The Italian education system has undergone several reforms since its establishment in 1859. The Casati Act in 1859 made primary education compulsory and increased literacy. In 1923, the Gentile Act raised compulsory education to age 14 and established a ladder system for primary, middle, and secondary options. In 1962, all children until age 14 were required to follow a single program encompassing primary and middle school. Recent reforms have narrowed gaps between genders and created more secondary school choices, though current reforms do not fully consider human potential and are overly bureaucratic.