlay. It discusses:
1) Secular trends including increasing antimicrobial resistance and serotype replacement over time.
2) Geographic patterns that show higher risks of pneumococcal disease in certain neighborhoods which may be influenced by host, pathogen, and vector factors.
3) The impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in reducing rates of invasive pneumococcal disease, particularly among children, but also indirectly in adults through herd immunity effects. Emerging non-vaccine serotypes now cause a larger proportion of disease.
This presentation is an overview of the 2nd Screen Market.
It provides many figures about tablets, smartphones and consumer behaviour. Everything dealing with the relation between tablets, smartphone and television
Extremely rapid h7 n9 vaccine design by epivaxAnnie De Groot
This document discusses the emergence of the H7N9 avian influenza virus in China. It notes that the virus continues to spread geographically, with cases reported in Beijing. Mortality from H7N9 is around 22% so far. Analysis shows the surface proteins of H7N9, including hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, have very low conservation with currently circulating flu strains, suggesting pre-existing immunity is unlikely to provide protection. However, the internal proteins are more conserved and may contain cross-protective T cell epitopes. Developing a universal flu vaccine focusing on these conserved internal proteins could provide broader protection against emerging strains like H7N9.
The document discusses the Global Meningitis Genome Partnership (GMGP), which aims to address inequities in genomic surveillance capacity for meningitis pathogens between high-income and low-income countries. It outlines what has been achieved so far, including establishing standardized metadata for sequencing and epidemiological data. The GMGP is working to incorporate genome surveillance into regional surveillance strategies, initially focusing on Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus agalactiae in Africa. Open data sharing is encouraged according to clear governance policies. Standardizing metadata and curating sequencing data in a central library are discussed to facilitate consistent analysis and data visualization for public health benefit
- There was a significant reduction in cases of invasive bacterial infections like pneumococcal disease, H. influenzae, and meningococcal disease in 2020 coinciding with COVID-19 containment measures across many countries. Vaccination coverage rates have decreased dramatically in Brazil representing a potential risk of rebound in infectious disease rates. Maintaining disease surveillance is important to inform authorities on current disease burden and carriage rates even though some diseases were reduced during the pandemic.
This document discusses optimal schedules for controlling pneumococcal infection in countries with high and low carriage. It notes that the African Meningitis Belt has seen sub-optimal pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) coverage due to geopolitical factors and vulnerable populations. Outbreaks in Ghana pre- and post-PCV introduction show that herd protection may be inadequate. Research is needed to better understand pneumococcal biology and prevention. Improving PCV access and coverage, including schedules with boosters and catch-up campaigns targeting 5-29 year olds, may help prevent outbreaks. Strengthening surveillance systems allows rapid response.
More Related Content
Similar to Informing the public about immunisation by Jo Yarwood - Department of Health
This is a stub deck of a larger internal presentation on two things:
1) ad formats and mediums and how we do a poor job matching the message to the medium
2) the downfall of the current obsession with targeting. Why creative triumphs over data every time but media agencies and clients are focused on where they can see small gains instead of GIANT GAINS in their ROI
The solutions had to be removed for now but I think a smart person could figure it out.
The document provides background information on erectile dysfunction (ED) treatment options and market analysis. It discusses key events and competitors from 1990-2002. An analysis of ED patients' ages across different countries found the average age was highest in the US and UK. Barriers to treatment varied by age, with embarrassment and believing the condition wasn't serious enough being top barriers. A SWOT analysis identified Cialis' strengths as its effects lasting up to 36 hours and fewer side effects, while weaknesses included being a new drug and banned direct-to-consumer advertising in Europe. The document proposes targeting men aged 50-65 with Cialis and positioning it as allowing for more intimacy due to its duration and flexibility. It provides pricing
Public opinion landscape state of the union - jan 24GloverParkGroup
The document provides an overview of public opinion on economic conditions and key stories in 2011 based on surveys conducted throughout the year. It finds that the economy was the top or second most closely followed story for most of 2011. While views of the economic news were mostly negative early in the year, by the end of 2011 more saw it as a mix of good and bad news rather than mostly bad. Consumer confidence tracked closely with the stock market over the course of 2011. Several economic indicators like the unemployment rate declined over the course of the year.
1. The study explored attachment patterns in 60 internationally adopted children aged 7-8 from China, Ethiopia, and Russia based on the Friends and Family Interview.
2. Results showed 83% of children from China had a secure attachment pattern compared to 39% from Russia and 50% from Ethiopia.
3. Younger age of adoption was associated with higher rates of secure attachment - 72% for children adopted within the first year of life compared to 44% for those adopted after 3 years of age.
4. Children from Russia showed more signs of fear/distress (24%) than those from China or Ethiopia. Children from Ethiopia showed no signs of fear/distress or frustration.
1. The study explored attachment patterns in 60 internationally adopted children aged 7-8 from China, Ethiopia, and Russia based on the Friends and Family Interview.
2. 83% of children from China had a secure attachment pattern compared to 39% from Russia and 50% from Ethiopia.
3. Younger age of adoption was associated with higher rates of secure attachment - 72% of children adopted before 1 year old showed secure patterns versus 44% adopted after 3 years old.
Our mobile planet global smartphone users study 2012 (2)José Ramón Valle
The document discusses global smartphone usage based on a survey conducted in early 2012. It finds that smartphone ownership is increasing worldwide, with ownership rising 10-20% in countries like the UK, US, France, Germany, Spain and Japan between 2011 and 2012. It also notes that smartphones have become people's primary means of accessing the internet, even surpassing desktop computers in some countries. The document discusses how smartphones are used for many daily activities and are people's constant companion, with over 90% of users accessing them at home. It also explores how smartphone users engage in parallel media activities like listening to music or watching videos while using their phones online. The document examines how traditional offline advertising influences mobile searches, with two-thirds of
The document discusses global smartphone usage, finding that smartphone ownership and internet access via smartphones is rising worldwide. It also notes that smartphone users frequently look up local information and businesses near their location, with around 1 in 5 making a purchase after doing so. Finally, over half of mobile shoppers in most countries purchase something on their smartphone at least monthly.
LOD: Participant Behaviors and Social EngagementPerformics
The document summarizes key findings from a study about people's daily use of media and their dependence on different devices. Some of the main findings presented include:
- People spend more time on their mobile (20% after 5 minutes, 52% after 1 hour) and desktop (11% after 5 minutes, 60% after 1 hour) compared to other devices like TV, newspaper, and tablet on their first daily use.
- Younger people aged 18-29 are more dependent on their mobile (78%) compared to older age groups for activities like checking email, social networks, news, and weather.
- If people forget their mobile phone, the top concerns are not being able to make/receive calls
- The document reports findings from a 2010 survey of 1,600 corporate computer end-users in small businesses in the US, Japan, Germany, and UK.
- It finds that viruses, Trojans, and data stealing malware are considered the most serious security threats, and that large companies are more likely than small companies to have policies and training to prevent data leakage.
- For small businesses, installing security software, restricting internet access, and issuing security policies are the most common IT approaches to protecting against data stealing malware, though over 1/3 of employees feel their IT department can do better educating them.
The document reviews public opinion on the economy and politics in 2012, finding that while perceptions of personal financial situations were optimistic, views of the national economy and government remained pessimistic. It also shows that while approval of Obama's job performance held steady, many expect continued economic difficulties in 2013 and have doubts about Washington's ability to make progress on important issues.
Etude IPSOS Google Global Smartphone Use 27022012cingrand
The document discusses global smartphone usage based on a survey conducted in early 2012. It finds that smartphone ownership is increasing worldwide, with ownership rising 10-20% in countries like the UK, US, France, Germany, Spain and Japan over the previous year. The document also notes that smartphones have become people's primary means of accessing the internet, even surpassing desktop computers in some countries. Finally, it discusses how smartphones are used for many parallel media activities like listening to music or watching videos while also browsing online.
The document discusses global smartphone usage based on a survey conducted in early 2012. It finds that smartphone ownership is increasing worldwide, with ownership rising 10-20% in major countries from 2011 to the start of 2012. People are using their smartphones to access the internet nearly as frequently as desktop computers. Smartphones have become consumers' constant companion, with people using them at home, work, on the go, and in various other locations. The document also notes that smartphone users often engage in parallel media activities like listening to music or watching videos while using their phones online. Offline advertising is found to influence mobile searches, with two-thirds of smartphone users reporting searching on their phones in response to ads seen elsewhere. Search engines are a
This document summarizes research on mobile media usage among different age groups. The key findings are:
1) Younger generations are more likely to own smartphones and tablets compared to older generations. Over half of those aged 18-32 own a smartphone.
2) Smartphone users tend to use their devices for more activities while tablet users are more likely to watch TV network programs.
3) Over half of smartphone and tablet users use their devices at least sometimes while watching primetime TV, with younger users doing so more frequently.
4) On average, users have less than one TV-related app on their smartphones but tablet users are more inclined to watch full programs or movies using such apps.
This document summarizes trends in Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) epidemiology based on a presentation given by Dr. Joshua Metlay. It discusses:
1) Secular trends including increasing antimicrobial resistance and serotype replacement over time.
2) Geographic patterns that show higher risks of pneumococcal disease in certain neighborhoods which may be influenced by host, pathogen, and vector factors.
3) The impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in reducing rates of invasive pneumococcal disease, particularly among children, but also indirectly in adults through herd immunity effects. Emerging non-vaccine serotypes now cause a larger proportion of disease.
This presentation is an overview of the 2nd Screen Market.
It provides many figures about tablets, smartphones and consumer behaviour. Everything dealing with the relation between tablets, smartphone and television
Extremely rapid h7 n9 vaccine design by epivaxAnnie De Groot
This document discusses the emergence of the H7N9 avian influenza virus in China. It notes that the virus continues to spread geographically, with cases reported in Beijing. Mortality from H7N9 is around 22% so far. Analysis shows the surface proteins of H7N9, including hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, have very low conservation with currently circulating flu strains, suggesting pre-existing immunity is unlikely to provide protection. However, the internal proteins are more conserved and may contain cross-protective T cell epitopes. Developing a universal flu vaccine focusing on these conserved internal proteins could provide broader protection against emerging strains like H7N9.
Similar to Informing the public about immunisation by Jo Yarwood - Department of Health (19)
The document discusses the Global Meningitis Genome Partnership (GMGP), which aims to address inequities in genomic surveillance capacity for meningitis pathogens between high-income and low-income countries. It outlines what has been achieved so far, including establishing standardized metadata for sequencing and epidemiological data. The GMGP is working to incorporate genome surveillance into regional surveillance strategies, initially focusing on Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus agalactiae in Africa. Open data sharing is encouraged according to clear governance policies. Standardizing metadata and curating sequencing data in a central library are discussed to facilitate consistent analysis and data visualization for public health benefit
- There was a significant reduction in cases of invasive bacterial infections like pneumococcal disease, H. influenzae, and meningococcal disease in 2020 coinciding with COVID-19 containment measures across many countries. Vaccination coverage rates have decreased dramatically in Brazil representing a potential risk of rebound in infectious disease rates. Maintaining disease surveillance is important to inform authorities on current disease burden and carriage rates even though some diseases were reduced during the pandemic.
This document discusses optimal schedules for controlling pneumococcal infection in countries with high and low carriage. It notes that the African Meningitis Belt has seen sub-optimal pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) coverage due to geopolitical factors and vulnerable populations. Outbreaks in Ghana pre- and post-PCV introduction show that herd protection may be inadequate. Research is needed to better understand pneumococcal biology and prevention. Improving PCV access and coverage, including schedules with boosters and catch-up campaigns targeting 5-29 year olds, may help prevent outbreaks. Strengthening surveillance systems allows rapid response.
Professor Muhamed-Kheir TAHA MD, PhD, HDR presented on lessons and impacts for meningitis in the COVID-19 era. Data showed cumulative cases of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) from 2014-2020 in France as well as distribution of IMD cases from 2011-2020. Vaccine use in France declined during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, with reduced doses of the 5-month and 12-month vaccines. Distribution of IMD cases by age group from 2011-2021 showed an immunity gap in childhood due to the pandemic. Conclusions were that reduced pathogen circulation may decrease herd immunity, social distancing was associated with lower vaccine uptake, and countries need plans to promote
Progress is being made on developing a combined MenABCWY vaccine. Studies are underway evaluating the immunogenicity and safety of combining different meningococcal vaccines that target serogroups A, C, W, Y. Combining the vaccines could simplify immunization schedules, reduce costs by needing fewer doses, and increase vaccination uptake by reducing the number of required injections. However, a combined vaccine may also increase reactogenicity and interfere with the immune response to other concomitant vaccines. Ongoing studies are evaluating different potential MenABCWY vaccine combinations to determine the optimal formulation.
This document discusses pneumococcal genomics, vaccines, and antibiotic resistance. It examines how pneumococcal carriage and disease changes following vaccination as non-vaccine serotypes increase. The author analyzed carriage samples from Native American communities before and after vaccination, finding 35 sequence clusters but vaccination did not change overall carriage prevalence. The document explores how the accessory genome varies between locations and how negative frequency dependent selection structures pneumococcal populations. Models are developed to predict which sequence clusters may increase or decrease following vaccination based on accessory genome content and frequency dependent fitness. Comparisons are made between predicted and actual changes in sequence cluster prevalence post-vaccination.
Cryptococcal meningitis is responsible for 15% of AIDS-related deaths globally. A strategic framework is needed to end cryptococcal meningitis deaths by 2030 by addressing gaps in screening, diagnosis, and access to critical antifungal medicines. Key targets include expanding access to CD4 and cryptococcal antigen tests, improving availability of lumbar puncture and antifungal drugs, and increasing research to develop better diagnostics and treatments.
This document summarizes changes in invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) cases in Germany during the COVID-19 pandemic. It finds that overall IMD cases decreased during the first pandemic period (PP) in 2020 compared to pre-pandemic levels, with the largest declines in children ages 1-4 and 5-9. However, IMD cases increased again after restrictions eased. The decrease in IMD cases during increased restrictions correlates with decreased mobility based on Google mobility indices.
1) The PSERENADE project analyzed surveillance data from over 50 sites in 34 countries to assess the impact of PCV10 and PCV13 introduction on pneumococcal meningitis incidence globally in children under 5 years old and adults 18 years and older.
2) For both age groups, PCV10 and PCV13 significantly reduced meningitis caused by serotypes covered by the vaccines, with almost elimination in children under 5 years old within 5 years. Herd protection was observed in adults as well.
3) PCV13 significantly reduced meningitis from additional serotypes it covers compared to PCV10, though serotype 19A increased with PCV10 and serotype 3 trends were unclear
This study examined sequelae in 49 pediatric patients with invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in Chile between 2009-2019. The researchers found that 59% of patients experienced sequelae at hospital discharge, with neurological disorders being the most common at 59.2%. Risk factors for sequelae included age under 1 year old, shock, and meningeal signs at admission. Sequelae were also associated with a clinical diagnosis of meningitis with meningococcemia. The study concludes that multidisciplinary follow-up is needed to reduce the long-term impacts of IMD in children.
National Center for Immunization & Respiratory Diseases
Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Bacterial Meningitis Pathogens: where we are now and what’s next.
Xin Wang Chief, Bacterial Meningitis Laboratory Director WHO Collaborating Center for Meningitis MVPDB/DBD/NCIRD/CDC Meningitis Research Foundation Conference Nov 1-3, 2021
The document discusses the current state of rapid diagnostic tests for bacterial meningitis pathogens and outlines a vision for their future development and deployment. It describes existing tests and their limitations. Potential new platforms are identified that could meet targets outlined in a target product profile. Advanced technologies like sequencing and CRISPR/Cas are also discussed
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae that can lead to serious health complications if left untreated. There is an urgent need for a gonorrhea vaccine due to increasing antibiotic resistance and the potential for the disease to become untreatable. However, vaccine development faces several difficulties as N. gonorrhoeae is highly variable, able to avoid the immune system, and past vaccine trials have shown no efficacy. Continued research is focused on identifying conserved antigens that could induce a protective immune response through vaccination.
Dr. Sami Gottlieb of the World Health Organization discussed the potential for meningococcal B (MenB) vaccines to help prevent gonococcal infection on a global scale. MenB vaccines have shown preliminary efficacy against gonorrhea in clinical trials and epidemiological data. WHO is working to define priority populations for gonorrhea vaccines and assess how existing MenB programs could be leveraged. Effectiveness may depend on disease epidemiology, vaccine characteristics, target populations, and integration with current immunization systems. Ongoing trials of MenB vaccines against gonorrhea will provide critical data to inform introduction decisions.
Gavi has supported the rollout of the Meningococcal A Conjugate Vaccine (MenAfrivac) in 26 African countries since 2010 through routine immunization and preventive campaigns for those aged 1-29. No cases of meningococcal A have been identified in the African meningitis belt since 2018. In 2018, non-A outbreaks prompted Gavi to authorize support for multivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccines contingent on regulatory approval, review processes, and cost targets being met. The estimated cost per death averted for the risk-based multivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine program would be $6,300 to $13,400.
While pneumococcal disease primarily burdens infants in their first year of life, relying on herd effects from PCV schedules could help protect others indirectly and reduce costs. However, caution is needed, as indirect protection depends on direct protection of main transmitters, and key questions remain around who transmits, the duration of protection from boosters, and lessons from cRCTs comparing 2-dose and 3-dose schedules in Malawi and Gambia. Programmatic concerns like booster dose coverage, incomplete dosing, travel/border effects, and lack of surveillance also warrant consideration.
The document discusses Nepal's introduction of the PCV 10 vaccine using a 2+1 schedule of administration at 6 weeks, 10 weeks, and 9 months. A trial found this schedule to be equally effective as a 3+0 schedule. Surveillance data showed declines in invasive pneumococcal disease cases and pneumonia with consolidation following vaccine introduction. Pneumococcal carriage among children with clinical pneumonia under 2 years old declined significantly, but no decrease was seen in older children. Short term impact was observed using the 2+1 schedule, but continued surveillance is needed to assess long term vaccine impact.
The document discusses optimal vaccination schedules for pneumococcal disease in countries with high and low disease carriage. It summarizes studies comparing 1+1 and 2+1 vaccination schedules for PCV10 and PCV13 vaccines. The studies found immunogenicity was equivalent or higher for many serotypes with 1+1 schedules. The UK switched to a 1+1 schedule in 2020 and ongoing surveillance will monitor its impact on invasive pneumococcal disease cases. Future studies will evaluate the impact of the schedule change and potential for disease rebound over time.
7. But first, find out what they think
•tracking
•health professionals
•parents
•strategic
•developmental
•pre-testing
•evaluation
8. Perceived severity of disease
Half considered swine flu to be very serious. Little change in perceived severity of
other diseases over time for parents of 0-2s.
95% 95% 97% 95% 93% 93% 93%
92% 92% 91%
Meningitis
Septicaemia
Pneumonia
Polio
Swine flu
51%
Diphtheria
Rubella
* Tetanus
28% 28% 27% 27% 29% Hib
23% 24% 24%
19% 21% Measles
Mumps
Nov 00 Nov 01 Nov 02 Nov 03 Nov 04 Nov 05 Nov 06 Nov 07 Nov 08 Feb 10
Base: Parents of 0-2s - 2010 (1142), previous years c.1000
9.
10. Are immunisations safe?
The swine flu vaccine is the main concern for parents now, with MMR on a par with
others in terms of perceived safety
86% Slight risk
83% 83% 83% 82% 81% 81% Completely safe
79% 78%
68%
58%
48% 51% 52% 52% 51% 49%
46% 46%
29%
Pre-school 2nd dose 5 in 1 Seasonal flu TB Men C MMR Pneumo Hib/Men C Swine flu
booster MMR vaccine
Base: 2010 - parents of 0-4s (1730)
11. Satisfaction with the immunisation
process
Overall levels of satisfaction are high. Parents are least likely to be totally satisfied with getting
information prior to the visit and how side effects are dealt with. Parents aged 16-24 were less
satisfied, both overall and with getting information.
Totally satisfied
41%
49%
66% 58%
Fairly satisfied 69%
Neither satisfied
nor dissatisfied
36%
Fairly dissatisfied 33%
33%
26%
10% 25%
Very dissatisfied
8% 11%
3% 4%
4% 3% 2%
2% 2% 2%
2% 1% 2% 1%
Getting information Making the The immunisation visit* How any side effects The immunisation
before the appointment* were dealt with after process as a whole
immunisation was due the visit*
No differences
Base: 2010 - parents of 0-4s
by age of child
14. Wakefield AJ et al 1998 The Lancet
351: 637-41
“We did not prove an association
between measles, mumps and rubella
and the syndrome described.”
15. MMR uptake at 16 months and proportion of
mothers believing in complete or almost complete
safety of MMR vaccine
Crohn’s paper Autism paper Sustained negative
media reportage
90
80 MMR uptake
%
% mothers confident
70
60
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
-9
-9
-9
-9
-9
-9
-0
-0
-0
-0
pr
pr
pr
pr
pr
pr
pr
pr
pr
pr
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Thanks to Professor Brent Taylor
17. Attitudes towards vaccination
• parents of 8 – 10 year old children (2005)
• parents of 11 – 12 year old girls (2007)
• 11 – 12 year girls (2007)
• health professionals (2007)
• ongoing developmental work (e.g. advertising)
• pre-testing
• evaluation
18. But . . . expect the unexpected
• most girls didn’t know where their cervix was, and wherever
it was, they certainly didn’t want the injection there! (The
campaign strapline ‘arm against cervical cancer’ went a
long way towards allaying this fear).
• you can include too much information in a leaflet. Keep it
short and clear. Use other platforms for more detailed
information such a factsheet, Q&A and website.
• layout and design of materials can make a big difference;
we tested two leaflets with same text but different layout –
some girls thought the content was different.
20. Does communication matter?
• 2008, Romania introduced an HPV vaccine
programme
• programme not supported by communications
• cohort of 111,000, low acceptance
• limited uptake to 2,615 doses
• current plans in Romania –
• implement an information campaign and
then
• re-launch the programme
21. What do parents want?
• clarity
• consistency
• facts
• openness
• range of information/resources
22. Who do parents talk to?
Most parents discussed 0-2s immunisations with a HP, but less so for 3-4s. HV in particular
much less used by parents of 3-4s
Any HV GP PN Midwife
85%
80% 79% 78% 79%
77% 77% 76%
74% 74%
13% 14% 13% 15% 15%
11% 10% 12%
9% 9%
Nov 00 Nov 01 Nov 02 Nov 03 Nov 04 Nov 05 Nov 06 Nov 07 Nov 08 Feb 10
Base: Parents of 0-2s - 2010 (1142), previous years c.1000
23. Who do parents trust?
Health professionals and the NHS remain the most trusted sources of advice on immunisation.
Parents recognise that family and friends may not give them the most accurate information.
GP, HV or PN 54% 92%
NHS 42% 86%
No
Pharmacist 19% 66% difference
by age of
child
Government 18% 58%
Family/friends 14% 49%
Strongly agree
Slightly agree
Media 4% 21%
Base: 2010 - parents of 0-4s (1730)
24. "The irony of the Information Age
is that it has given new
respectability to uninformed
opinion".
John Lawson (reporter)
to the American Association of Broadcast Journalists (1995).