The document discusses Mule ESB's Java component, which allows developers to package custom Java code that executes when a message is received. The Java component only requires specifying a class. This class contains properties, attributes, and methods that get applied to all messages. Developers can optionally configure singleton and Spring object factories as well. An example demonstrates creating a simple Java class that implements the Callable interface required by Mule to use the Java component in flows. The class contains a greetMe method that returns a name.