Isoquants represent combinations of two input factors that produce equal levels of output. They are downward sloping curves that do not intersect, with higher amounts of one input substituting for lower amounts of the other input. The marginal rate of technical substitution measures the rate at which one input can be substituted for the other while maintaining the same output level. Isocosts represent combinations of inputs that cost the same total amount, with higher isocost curves corresponding to higher total costs for a given output level. Isoquants illustrate technically efficient combinations of inputs while isocosts show financially efficient combinations for a given cost.

1. ISOQUANTS
Equal Quantity of Production

2. MEANING OF ISOQUANTS
• Isoquants are the curves, which represent the
different combinations of inputs producing a
particular quantity of output
• Any combination on the isoquant represents the
some level of output
• Isoquant is a production function with two variables
inputs, which are substitutable for one another
within limits
• Thus an isoquant shows all possible combinations of
two inputs, which are capable of producing equal or a
given level of output
Equation : Q = f (L,K) 2

3. ASSUMPTIONS OF ISOQUANTS
• There are only two factors of production.
• The two factors can substitute each other up to
certain limit.
• The shape of the isoquants depends upon the
extent of substitutability of the two inputs.
• The technology is given over a period
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4. AN ISOQUANT MAY BE EXPLAINED
WITH THE HELP OF AN
ARITHMETICAL EXAMPLES
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Combinations Labour
(units)
Capital
(units)
Output
(quantity)
A 1 10 50
B 2 7 50
C 3 4 50
D 4 3 50
E 5 1 50

5. ISOQUANT CURVE :
5
1, 10
2, 7
3, 4
4, 3
5, 1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
C
a
p
i
t
a
l
(
K
)
Labour (L)
ISOQUANTS

6. FEATURES
OF ISOQUANTS
It is a downward sloping curve
It is convex to origin
It does not intersect
It does not touch axis
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7. MARGINAL RATE OF TECHNICAL SUBSTITUTION
MARGINAL RATE OF TECHNICAL SUBSTITUTION
(MRTS)
(MRTS)
• MRTS refers to the rate at which one input factor is
substituted with the other to attain a given level of
output
• It is measured as
MRTS = changes in one input/changes in another input
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Combinati
ons
Labour
(units)
Capital
(units)
Output
(quantity)
MRTS
A 1 10 50 ----
B 2 7 50 1:3
C 3 4 50 1:3
D 4 3 50 1:1
E 5 1 50 1:1

8. ISOCOSTS
Equal Cost of Production

9. DEFINITION OF ISOCOSTS
 Isocosts refers to that cost curve that represents
the combination of inputs that will cost the
producer the same amount of money.
 In other words, each isocost denotes a particular
level of total cost for a given level of production. If
the given level of production changes, the total cost
changes and thus the isocost curve moves upwards.
And vice versa.
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10. ISOCOST
CURVE
 In the following figure three downwards sloping
straight line cost curves each costing Rs.1.0 lakh,
Rs. 1.5 lakh and Rs. 2.0lakh for the output levels of
20,000, 30,000 and 40,000 units. Isocosts farther
from the origin, for given input costs, are
associated with higher costs. Any change in input
prices changes the slope of isocost lines
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11. ISOCOSTS VS. ISOQUANTS
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12. THANK
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