Language variation is formed not just by heterogeneous language users, but also diverse social interactions. The document discusses language variation in Welsh, Scottish, and Irish dialects at the phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic levels. It provides examples of distinct vocabulary, pronunciations, and grammatical features in each dialect compared to standard English. Key differences highlighted include dropped consonants, tapped or rolled r sounds, and variant vowel pronunciations.

1. 1. Nur Mafissamawati S. (201010100311307)
2. Niken Andrea S. (201010100311310)
3. Rizka Nur Rahmawati (201010100311313)
4. Lailatul Maghfiroh (201010100311314)
5. Kunthi Octavia (201010100311321)

2. Language variation is an important
part of sociolinguistics. Language
variation is formed not only caused by
the users who are not homogeneous,
but also caused by various social
interaction activities that people do.

3.  Phonetic
 Phonological
 Morphological
 Syntactic
 Semantic (Vocabulary Choice)

4.  Interference
 Integration
 Mixed Code or Code

5. 1. Welsh Language
Welsh is spoken by more than 50% of the
population in North-West, Central and
South-West Wales. Fewer than 20% speak
Welsh in the North-East and South-East,
though the numbers speaking Welsh are
highest here, because these areas have by
far the largest population.

6.  Actif : Active
 ffigur : Figure
 Ffocws : Focus
 Proffesiwn : Profession
 Cic : Kick
 Tancer : Tanker
 Wadusay : What did you say?
 Owwarruu : How are you?
 Whereru fromthen : Where are you from?
 Oh, wos occurring? : Yo, what's up?

7. Scottish is spoken by people who live in the
northern part of the island of Britain, more-
or-less defined as north of Hadrian’s Wall.
This dialect can be either very heavy or very
delicate.

8. The Scots use all the standard tricks described on
the dialect page, with just a few changes in
vocabulary:
 Scots tend to say "nae" for "not." So, instead of
the word "cannot," the Scots would say "cannae."
Similarly, "do not" becomes "dinnae," and so
forth.
 Instead of the word "understand" Scots use the
word "ken." This word is also occasionally used to
substitute for "know," as in "I dinnae ken where
the fellow be."
 Where an Englishman might say "lad" or "lass," a
Scot will use the diminutive "laddie" or "lassie." A
Scot might use these terms for adults, as well.
 Scots will also use "ye" instead of "you."
 Scots will use the word "wee" for "little" or
"small."

9.  Abune : Above
 Afore : Before
 Licht : Light
 Messages : Shopping, usually groceries
 Mind : Remember
 Gaun : Going
 Learn : Teach
 Ither : Other
 Efter : After
 Twa : Two
 Lang : Long
 Guid : Good
 Cratur : Creature

10.  Hame : Home
 Dee : Die
 Stay : Live
 Nae : Not
 Dinnae : Do not
 Lad : Last
 Laddie/ lassie : Lady
 Ye : You
 Wee : Little or small
 I dinnae ken : I do not know/ understand
 I cannae : I can not
 Are you thinking o' flitting? : Are you thinking
of moving house?
 I'll see you up the road : I`ll see you back at
home

11. Irish is a Celtic language spoken in mainly
Ireland (Éire). The Irish language, along with
Welsh and Breton, is one of the oldest
languages in Europe, dating back in writing to
the time when Latin was primarily written and
spoken. The progression of the Irish language
through history began in Central Europe in
the 5th century B.C. when a tribe called the
Celts came into Europe.

12.  Gairdín : Garden
 Leabharlann : Library
 Sacar : Soccer
 Mathair : Mother
 Uncail : Uncle
 Conas atá tú? : How are you?
 Tá mé go maith : I`m good
 Cad is ainm duit? :What`s your name?
 Cá bhfuil tú? : Where are you
 Tá mé anseo, i mBaile Átha Cliath : I`m here in
Dublin

13. 1. Welsh Language
 You will hear people saying that it is a very
sing-song sort of sounding accent because the
Welsh sounds tend to stretch out and stressed,
and there is a huge glide from hi-pitch to low-
pitch.
Eg: John, what are you doing?
- huge glide on John.
- ŋ is omitted.
 Drop the yea sound, the y sound :calling yard,
and drop that sound from words like news or
tune and even sometimes from use.
Eg: Conjoun used the new one,.
 Tapped R sound.
 It is bright outside today. Can you bring me the
orange crayon please?.

14.  "R" sound, most Scots speakers, they
don't actually use "rrrr“ / big long R.
 roll the R just one roll, called a tapped R.
Notice that it's tapped, so it's not "birrrd"
 You get an L after the letter R, you'll have
an extra syllable on the word.
Eg: The loveliest "girl" in the "world".
 V. commercial with the tag line.
Eg: Good with food".
 "oo" and "u" vowels are the same.Eg: .
pool and pull are the same. Pull.
 rather of saying not, in Scots speak I
might say "Nae"

15.  "i" sound in like or height, or even at the
beginning of the word Irish becomes like an "oi",
almost like the "oi" in oil.
Eg: oirish and oireland
 It is not quite "oi", it is slightly less than that, it is
"oii".
Eg: I will be fine with all this oil
 the "th" is usually removed from Irish speakers,
so we get more d's and t's instead.
Eg: What do you think of this?
 "r" is always pronounced. Eg: paark
 “L" sound are all at the front.
Eg: a little bubble at the front of your mouth
 ou" sound in mouth. It becomes "ouw“.
Eg. how now brown cow, brown cow