Java is a general-purpose, concurrent, class-based and object-oriented programming language designed to have few implementation dependencies so code can run on any platform. It derives syntax from C and C++ but has fewer low-level facilities. The original implementation was developed by Sun Microsystems and released in 1995. The goal was for Java to be platform-neutral so code could run on any system. To execute Java code, it is first compiled to bytecode, then the bytecode is verified and translated to machine code by the Java Virtual Machine before execution. JDBC provides a standard API for connecting to databases and executing SQL statements.

1. 2.1 JAVA
2.2.1 A Programming Language
Java is a general-purpose computer programming language that is concurrent, class-
based, object-oriented,and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies
as possible. It is intended to let application developers "write once, run anywhere"
(WORA), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java
without the need for recompilation.[14] Java applications are typically compiled
to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless ofcomputer
architecture. As of 2015, Java is one of the most popular programming languages in
use,particularly for client-server web applications, with a reported 9 million developers.Java
was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which has since
been acquired by Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun
Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++, but it
has fewer low-level facilities than either of them.The original and reference
implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries were originally released
by Sun under proprietary licences.Others have also developed alternative implementations of
these Sun technologies, such as the GNU Compiler for Java (bytecode compiler), GNU
Classpath (standard libraries), and IcedTea-Web (browser plugin for applets).
2.2.2 Design Goal
o Java was originally meant to be a platform-neutral language for embedded
software in devices
o The goal was to move away from platform and OS-specific compilers that
would compile source for a particular target platform to a language that would
be portable, and platform-independent
o The language could be used to produce platform-neutral code.
2.2.3 Java Architecture

2. Step1:
Create a java source code with .java extension
Step2:
Compile the source code using java compiler, which will create bytecode file with .class
extension
Step3:
Class loader reads both the user defined and library classes into the memory for execution.
Step4:
Bytecode verifier validates all the bytecodes are valid and do not violate Java’s security
restrictions.
Step5:
JVM reads bytecodes and translates into machine code for execution. While execution of the
program the code will interact to the operating system and hardware.
2.2.4 JDBC Tools and Components
The java.sql package contains a set of interfaces that specify the JDBC API. This package is
part of Java 1.1.7 and Java 2. Database vendors implement these interfaces in different ways,
but the JDBC API itself is standard.
Using JDBC, you can write code that:

3. • Connects to one or more data servers
• Executes any SQL statement
• Obtains a result set so that you can navigate through query results
• Obtains metadata from the data server
 Loading the driver or drivers you want to use is very simple and involves just one line
of code. If, for example, you want to use the JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver, the
following code will load it:
Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
 Your driver documentation will give you the class name to use. Class.forName will
automatically register the driver with the DriverManager.
 The java.sql.Connection object, which encapsulates a single connection to a particular
database, forms the basis of all JDBC data-handling code. The
DriverManager.getConnection( ) method creates a connection:
 Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection("url", "user", "password");
 You pass three arguments to getConnection( ): a JDBC URL, a database username,
and a password. For databases that don't require explicit logins, the user and password
strings should be left blank. When the method is called, the DriverManager queries
each registered driver, asking if it understands the URL. If a driver recognizes the
URL, it returns a Connection object. Because the getConnection( ) method checks
each driver in turn, you should avoid loading more drivers than are necessary for your
application.