Game-Changing Technologies In The Oil and Gas Industry
How does the shale gas situation in the world change energy markets, are oil sands a part of the future and can subsea help provide the future with energy?
Liquid crystal bio-based epoxy coating with enhanced performanceIJERA Editor
Tetrafunctional rosin based epoxy was synthesized and cured with either rosin based hardener or conventional
phenylene diamine to study the feasibility of producing high performance thermosetting polymer from
renewable resource. The chemical structure of the prepared epoxy was confirmed by elemental analysis, FTIR,
1HNMR, UV, total acid number and epoxy equivalent weight. Dynamic mechanical (DMA) and
thermogravimetric (TGA) analyses results indicate that fully biobased epoxy system possesses high glass
transition temperature (Tg), high modulus (G`) and improved thermal stability.
Novel composite electrodes:Preparation and application to the electroanalytic...Université de Dschang
M. Tchieno Melataguia Francis Merlin a soutenu une thèse de Doctorat/Phd en Chimie Inorganique ce 06 juin 2016 dans la salle des conférences de l'Université de Dschang. A l'issue de cette soutenance devant le jury présidé par le Prof. Emmanuel Ngameni lui a décerné la mention très honorable à l'unanimité de ses membres.
Passive Soil Gas Testing - Standard for Site CharacterizationHarryONeill
Passive soil gas surveys provide high resolution site characterization data to identify source areas, vapor intrusion pathways, and delineate groundwater plumes. Beacon is known for providing the highest quality soil gas data in the industry by following strict QA/QC procedures in the design of the PSG Samplers and analysis of the samples. Beacon is the only laboratory to have achieved DoD ELAP accreditation for the analysis of soil gas samples by US EPA Method 8260C and US EPA Method TO-17. In addition, Beacon is the first company to receive accreditation for the collection of soil gas samples under the TNI NEFAP program. The experience offered by Beacon coupled with the strict attention to quality control makes Beacon's PSG Surveys the best method in the industry for targeting organic compounds (e.g., chlorinated and petroleum hydrocarbons) in the vapor phase.
Presentation given by George Romanos of the National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos” (NCSRD), Greece, on "CO2QUEST - Fluid Properties and phase behaviour of CO2 with impurities" at the EC FP7 Projects: Leading the way in CCS implementation event, London, 14-15 April 2014
Biomass is considered as a potential source of energy production.Gasification can be employed to convert
dilute biomass energy source in to gaseous products holding concentrated form of energy. A steady state model for fluidized
bed biomass gasifier is developed based on reaction kinetics and hydrodynamic aspects of fluidization. The presence of
sorbent for absorption of carbon dioxide from the product gas is also incorporated in the model.The developed model
predicts the variation of syngas composition, temperature, pressure and velocity along the height of gasifier. Experiments
were carried out in a lab scale fluidized bed biomass gasifier and the results were used to validate the model.An increase of
50.35% in H2 mole fraction and a decrease of 50.88 % in CO2 mole fraction were observed when CaO was used as the
sorbent.
Incorporation of Linear Scaling Relations into Automatic Mechanism Generation...Richard West
Presented at the 2017 AIChE Annual Meeting on October 31, 2017, by Richard H. West and C. Franklin Goldsmith.
https://www.aiche.org/conferences/aiche-annual-meeting/2017/proceeding/paper/304c-incorporation-linear-scaling-relations-automatic-mechanism-generation-heterogeneous-catalysis
Abstract:
To predict the selectivity and reactivity of novel catalysts at industrially relevant conditions requires a detailed microkinetic mechanism, comprising many elementary reactions. Recent advances such as such as the work of Ulissi et al [5] use a combination of scaling relations, machine learning, and DFT calculations, to gradually refine a microkinetic model until the rate limiting steps have been calculated with sufficient accuracy to be confident that they are correctly identified. However, such a system requires as input a comprehensive kinetic model containing all the possible pathways. Our recently developed Reaction Mechanism Generator for Heterogeneous Catalysis (RMG-Cat) [3], built upon the open-source RMG software primarily used for gas-phase pyrolysis and combustion [1,2], can provide such mechanisms ab inito: the user supplies just the initial conditions (eg. reactant composition, temperature, pressure) and the software predicts all the possible reactions, estimates the thermochemical and kinetic parameters, solves the governing equations, and decides which reaction pathways to include and explore further. RMG-Cat makes its decisions regarding which pathways to explore and which to ignore, using the estimated parameters, so it is important that the estimates are reasonable, even if the important parameters will be refined with more accurate calculations later in the model development process.
Linear Scaling Relations (LSRs) can provide reasonable estimates of adsorption energies in a very computationally efficient manner [4-6]. We have now implemented linear scaling relationships for the estimation of adsorption energies in the RMG-Cat software. Our database of parameters is organized in a hierarchical tree structure, enabling detailed functional group descriptions to be used when data are available and more general descriptions to be used when necessary. We include parameters to describe many adsorbates on a range of metal surfaces, and a framework to re-train the parameters whenever new data are available.
[1] Gao, C.W. et al., Comput. Phys. Commun., 203, 212-225, (2016) http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2016.02.013
[2] RMG - Reaction Mechanism Generator, open-source software, RMG-Py. http://reactionmechanismgenerator.github.io
[3] Goldsmith, C. F., West, R. H., J. Phys. Chem. C., 121 (18), 9970–9981 http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b02133
[4] Medford, A. J. et al., Topics in Catalysis (2013) 57, 135-142
[5] Ulissi, Z. W. et al., Nature Comm. (2017) 8, 14621-14627
[6] Hummelshøj, J.S. et al., Angewandte Chemie International Edition (2011) 51, 272-274
Liquid crystal bio-based epoxy coating with enhanced performanceIJERA Editor
Tetrafunctional rosin based epoxy was synthesized and cured with either rosin based hardener or conventional
phenylene diamine to study the feasibility of producing high performance thermosetting polymer from
renewable resource. The chemical structure of the prepared epoxy was confirmed by elemental analysis, FTIR,
1HNMR, UV, total acid number and epoxy equivalent weight. Dynamic mechanical (DMA) and
thermogravimetric (TGA) analyses results indicate that fully biobased epoxy system possesses high glass
transition temperature (Tg), high modulus (G`) and improved thermal stability.
Novel composite electrodes:Preparation and application to the electroanalytic...Université de Dschang
M. Tchieno Melataguia Francis Merlin a soutenu une thèse de Doctorat/Phd en Chimie Inorganique ce 06 juin 2016 dans la salle des conférences de l'Université de Dschang. A l'issue de cette soutenance devant le jury présidé par le Prof. Emmanuel Ngameni lui a décerné la mention très honorable à l'unanimité de ses membres.
Passive Soil Gas Testing - Standard for Site CharacterizationHarryONeill
Passive soil gas surveys provide high resolution site characterization data to identify source areas, vapor intrusion pathways, and delineate groundwater plumes. Beacon is known for providing the highest quality soil gas data in the industry by following strict QA/QC procedures in the design of the PSG Samplers and analysis of the samples. Beacon is the only laboratory to have achieved DoD ELAP accreditation for the analysis of soil gas samples by US EPA Method 8260C and US EPA Method TO-17. In addition, Beacon is the first company to receive accreditation for the collection of soil gas samples under the TNI NEFAP program. The experience offered by Beacon coupled with the strict attention to quality control makes Beacon's PSG Surveys the best method in the industry for targeting organic compounds (e.g., chlorinated and petroleum hydrocarbons) in the vapor phase.
Presentation given by George Romanos of the National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos” (NCSRD), Greece, on "CO2QUEST - Fluid Properties and phase behaviour of CO2 with impurities" at the EC FP7 Projects: Leading the way in CCS implementation event, London, 14-15 April 2014
Biomass is considered as a potential source of energy production.Gasification can be employed to convert
dilute biomass energy source in to gaseous products holding concentrated form of energy. A steady state model for fluidized
bed biomass gasifier is developed based on reaction kinetics and hydrodynamic aspects of fluidization. The presence of
sorbent for absorption of carbon dioxide from the product gas is also incorporated in the model.The developed model
predicts the variation of syngas composition, temperature, pressure and velocity along the height of gasifier. Experiments
were carried out in a lab scale fluidized bed biomass gasifier and the results were used to validate the model.An increase of
50.35% in H2 mole fraction and a decrease of 50.88 % in CO2 mole fraction were observed when CaO was used as the
sorbent.
Incorporation of Linear Scaling Relations into Automatic Mechanism Generation...Richard West
Presented at the 2017 AIChE Annual Meeting on October 31, 2017, by Richard H. West and C. Franklin Goldsmith.
https://www.aiche.org/conferences/aiche-annual-meeting/2017/proceeding/paper/304c-incorporation-linear-scaling-relations-automatic-mechanism-generation-heterogeneous-catalysis
Abstract:
To predict the selectivity and reactivity of novel catalysts at industrially relevant conditions requires a detailed microkinetic mechanism, comprising many elementary reactions. Recent advances such as such as the work of Ulissi et al [5] use a combination of scaling relations, machine learning, and DFT calculations, to gradually refine a microkinetic model until the rate limiting steps have been calculated with sufficient accuracy to be confident that they are correctly identified. However, such a system requires as input a comprehensive kinetic model containing all the possible pathways. Our recently developed Reaction Mechanism Generator for Heterogeneous Catalysis (RMG-Cat) [3], built upon the open-source RMG software primarily used for gas-phase pyrolysis and combustion [1,2], can provide such mechanisms ab inito: the user supplies just the initial conditions (eg. reactant composition, temperature, pressure) and the software predicts all the possible reactions, estimates the thermochemical and kinetic parameters, solves the governing equations, and decides which reaction pathways to include and explore further. RMG-Cat makes its decisions regarding which pathways to explore and which to ignore, using the estimated parameters, so it is important that the estimates are reasonable, even if the important parameters will be refined with more accurate calculations later in the model development process.
Linear Scaling Relations (LSRs) can provide reasonable estimates of adsorption energies in a very computationally efficient manner [4-6]. We have now implemented linear scaling relationships for the estimation of adsorption energies in the RMG-Cat software. Our database of parameters is organized in a hierarchical tree structure, enabling detailed functional group descriptions to be used when data are available and more general descriptions to be used when necessary. We include parameters to describe many adsorbates on a range of metal surfaces, and a framework to re-train the parameters whenever new data are available.
[1] Gao, C.W. et al., Comput. Phys. Commun., 203, 212-225, (2016) http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2016.02.013
[2] RMG - Reaction Mechanism Generator, open-source software, RMG-Py. http://reactionmechanismgenerator.github.io
[3] Goldsmith, C. F., West, R. H., J. Phys. Chem. C., 121 (18), 9970–9981 http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b02133
[4] Medford, A. J. et al., Topics in Catalysis (2013) 57, 135-142
[5] Ulissi, Z. W. et al., Nature Comm. (2017) 8, 14621-14627
[6] Hummelshøj, J.S. et al., Angewandte Chemie International Edition (2011) 51, 272-274
Coarse CFD-DEM simulation of Rare Earth Element leaching reactor, FCC re-gen...Liqiang Lu
In past decades, the continuum approach was the only practical technique to simulate large-scale fluidized bed reactors because discrete approaches suffer from the cost of tracking huge numbers of particles and their collisions[1,. This study significantly improved the computation speed of discrete particle methods in two steps: First, the time-driven hard-sphere (TDHS) algorithm with a larger time-step is proposed allowing a speedup of 20-60 times; second, the number of tracked particles is reduced by adopting the coarse-graining technique gaining an additional 2-3 orders of magnitude speedup of the simulations. A new velocity correction term was introduced and validated in TDHS to solve the over-packing issue in dense granular flow. The TDHS was then coupled with the coarse-graining technique to simulate the heat transfer and chemical reaction mechanisms in an industrial FCC regenerator in a reasonable time with little computational resources. The simulation results compared well with available industrial data and proved that this new approach can be used for efficient and reliable simulations of industrial-scale fluidized bed systems.
References:
1. Lu, L., Liu, X., Li, T., Wang, L., Ge, W., Benyahia, S., 2017. Assessing the capability of continuum and discrete particle methods to simulate gas-solids flow using DNS predictions as a benchmark. Powder Technology 321, 301-309.
2. Lu, L.; Gopalan, B.; Benyahia, S., 2017. Assessment of different discrete particle methods ability to predict gas-particle flow in a small-scale fluidized bed. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 56, 7865–7876
3. Lu, L., Benyahia, S., Li, T., 2017. An efficient and reliable predictive method for fluidized bed simulation. AIChE Journal 63, 5320-5334.
4. Lu, L.; Konan, A.; Benyahia, S., 2017. Influence of grid resolution, parcel size and drag models on bubbling fluidized bed simulation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 326, 627-639.
5. Lu, L.; Morris, A.; Li, T.; Benyahia, S., 2017. Extension of a coarse grained particle method to simulate heat transfer in fluidized beds. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 111, 723-735.
6. Lu, L., Yoo, K., Benyahia, S., 2016. Coarse-Grained-Particle Method for Simulation of Liquid–Solids Reacting Flows. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 55, 10477-10491.
7. Lu, L., Xu, J., Ge, W., Gao, G., Jiang, Y., Zhao, M., Liu, X., Li, J., 2016. Computer virtual experiment on fluidized beds using a coarse-grained discrete particle method—EMMS-DPM. Chemical Engineering Science 155, 314-337.
8. Lu, L., Xu, J., Ge, W., Yue, Y., Liu, X., Li, J., 2014. EMMS-based discrete particle method (EMMS–DPM) for simulation of gas–solid flows. Chemical Engineering Science 120, 67-87.
My academic/industry life and interests in one slideEnoch Dames
This extremely succinct slide illustrates my research interests and plans, as well as my academic/industry timeline. Let me know what you think and feel free to email with with specific questions.
Harnessing the Power of Youth - UN SE4ALL Forum (June 4, 2014)Student Energy
On June 4th, 2014, Student Energy was invited to the United Nations to produce a speech on "Harnessing the Power of Youth" in partnership with the UN Youth Envoy.
This speech covers tangible examples and case studies on how large organizations, governments and NGO's can truly activate and harness the creativity, networks and passion of youth globally.
You can read more about Student Energy by visiting http://www.studentenergy.org and learn more about the SE4ALL Forum, and the UN's ambitious goals around sustainable energy by visiting http://www.SE4ALL.org
ISES 2013 - Day 3 - Michel Orlhac (Vice President, Schneider-Electric) - Sus...Student Energy
The world’s cities occupy only 2 % of the Earth, but account for up to 80 % of the overall energy consumption and 75 % of the carbon emissions. About half of the world’s population lives in cities today. How can cities contribute to a more sustainable future?
ISES 2013 - Day 3 - Jane McRae (CEO, Sustainable Cities International) - Sus...Student Energy
The world’s cities occupy only 2 % of the Earth, but account for up to 80 % of the overall energy consumption and 75 % of the carbon emissions. About half of the world’s population lives in cities today. How can cities contribute to a more sustainable future?
ISES 2013 - Day 2 - Ole Grimsrud (Vice President Resource and Development, S...Student Energy
How To Maximize The Triple Bottom Line: People, Planet and Profit.
Fossil fuels is a convenient and inexpensive source of energy, which will, if managed well, accelerate development. On the other hand, the use of fossil fuels results in increased emissions of greenhouse gases.
Is it time to rethink the management of fossil resources?
ISES 2013 - Day 2 - Nadine Bret Rouzaut (Director, Centre for Economics and ...Student Energy
How To Maximize The Triple Bottom Line: People, Planet and Profit.
Fossil fuels is a convenient and inexpensive source of energy, which will, if managed well, accelerate development. On the other hand, the use of fossil fuels results in increased emissions of greenhouse gases.
Is it time to rethink the management of fossil resources?
ISES 2013 - Day 2 - Dr. Gunnhild Stordalen( Chairman of Board, Greenudge) - ...Student Energy
Can We Change Our Minds To Think More Sustainably?
Climate change challenges our world in many ways, yet we have barely started to address this problem. Why are we not doing more about this? Climate change is a psychological challenge, psychological barriers limit individual and collective action on climate change. Can we be nudged into acting differently?
ISES 2013 - Day 1 - Prof. Koichi Kitazawa, Former Executive Director, Japan ...Student Energy
With the growing need for energy, and the goal to reduce CO2emissions, the safety of nuclear power is much debated. Can nuclear energy contribute to a more sustainable energy future?
ISES 2013 - Day 1 - David Addison (Manager, Virgin Group Earth Challenge) - ...Student Energy
What Is Happening, Why Is It Happening and What Can We Do About It?
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has stated that the earth is suffering from man-made climate changes. ISES has invited three experts on climate to share their views on what is really happening, why it is happening, and finally yet importantly, what can we do about it.
ISES 2013 - Day 1 - Prof. Dr. Philos Kristian Fossheim (President, Royal Nor...Student Energy
With the growing need for energy, and the goal to reduce CO2emissions, the safety of nuclear power is much debated. Can nuclear energy contribute to a more sustainable energy future?
ISES 2013 - Day 1 - Dr. Jan-Gunnar Winther (Director, Worwegian Polar Instit...Student Energy
What Is Happening, Why Is It Happening and What Can We Do About It?
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has stated that the earth is suffering from man-made climate changes. ISES has invited three experts on climate to share their views on what is really happening, why it is happening, and finally yet importantly, what can we do about it.
ISES 2013 Day 1 - Ana Aguado (CEO, Friends of the Super Grid) - Future GridsStudent Energy
Smarter Transmission For a Green Transition.
The future of our transmission systems for electricity will be the focus in this session. In Europe future grids originating from the Supergrid project will be the transmission backbone of Europe’s decarbonized power sector.
ISES 2013 - Day 2 - Tor-Eivind Moen (Technology Director, ABB) - Energy on N...Student Energy
Game-Changing Technologies In The Oil and Gas Industry
How does the shale gas situation in the world change energy markets, are oil sands a part of the future and can subsea help provide the future with energy?
ISES 2013 - Day 3 - Bjorn Lomborg - Crossroads to a Sustainable FutureStudent Energy
Will We Ever Overcome Our Carbon Addiction?
The world economy is very carbon intensive, however there are vast opportunities to transform this into a greener economy meeting a sustainable future. Are we able to go through with this transition or are we carbon addicts?
ISES 2013 - Day 2 - Professor Søren Hermansen (Director, Samsoe Energy Acade...Student Energy
Case Studies Of Sustainability
Local solutions are the steps towards global solutions. We will be looking at solutions to energy related problems in different parts of the world: from special case of Samsoe in Denmark all the way to rural areas in Pakistan.
ISES 2013 - Day 2 - Evan Mertens and Hermann Van Heist (Rural Spark) - Grass...Student Energy
Bottom Up Approaches to Global Challenges
Finding simple solutions at a grassroots level is essential for giving people in rural areas access to energy and electricity. Will innovation make it possible to combine sustainable development and energy for all?
Ises 2013 day 3 - janet swim (professor of psychology, penn state) - the ps...Student Energy
Can We Change Our Minds To Think More Sustainably?
Climate change challenges our world in many ways, yet we have barely started to address this problem. Why are we not doing more about this? Climate change is a psychological challenge, psychological barriers limit individual and collective action on climate change. Can we be nudged into acting differently?
ISES 2013 - Day 3 - Dr. Pierce Riemer (Director General, World Petroleum Cou...Student Energy
Can We Close The Gap Between Renewable Technologies and Fossil Fuels?
The very last plenary session will highlight the challenges related to the transition in the energy sector: the big challenge on how to bridge the gap will be the main focus. A wide range of perspectives will be represented and the challenges we are facing as well as the solutions to these will be put on the table.
ISES 2013 - Day 3 - Stephen Roosa (Association of Energy Engineers) - The Tr...Student Energy
The very last plenary session will highlight the challenges related to the transition in the energy sector: the big challenge on how to bridge the gap will be the main focus. A wide range of perspectives will be represented and the challenges we are facing as well as the solutions to these will be put on the table.
ISES 2013 - Day 3 - Lisa Margonelli (Research Fellow, New America Foundation...Student Energy
The very last plenary session will highlight the challenges related to the transition in the energy sector: the big challenge on how to bridge the gap will be the main focus. A wide range of perspectives will be represented and the challenges we are facing as well as the solutions to these will be put on the table.
ISES 2013 - Day 3 - Unni Steinsmo (CEO, Sintef) - InnovationStudent Energy
Two different perspectives on innovation will be presented. The first one, given by SINTEF, with a research point of view and another one given by an experienced entrepreneur. The session will highlight the key role that research and innovation will play towards a more sustainable future
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
ISES 2013 - Day 2 - Professor John M. Dhaw (Professor, University of Alberta) - Energy on New Frontiers
1. Hydrocarbon Thermophysical Properties:
unexpected frontiers
John M. Shaw
Professor and NSERC Industrial Research Chair in
Petroleum Thermodynamics
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
jmshaw@ualberta.ca
www.jmshaw.ualberta.ca
2. Acknowledgements
Sponsors
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Alberta Innovates - Energy and Environment Solutions
BP Canada
ConocoPhillips Canada Resources Corp.
Nexen Inc.
Shell Canada Ltd.
Total E&P Canada Ltd.
Virtual Materials Group 2
Colleagues
Marco Satyro, Harvey Yarranton, Loic Barre, Kirk Michaelian, Jean-Luc Daridon,
Jerome Pauly, …
3. So what is the big deal?
We’ve been doing this for more than a century at an industrial scale globally
4. So what is the big deal?
We’ve been doing this for more than a century at an industrial scale globally
but …
5. Canadian National Advisory Panel Report 2006
Other than CO2 capture and storage, and gasification,
there is no mention of research in the “carbon sector”
5
Chemical, thermodynamic and transport
property knowledge ranked last among NINE
surveyed industrial priorities. New processes
ranked first.
6. Classic Property Knowledge Example
brute force
better
property
knowledge
M. Satyro reminded me of this example from J. M. Douglas’ Conceptual Design of Chemical Processes, McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 1988.
6
8. Hydrocarbon vs Renewable Energy Resources
world consumption of oil alone exceeds 90 million bpd (5000 MT/year).
1 million bpd yields ~ 60 gigawatts
maximum production per wind turbine 5 MW!
5 MW units
rotor diameter 126 m
mast height 90-120 m
source: www.repower.de
Calculation suggestion: Michael Raymont, CEO EIN
football stadium, Vanderbilt University.
8
9. ALBERTA OILSANDS: 300 billion barrels are recoverable.
An additional 1.4 trillion barrels are proven. AEUB Data
300
1400
1980
Proven “oil” reserves worldwide (2012)
9
140 795132*
206*
335*
* Including a fraction of heavy oil/bitumen reserves, BP statistical Review
2012
Middle
East
Eurasia
Africa
South
AmericaNorth
America
Asia
Pacific 41
10. •The oilsands resource and related industrial processes are poorly understood.
•Each insight regarding the fundamental behaviours and properties spurs innovation
•Greenhouse gas emission intensity has decreased 40 % over the past 20 years!
•Property discovery presents experimental and theoretical challenges and opportunities (innovation).
•Integration of quantitative materials property knowledge and theory from the molecular scale to the
nanometer scale to the macro scale is required so that thermophysical properties, transport properties,
and phase behaviors identified across these length scales and diverse processing environments are
better understood and become exploitable.
* Dusseault, B. and R. Morgenstern, Canadian Geotechnology Journal, 15, 1978.
** Bazyleva, A., et al., J. Chemical & Engineering Data 2011, 56. (7),3242-3253
*** Bagheri, R., et al., Energy & Fuels, 2010, 24 (8), pp 4327–4332
10
known and mapped for ~ 100 years* Phase diagram 2011** liquid crystals identified, 2010***
Oil Sands
11. nanofiltration
Predictive Cp
correlations
Calorimetry Rheology
samples with
different wA
Cp baseline
definition
• Cp data
• detection of phase transitions
• rheological data
• nature of phase transitions
Phase diagram preparation approach with broad potential for application to
reservoir fluids, heavy oils and bitumen other complex organic materials
PHASE BEHAVIOUR
• Temperatures and enthalpies of phase transitions
• States and numbers of phases
•Process design
•Process development
•Process optimization
Indispensable for
(interpretation of results,
experimental conditions, …)
Theory
Fulem, M. et al., Fluid Phase Equilibria, 2008 (272) 32-41
Bazyleva, Al. et al., J. Chemical & Engineering Data, 2011 56 (7) 3242-3253.
12. Equilibrium Modeling
Speciation is THE challenge for mixtures
containing heavy hydrocarbons.
12
Enthalpy modeling is “solved.” A rare
success but implementation of the methods
poses challenges.
13. Heat capacity modeling – naive approximation
13
∑
∑
∑
∑
∑
∑
=
=
=
=
=
=
==== n
i
i
n
i i
i
n
i
ii
n
i
i
n
i
ii
n
i
i
w
M
w
Mx
x
M
M
N
1
1
1
1
1
1
υ
υ
α
V. Lastovka, et al., Fluid Phase Equilibria, 268, 51-60, 2008.
V. Lastovka and J. M. Shaw, Fluid Phase Equilibria (submitted, 2013)
Rigid Rotor-Harmonic Oscillator Model
On a mass basis heat capacity is expected to scale as:
14. The Power of Similarity
a) differing molecular structure,
b) differing molar masses and molecular structure,
c) differing molar masses, elemental composition
and molecular structure.
Pairs of compounds with common (α)
Share constant pressure heat capacities
Correlations available:
SOLID: V. Lastovka, et al., Fluid Phase Equilibria, 268, 134-141, 2008.
LIQUID: N. Dadgostar and J. M. Shaw, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 313, 211–226, 2012.
LIQUID: N. Dadgostar and J. M. Shaw, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 344, 139– 151,2013.
IDEAL GAS: V. Lastovka, and J. M. Shaw, Fluid Phase Equilibria (submitted 2013).
15. 100.δ=6%
Virtual Materials Group has implemented methods for liquids and ideal gases!
Others are applying the concept and the correlations to bio-fuels and pharmaceuticals.
15
1) M. Fulem et al., Fluid Phase Equilibria 272 (2008) 32-41.
2) A. Bazyleva, et al.,, J. Chem. Eng. Data 56 (2011) 3242–3253.
Pure Predictions for Heavy Hydrocarbons
100.δ= 2.8%
Poster I: Dr. Nafiseh Dadgostar
16. Speciation and Modeling for CEoS
16
Speciation
Divide fluid into components and pseudo-components
Assign mole fractions, x, and properties to each
Thermodynamic Model (Cubic Equation of State)
Calculate equilibrium ratios, Ki = xi,vapour/xi,liquid
FLASH CALCULATION
xi, Ki
amount and composition
of each phase
x1,feed
x2,feed
x3,feed
x4,feed
P, T
Correlations
xi,
SGi, MWi, NBPi,
Tci, Pci, ωi
interaction
parameters
H.Yarranton & M. Satyro helped here!
17. Speciation of Heavy OilCarbonNumber
Atmospheric Equivalent Boiling Point
Boduszynsky, E&F, 1987
ISSUE:
How best to represent
property distributions to
predict phase behavior
and phase properties?
17
“islands”
colloidal stacks
“islands” and
“archipelagos”
chains, discs, and fluffy balls
“islands”
colloidal stacks
“islands” and
“archipelagos”
chains, discs, and fluffy balls
Asphaltenes?
H.Yarranton & M. Satyro helped here!
18. Pseudo-Components for CEoS- Boiling CutsCarbonNumber
Atmospheric Equivalent Boiling Point
Boduszynsky, E&F, 1987
Refinery Approach:
Start with boiling cuts.
Upstream Approach:
Start with GC fractions.
Each cut is assigned
average properties
based on NBP or MW.
18
∆NBP
(distillation based)
H.Yarranton & M. Satyro helped here!
19. Pseudo-Components for CEoS-
Representative MoleculesCarbonNumber
Atmospheric Equivalent Boiling Point
Boduszynsky, E&F, 1987
Characterize property
distributions with a
representative set of
molecules
19
Source: astrochemistry.ca.astro.it
H.Yarranton & M. Satyro helped here!
20. 20
Quantitative molecular level speciation is infeasible.
10’s of thousands of molecular species can be identified even in subfractions
Images courtesy of Amy McKenna, NHMFL at FSU
21. Heavy Oil Speciation for CEoS - Refinery Approach
21
BoilingTemperature
Cumulative Mass Fraction Distilled
Large Extrapolation: Uncertainty in properties for 70 wt% of bitumen.
Maltenes
(Gaussian extrapolation)
Asphaltenes
(Gamma distribution)
H.Yarranton & M. Satyro helped here!
22. Pseudo components are determined from chemical analysis + construction algorithms
and respect known aspects of molecular properties, elements, functional groups, etc.
Tc, Pc, acentric factor are then estimated using classic correlations.
Molecular construction algorithms are under constrained. For any given set of input
data, molecular species outcomes* are sensitive to the selection of submolecular
building blocks known to be present.**
Representative Molecule Approach
* Boek, E. S., Energy Fuels 2009, 23 (3), 1209–1219.
**Jaffe, S. B. et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2005, 44 (26), 9840–9852.
23. 23
Representative molecule construction algorithms are ambiguous!
*Obiosa-Maife and Shaw Energy and Fuels, 2011, 25(2), 460-471
Michaelian et al., Vibrational Spectroscopy 2012, 58, 50-56.
Michaelian et al., Vibrational Spectroscopy, 2009, 49, 28–31.
Excellent residuals Misidentification of molecules
Comparative DFT computational study*
24. Phase Behaviour
Computation Face-off
n-decane + (10, 20, 30, 40, 70, 90 wt %) AVR*
- Phase boundaries and critical phenomena. 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0
T e m p e r a t u r e , ° C
Pressure,bar
L 1 L 2 V
L 1 L 2
L 2 V
K p o in t
P h a s e b o u n d a r y
Figure 4.2 P-T phase diagram of 10% ABVB + decane mixture
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0
T e m p e r a tu r e , ° C
Pressure,bar
L 1 L 2 V
L 2 V
p h a s e b o u n d a r y
Figure 4.3 P-T phase diagram of 20% ABVB + decane mixture
L1L2V
L2V
L1L2
V
L1L2V
L2V
L1L2
K
K
NOTES:
1.Above ~300 C, AVR begins to
pyrolyze.
2.Below ~ 50 C, AVR begins to
solidify.
* X. Zhang, PhD Thesis, 2006.
25. Supplied by
Syncrude
Molecule generation algorithm*
13
C NMR, CHNOS, …
Refinery Characterization
Group Contribution based Tc, Pc,
acentric factor, fit boiling curve to
get mole % values. Tuned
interaction parameters and a GC PR
EoS**,
***
SG, MW
Qualitative agreement with LV-L
and LLV-LV P-T and P-X phase
boundary data.
Blind use of the refinery based
approach DOES NOT yield
correct phase behaviors!****
APR CEoS
phase compositions in LL and LLV
regions are poorly represented.
A priori phase behaviour
prediction of vacuum residue +
light hydrocarbons is infeasible.
* Sheremata, J. PhD Thesis, University of Alberta, 2008
** Saber, N.; Shaw, J. M., Fluid Phase Equilibria 2011, 302, (1-2), 254-259.
***Saber, N., et al., Fluid Phase Equilibria 2012, Vol 313, 25-31.
****Saber, N. et al., Hydrocarbon World 2012, 6(2) 51-57.
26. Diverse models for molecular and supramolecular
structures for asphaltenes, even for the same or
closely related materials, have been proposed.
S
S
S
S
HN
O
O
O
NH
S
O
S
S
S
O
N
N
N
N
V
O
Supra molecular models for asphaltenes
pericondensed
archipelago
J. Murgich, et al., Energy Fuels, 1999, 13, 278 -286.
S. Zhao, et al., Fuel, 2001, 80, 1155-1163.
26
27. Proposed Supramolecular Structure - Pericondensed Molecules
A. Crystallite B. Chain Bundle C. Particle
D. Micelle E. Weak link F. Gap & hole
G. Intracluster H. Intercluster I. Resin
J. Single layer K. Porphyrin L. Metal (M)
J. P. Dickie and Y.T. Yen, Anal. Chem., 1967, 39, 1847-1852.
27M. Agrawala, H. W. Yarranton, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2001, 40 , 4664-4672.
asphaltene monomers
active sites
Polymeric network based
on association
28. de Boer plot
Background
http://www.oilfieldwiki.com/wiki/Asphaltenes
*Nikooyeh, K., Shaw, J.M., Energy & Fuels, (2012) 26(1), 576-585, 2012.
Nikooyeh, K., et al., Energy & Fuels 2012, 26(3), 1756-1766.
D. Merino-Garcia, et al., Energy Fuels, 2010, 24 (4), pp 2175–2177
28
(Saturates+Asphaltenes)
(Resins+ Aromatics)
Colloidal stability index (C.S.I) =
Asphaltene Deposition/Plugging Risk Models
The behaviors are too complex to be treated
using simple notions of solution thermodynamics
such as regular solution theory*
29. 29
Structured Approach for Development of Physical Models for
Asphaltene Aggregation and Deposition
Dr. Yeganeh Khaniani, PDF, work in progress; Amin Pourmohammadbagher (PhD thesis, University of Alberta, in progress)
30. 30
Physical Models for Asphaltene Aggregation and Deposition
Dr. Yeganeh Khaniani, PDF, work in progress; Amin Pourmohammadbagher (PhD thesis, University of Alberta, in progress)
31. 31
Physical Models for Asphaltene Aggregation and Deposition
Dr. Yeganeh Khaniani, PDF, work in progress; Amin Pourmohammadbagher (PhD thesis, University of Alberta, in progress)
33. Depletion flocculation driven liquid-liquid
phase behavior – toluene + polystyrene + asphaltenes
Liquid-liquid (lower) and liquid-vapour (upper) interface elevation identification for a mixture of
asphaltenes (14 vol. %) + toluene (83 vol. %) + polystyrene (3 vol. %, molar mass 393,400 g/mole)
33
local speed of sound acoustic wave attenuation
attenuation relative
to toluene 7.9 MHz
Khammar,M.; Shaw, J.M., Energy & Fuels 2012, 26 (2), 1075-1088.
Khammar, M.; Shaw J.M., Review of Scientific Instruments 2011, 82, (10).
34. Phase Diagram Prediction - asphaltene + toluene + polystyrene mixtures
34
The Fleer and Tuinier*,
**
depletion flocculation model was
modified to account for the
variability of asphaltene
aggregate size with global
composition***.
• Fleer, G. J. & Tuinier, R. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2008, (143) 1-47.
** Khammar, M., Shaw, J.M., Fluid Phase Equilibria, 2012, 332(10), 105-119.
*** Sajjad Pouralhossein, PhD thesis (University of Alberta, in progress).
36. 36
Nanostructure in bitumen - SAXS measurements
Measurements performed at ANL (APS)
Long et al., Energy Fuels, 2013, 27 (4) 1779–1790.
Amundarain, et al., Energy & Fuels 2011, 25(11) 5100-5122.
39. 39
Impacts of Materials Complexity on Rheology
– example Maya Crude Oil
Thixotropy
Shear Thinning
40. Viscosity – Athabasca bitumen
Abbreviations and symbols:
PPV – parallel plate viscometer,
CapV – capillary viscometer,
RBV – rolling ball viscometer,
CCV – concentric cylinder viscometer,
MS – mechanical spectrometer,
n/s – not stated,
γ' – shear rate,
ω – angular frequency
• 1. Sample identity
a) geographical location
b) elevation
c) sample pre-treatment
history
• 2. Experimental conditions
a) temperature
b) shear conditions
c) sample history during
measurements
• 3. Applicability,
restrictions, and errors of
certain experimental
methods and techniques
40
41. Mutual diffusion coefficient measurement
41
David Sinton’s group at UofT.
Visible light transmission through micro channels.
Measurement time reduced to minutes from days.
- CO2 sequestration, reactions, ….
Fadaei, Hossein, et al., Energy Fuels, 2013, 27(4), 2042-2048.
Ardalan Sadighian, et al., Energy Fuels, 2011, 25(2), pp. 782-790.
Zhang, X.H., et al., Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2007, 52(3), 691-694.
Zhang, X, Shaw, J.M., Petroleum Science and Technology, 25(6), 2007, 773–790.
See also work by Jay W. Grate at the PNNL (USA) microscale visualization and measurement
42. The next challenge is to make
measurements in natural porous media!
42Poster III: Dr. Marc Cassiede.
43. Conclusions
• Hydrocarbon resource definitions and availability have changed
radically over the last century.
• “New” resources are complex and present
– materials challenges:
• Thermophysical property measurement & prediction.
• Data and observation interpretation.
• Translating property knowledge into process knowledge and new processes.
– conceptual challenges:
• Theory applicability
• Experimental measurement development
• Significant uncertainty remains:
• molecular structure
• supramolecular structure
• phase behavior simulation and prediction
• transport properties (mutual diffusion coefficients and rheology)
43
44. •The subject and the potential prizes are vast. We are pushed to the frontiers
of knowledge in analytical chemistry, computational thermodynamics, fluid
physics.
•There are excellent opportunities for individual and collaborative research
related to production, transport and refining sectors globally.
•Choose a length scale and a topic and get going!
44
*image: Experiencia KONEX, 22, April – June, 2013