The document summarizes Japan's new State Secrets Law passed in 2013 which greatly expanded the type of information that can be classified by the government as secrets. It allows the classification of details on defense, foreign affairs, counterintelligence, and anti-terrorism. Critics argue it gives too much discretion to bureaucrats without independent oversight and could be used to suppress whistleblowers, journalists, and harm academic research, international trade and law. While the government claims it balances secrecy and transparency, many in Japan and abroad see it as reducing freedoms and transparency.
Summary: There has often been a demand for absolute freedom of speech from various interest groups. However scope and limits of freedom of speech and expression are limited by its constraints. Hence absolute freedom of speech and expression is only a mirage.
Author: Dr Mahesh C. Jain is a practicing medical doctor and has written the book “Encounter of Science with Philosophy – A synthetic view”. The book begins with first chapter devoted to scientifically valid concept of God and then explains cosmic phenomena right from origin of nature and universe up to origin of life and evolution of man. The book includes several chapters devoted to auxiliary concepts and social sciences as corollaries to the concept of God. This is the only book which deals with origin of nature and universe from null or Zero or nothing.
http://www.sciencengod.com
http://curatio.in
Summary: There has often been a demand for absolute freedom of speech from various interest groups. However scope and limits of freedom of speech and expression are limited by its constraints. Hence absolute freedom of speech and expression is only a mirage.
Author: Dr Mahesh C. Jain is a practicing medical doctor and has written the book “Encounter of Science with Philosophy – A synthetic view”. The book begins with first chapter devoted to scientifically valid concept of God and then explains cosmic phenomena right from origin of nature and universe up to origin of life and evolution of man. The book includes several chapters devoted to auxiliary concepts and social sciences as corollaries to the concept of God. This is the only book which deals with origin of nature and universe from null or Zero or nothing.
http://www.sciencengod.com
http://curatio.in
Executive Order Lecture by Cynthia Farinanslscornell
Cornell Law Professor Cynthia R. Farina gave an informal talk on executive orders on April 9, 2009. The talk was organized by the Cornell Law School chapter of the National Security and Law Society.
Media freedom, media laws & ethics first amendment slander/libel & invasion of privacy copyrights & intellectual ownership federal communication commission technical/infrastructure web etiquette or netiquette
'Silence is a war crime'
Overlooking the political situation in Bahrain will not detract from the blatant human rights violations. A very brief summary of a few violations which go against articles in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Many links throughout, which will lead you onto sources regarding statistics and more information.
- Was presented to those who were unaware that Bahrain existed let alone of the situations present-
(Recommended to download if wishing to view, as hyperlinks are more easily accessible)
Executive Order Lecture by Cynthia Farinanslscornell
Cornell Law Professor Cynthia R. Farina gave an informal talk on executive orders on April 9, 2009. The talk was organized by the Cornell Law School chapter of the National Security and Law Society.
Media freedom, media laws & ethics first amendment slander/libel & invasion of privacy copyrights & intellectual ownership federal communication commission technical/infrastructure web etiquette or netiquette
'Silence is a war crime'
Overlooking the political situation in Bahrain will not detract from the blatant human rights violations. A very brief summary of a few violations which go against articles in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Many links throughout, which will lead you onto sources regarding statistics and more information.
- Was presented to those who were unaware that Bahrain existed let alone of the situations present-
(Recommended to download if wishing to view, as hyperlinks are more easily accessible)
ECON 202 Written AssignmentDue April 28th Submitted through BlacEvonCanales257
ECON 202 Written Assignment
Due April 28th Submitted through Blackboard
Topic: You can choose a business or industry that has been impacted by COVID 19. I want you to write a 2 page paper on how you think the pandemic has effected the business and the impact on society. I want you to relate the topic to the economic effects on the society. This will require you to use the terms we have learned and relate the economic principles we have studied in class.
When I say 2 pages I MEAN content of 2 pages. Do not put your name, class section, or any other info at the top or bottom of the page. I will know who it is when you submit it in blackboard, but, if you want to put that information on your paper, Do A Title Page! Use double spacing and a font of 14 for your paper.
The rubric is:
Economic termsuse a minimum of 15 @ 2points each 30 points
Length of paper minimum of 2 pages, 5 paragraphs 10 points
Content of paper is your paper logical, did you present an
Economic position, is it relevant to society? 10 points
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
The Cyber Domain
Metcalf, Andy, USMC;Scott, Dan
Marine Corps Gazette; Aug 2015; 99, 8; ProQuest
pg. 57
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Cyber Espionage: The Silent Crime of Cyberspace
Virginia Greiman
Boston University, Boston, USA
[email protected]
Abstract: In recent years, the disclosure of secrets through cyber infiltration of America’s largest intelligence organization,
the National Security Agency (NSA), has raised the fears of veteran intelligence officials and close allies around the globe that
no institution or government is secure from those who roam the discrete halls of cyberspace. Although espionage has existed
since before the days of the Greek mythological Trojan horse, no one could have envisioned the sophisticated use of
espionage in today’s networked world. Espionage has been used for political and military intelligence and economic and
industrial pursuits with a lack of understanding of all of the impacts on our daily lives. In the context of foreign or international
law, espionage is sometimes characterized as lawless, without controls or regulation, and it rarely distinguishes between
economic and security based cyber espionage. Through empirical analysis this paper explores the treatment of espionage
under various legal systems including those countries and regions considered the most advanced at cyber espionage, the
United States, the United Kingdom, Russia and China. To provide greater insight into the different perspectives of cyber
espionage from a legal standpoint, this paper distinguishes the law of national intelligence collection from the cr ...
What are some of the challenges the intelligence community faces i.docxphilipnelson29183
What are some of the challenges the intelligence community faces in supporting the Homeland Security enterprise (such as the balance of civil liberties and security)?
Provide evidence from the weekly readings to support your arguments via APA parenthetical citations.
Other sources (if used at all) must be subordinate to your understanding of the readings presented in the class.
Instructions: Your initial post should be at least 350 words.
Lesson
Introduction
Earlier in this class, you explored several misperceptions about the field of intelligence. Movies and popular literature, along with personal experiences, all contribute to these misunderstandings.
A final misperception about intelligence is that intelligence is only gathered on actors outside the borders of the United States. However, an unfortunate reality is that threats to the United States do not all originate from outside the nation. In fact, many threats to this country come from within its borders.
To guard against the full range of threats, the U.S. must engage in domestic intelligence activities and collect information and intelligence within the country.
However, unlike many countries around the world, the U.S. does not have a dedicated domestic intelligence agency and the many approaches to collection are unique. There is also a strict need to preserve the civil liberties of United States citizens and maintain a critical balance between intelligence transparency and secrecy.
Domestic Intelligence
The United States is very unique in that it does not have a dedicated agency responsible for domestic intelligence. Instead, this mission is part of the overall goal of the IC and is implicitly and explicitly stated in the mission and objectives of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI).
As you learned in earlier lessons, ODNI was established by the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004. Within that act, very specific authorities were granted to the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) that directly support the gathering of domestic intelligence (ODNI 2015).
Authority 1
Ensure that timely and objective national intelligence is provided to the President, the heads of departments and agencies of the Executive Branch, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and senior military commanders, and the Congress.
Authority 2
Establish objectives and priorities for collection, analysis, production, and dissemination of national intelligence.
Authority 3
Ensure maximum availability of and access to intelligence information within the Intelligence Community.
Authority 4
Develop and ensure the execution of an annual budget for the National Intelligence program based on budgetary proposals provided by IC component organizations.
Authority 5
Oversee coordination of relationships with the intelligence or security services of foreign governments and international organizations.
Authority 6
Ensure the most accurate analysis of intelligence is derived f.
8. Whistle Blowing.pptx By Akshit Jain .Akshit Jain
The presentation "Whistleblowing" delves into the ethical considerations, legal frameworks, and organizational implications surrounding the act of whistleblowing. Through a nuanced exploration of case studies, ethical dilemmas, and best practices, this presentation aims to foster understanding and promote informed decision-making for individuals and organizations faced with issues of wrongdoing and ethical breaches.
REPLY TO EACH POST 100 WORDS MIN EACH1. Throughout th.docxchris293
**REPLY TO EACH POST 100 WORDS MIN EACH***
1. Throughout this course we have learned that the terms CBRN and WMD are interchangeable and can be best defined as any chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weaponized variant capable of producing immense destruction and large-scale casualties. Of the various types, chemical weapons really stood out to me as interesting because of their historical use in warfare, specifically mustard gas (HD) in World War I. It belongs to the sub classification of chemical weapons known as blister agents and although it does not always cause death, sulfur mustard, whether it is ingested, inhaled or makes contact with the skin can have adverse effects on the skin, eyes, respiratory tract, bone marrow, and mucous membranes of the body (CDC, 2018). Being a vesicant, it can be dispersed through any medium and has the ability to cause serious long term impairment of individuals through permanent blindness, chronic respiratory infections, lung cancer, and extensive third degree burns which is why the Chemical Weapons Convention banned the use, sale, and production of it in 1993. It is relatively easy, compared to the implementation of a radiological or nuclear device, for a terrorist organization to acquire the source materials and have the knowledge to create it. Iraq’s repeated chemical bombing of Iran’s Halabja district in 1988 and Syria’s use of chlorine gas against their own people in 2014 stand as recent examples of why mustard gas, or other forms of chemical weapons are of a higher threat level. Their simplicity, availability, and ability to be dispersed in multiple manners appeal to rogue nations and terrorist organizations alike. Prevention methods to diminish the associated risks include training and equipping individuals to be able to utilize personnel protective gear such as gas masks and hazmat suits, providing in place shelters capable of defending against gas exposure, tracking the buying and selling of toxic industrial resources, and limiting the knowledge available on how to produce such (although I am certain the latter would be the hardest with the development of the internet and information sharing).
2.Hello Classmates. I have chosen to discuss chlorine again because it is one of the most common chemicals that most people have in their homes right now. Chlorine’s most dangerous form is in its gaseous state but it is also used to clean pools, sanitize surfaces, and clean clothes. We even use it to decontaminate drinking water in water treatment plants. Injuries can be caused from eye exposure, skin exposure, inhalation, and ingestion (CDC, 2020). The chemical was used in World War I effectively as a chemical weapon. The chlorine gas was put into fuel tanks similar to the ones used today for propane. Since the gas is heavier than air, it would settle into the trenches where soldiers were hiding. This would force them out of the trenches to be shot fleeing or be forced to succumb to the .
FCCJ 2020 swadesh de roy scholarship announcement Eric Johnston
Announcement for the Foreign Correspondents' Club of Japan's annual scholarship award for students interested in a journalism career. Open only to university students in Japan.
Overseas Media Views of Japan and Kyoto: Past and PresentEric Johnston
A historical look at how Western writers from Marco Polo to Laficadio Hearn wrote about Japan and their influence on Western journalism on Japan. Plus some issues Western Journalists face today when reporting Japan.
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Accpac to QuickBooks Conversion Navigating the Transition with Online Account...PaulBryant58
This article provides a comprehensive guide on how to
effectively manage the convert Accpac to QuickBooks , with a particular focus on utilizing online accounting services to streamline the process.
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Taurus Zodiac Sign_ Personality Traits and Sign Dates.pptxmy Pandit
Explore the world of the Taurus zodiac sign. Learn about their stability, determination, and appreciation for beauty. Discover how Taureans' grounded nature and hardworking mindset define their unique personality.
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
Know more: https://www.synapseindia.com/technology/mean-stack-development-company.html
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
India Orthopedic Devices Market: Unlocking Growth Secrets, Trends and Develop...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, “India Orthopedic Devices Market -Industry Size, Share, Trends, Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2030”, the India Orthopedic Devices Market stood at USD 1,280.54 Million in 2024 and is anticipated to grow with a CAGR of 7.84% in the forecast period, 2026-2030F. The India Orthopedic Devices Market is being driven by several factors. The most prominent ones include an increase in the elderly population, who are more prone to orthopedic conditions such as osteoporosis and arthritis. Moreover, the rise in sports injuries and road accidents are also contributing to the demand for orthopedic devices. Advances in technology and the introduction of innovative implants and prosthetics have further propelled the market growth. Additionally, government initiatives aimed at improving healthcare infrastructure and the increasing prevalence of lifestyle diseases have led to an upward trend in orthopedic surgeries, thereby fueling the market demand for these devices.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
Explore our most comprehensive guide on lookback analysis at SafePaaS, covering access governance and how it can transform modern ERP audits. Browse now!
2. The Present Situation
Japanese
Constitution
guarantees
Freedom of
Speech,
but says
nothing about
``Open
Government.’’
• The bureaucracy has traditionally
enjoyed huge official and unofficial
discretionary power in interpreting
what are, by American standards,
often vaguely worded laws.
• The administration of Prime Minister
Shinzo Abe consists of conservative,
nationalistic, and right-wing
advocates of a top-down system with
reduced individual freedoms.
3. 2012-2013
• Shinzo Abe, a conservative nationalist, takes over
in December 2012 after public disillusionment
with, and bureaucratic and major corporate
opposition to, the more moderate Democratic
Party of Japan.
• He announces an ambitious agenda of ``reform’’,
which includes fundamental changes in the way
post-WWII Japan has been run.
• The State Secrets Law is one such ``reform’’, but
the public hears little about it until . . .
4. SEPTEMBER 2013: Popular television actress Norika
Fujiwara shocks fans, angers sponsors, when she
announces on her Twitter feed she is opposed to the
state secrecy bill.
Suddenly, it’s big news and a public backlash begins
“As a citizen I am really concerned
about it. Our nation has a right to
know.”
“Once the bill is signed, the people who
will write the truth on the Internet (or
through other means) will be punished.
When I think of all the consequences
that it will lead to, it really bothers me.”
5. December 2013
Despite massive opposition
within Japan over the autumn
months, the ruling Liberal
Democratic Party-New
Komeito coalition passes the
bill into law.
6. The Four Areas
The Secrets Law Covers:
Defense
Foreign Affairs
Counter-Intelligence
Terrorism Prevention
7. DEFENSE: What Can Be Classified
(a) Operation of the Self-Defense Forces or
its plans or research.
(b) Signal or imagery information
(c) Assessment, plans or research
pertaining to development of defense
capability
(d) Type or quantity of weapons,
ammunition, aircraft or other material
for defense use
(e) Structure of communications network
(f) Cryptology for defense use
(g) Specifications, performance or usage of
weapons, ammunition and aircraft for
defense, including those in the R&D
stage
(h) Type, quantity of weapons
(i) Methods of production, inspection,
repair of weapons
(j) Design, performance or internal use of
facilities for defense use.
8. FOREIGN AFFAIRS:
What Can Be Classified
(a) Among policy or content of
negotiations or cooperation with
foreign government or international
organizations, those pertaining to
safety of the people, territorial
integrity or other issues of national
deemed important.
(b) Measures or policy including
embargoes on imports or exports that
Japan carries out for national security
purposes
(c) Information that requires protection
under treaties or other international
agreements
(d) Cryptology for diplomatic use,
including communication between the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and
Japanese diplomatic establishments
9. COUNTER-INTELLIGENCE: What Can Be Classified
a) Measures, relevant plans or
research to prevent
``Designated Harmful
Activities’’
b) Information collected from
international organizations
or foreign governments and
other important
information collected in
relation to the prevention
of ``Designated Harmful
Activities.’’
c) Cryptology used for the
prevention of ``Designated
Harmful Activities.’’
``Psst. Who defines
Designated Harmful
Activities?’’
10. ``ANTI-TERRORISM’’ MEASURES:
What Can Be Classified
a) Measures, relevant
plans or research to
prevent terrorism
b) Information collected
from international
organizations or
foreign governments
in relation to the
prevention of
terrorism
c) Cryptology used for
the prevention of
terrorism.
. . . Means what,
exactly, under
Japanese law?
11. Overview of the Law:
Penalty for Unauthorized Disclosure of Specially Designated Secrets
1. Unauthorized disclosure of SDS shall be punished when committed by:
• A. Those accessing SDS as part of their duties
• Intentional: Imprisonment for not more than 10 years
• By Negligence: Imprisonment for max. 2 years or a fine of 500,000 yen.
• B. Those receiving and thus knowing SDS from an administrative organ for the
sake of public interest:
• Intentional: Imprisonment for not more than 5 years
• By negligence: Imprisonment for max. 1 year or max. fine of 300,000 yen
2. Acquisition of SDS through the following acts shall be punished by
imprisonment of to 10 years:
• 1) Fraud, assault or intimidation; (2) Theft; (3) Intrusion on relevant facilities; (4)
Eavesdropping on wired telecommunications; (5) Unauthorized access; (6) Any
other act that undermines control of SDS holders.
3. Those who attempt, conspire to effect, instigate or incite intentional
leakage of SDS.
12. QUESTIONS, CONCERNS, AND CRITICISMS
• No Fully Independent Review Body of Outside
Experts To Publicly Review Decisions on
Classification
• Watered-down provision for a ``Public Interest
Override’’. (What happens to those who disclose
information related to public health issues?)
• When prosecuting under the new law, the Japanese
government may NOT be required to prove, in court,
that disclosure of classified information caused any
harm to government interests.
• Information can be potentially classified beyond 30
years, the standard in many other countries.
14. Those in Japan Who Opposed. . .
• The Japan Newspaper Publishers Association – the
organization of all major Japanese media.
• The Japan National Bar Association
• The Japan Civil Liberties Union
• A group of over 200 Japanese constitutional law
scholars.
• The Japan Scientists’ Association
• Ordinary citizens, who held hundreds of seminars,
symposiums, and protest marches throughout the
country.
• Media polls showed that 80 percent of the
Japanese public opposed the law.
15. Those Abroad Who Opposed. . .
• The Foreign Correspondents’ Club of Japan—an
organization of all major international mainstream
and independent foreign media.
• Reporters Without Borders
• The United Nations Rapporteur for Freedom of
Speech, who said, ``The draft bill not only appears to
establish very broad and very vague grounds for
secrecy but also includes serious threats to whistle-
blowers and even journalists reporting on secrets.’’
• International NGOs like Human Rights Watch and the
Open Society Justice Initiative.
17. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe:
The Prime Minister
has never shown
he has much
interest in open
government or the
people’s right to
know.
18. Japan’s National Security State
The Self-Defense Forces,
Japanese corporations like
Mitsubishi and Toshiba
involved in Japan’s
defense industry, ex-
Defense Ministers and
hawkish, conservative
ruling party politicians like
Shigeru Ishiba and Yuriko
Koike, as well as former
Defense Minister Satoshi
Morimoto and members of
the ``Defense Lobby’’,
which includes ardently
pro-military academics and
journalists.
19. The National Police Agency
Allows them to
operate with less
transparency and
to strengthen their
ability carry out
surveillance on,
for example,
antinuclear
activists.
20. The Ministry of Foreign
Affairs
Flagrant spending on diplomatic
parties, gifts, and bribes by
Japanese diplomats can now be
classified as a state secret. Of
course, diplomatic negotiation
blunders and incompetence will, no
doubt, be classified ``in the name of
national security.’’
21. The Ministry of Trade, Economy, and
Industry
The new law allows
the ministry to more
easily classify trade
negotiations like
TPP as ``national
security’’
22. Electric Utilities
Information about the
operation of nuclear power
plants that was previously
public may now be classified
as secret.
Antinuclear groups that often
uncover malfeasance,
corruption, or sloppy work at
nuclear power plants thanks
to whistleblowers among
plant workers may both now
be punished more easily.
23. The United States
The Japanese Prime Minister himself
told parliament ‘’so that the U.S.-Japan
military and diplomatic relationship (i.e.
the U.S.-Japan alliance) could be
strengthened.’’
This is Washington/Tokyo-speak for ``so
that the U.S. and Japanese militaries and
diplomatic corps could cooperate more in
secret and less in fear that some
Japanese version of Edward Snowden,
Chelsea Manning, or Wikileaks would
leak public secrets back to the public.’’
24. SPECIFIC WORRIES ABOUT
FREEDOM OF THE PRESS
(as outlined by Lawrence Repeta, Law Professor, Meiji
University in ``Japan’s 2013 State Secrecy Act- The Abe
Administration’s Threat to News Reporting.’’
25. Designated Secrets Law Article 22 (1)
• This provision says that ``under the
application of this law, there would be no
expanded interpretation that would lead to
improper violation of the fundamental
human rights of the people, and due care
shall be shown for freedom of
newsgathering and the press which
contribute to the people’s right to know.’’
26. Question:
Why is this provision here?
Constitution already
guarantees freedom of the
press.
Or does it?
27. Article 22(2)
notes that ``to the extent the newsgathering
activities of persons engaged in the publishing
or reporting industries exclusively seek to
serve the public interest and do not violate
the law or employ extremely inappropriate
means, such newsgathering activities will be
deemed ``legitimate’’.
28. Problems
• What does ``extremely inappropriate means’’
mean? Answer: Up to future prosecutors and
judges, not current politicians, who can make
political promises now that have no basis in later
law.
• The term ``publishing and reporting industries’’
is used. There is concern that freelance reporters,
alternative media, civil society groups, and others
not deployed by mainstream media corporations
will be completely outside this legal protection.
29. ``The secrecy law imprints a stamp of approval on `press
release’ journalism, the practice whereby they publish as
news the information released by bureaucrats as is,
without assessment or commentary.
``This will accelerate the transformation of news
organizations into public relations agencies of the
government.’’
-- Professor Yasuhiko Tajima, Sophia University
30. Now, A Bored Student Watching This PowerPoint
Presentation Might Be Thinking:
``Well, Eric is just stirring up a typical media teapot
tempest. Yeah, a few journalists in Japan might find
it harder to operate. But the law won’t have any
effect on my Japan-related plans, let alone Japan’s
relations with the rest of the `real’ world.’’
31. WELL, THINK AGAIN
Four Ways in which the New Law
May Impact How The Rest of the
World Deals with Japan
32. 1) Possible Effects on Academic Research:
• What happens if foreign scholars of
Japanese history, government policy,
or Japanese social issues discover
that previously publicly available
information needed for their report,
thesis, or dissertation is now,
suddenly, classified by anonymous
bureaucrats under the pretext of
``defense’’ or ``diplomacy’’?
• Could the new law prevent the
sharing of general scientific research
being done by Japanese researchers
on behalf of the government?
33. 2) Possible Effects on International Trade
• Will the new law end up classifying
information, by accident or design, that
foreign firms need to do business in Japan?
• Will the new law designate the details of
international trade negotiations like the Trans
Pacific Partnership agreement as ``state
secrets’’?
34. 3) International Lawsuits Involving
Japanese Firms or the Government
• What happens if a lawsuit initiated in the
U.S. or another country naming a Japanese
firm or the Japanese government as the
plaintiffs requires the introduction, for
either the accused or the defendant, of
information that has been classified as
secret?
35. 4) Information About Japan That is Still Classified
There, But Declassified Elsewhere
• What happens if a foreign scholar,
journalist, business person or government
official publishes or releases information
related to Japan that has been declassified
in their own country but is still classified in
Japan? Could they face prosecution or
ostracism in Japan?
36. In Conclusion
The New Secrecy Law is vague and gives the
bureaucracy and a small group of conservative
politicians a great deal of discretionary power to classify
what they please without strong public oversight.
How the courts rule on specific sections of the law is
hard to predict. But the Supreme Court has a record of
being very conservative.
The law’s true damage may not be in the courtroom but
in the creation of an atmosphere of fear and intimidation
in Japan, as journalists and others exercise much greater
levels of self-censorship and democracy withers.