This document provides recommendations for the design of trash racks installed at water intake entrances. It contains information on:
1. Classifying trash racks by their construction features and installation methods into removable section racks, racks secured with bolts, and racks bolted in place below the water line.
2. Factors to consider when selecting a trash rack type, including accessibility, expected debris size, and cleaning mechanism.
3. Design recommendations such as rack inclinations, flow velocities, hydraulic loss calculations, structural design considerations, and trash bar spacing formulas tailored for different turbine types.
4. Structural design should consider loads from differential hydraulic head and partial clogging, with materials usually being structural steel.
This document provides details on track ballast specifications and requirements according to IRS GE - 1 June 2004. It discusses the important functions of ballast including resisting forces, providing drainage and facilitating track geometry correction. Physical parameters like shape, grading and hardness are described. Mechanical parameters such as abrasion value and impact value are specified. Detailed specifications are given for ballast size and gradation. Sampling, testing and acceptance norms are outlined. Provisions in the Indian Railway Permanent Way Manual regarding ballast are also mentioned.
IRJET- Design of Overhead RCC Rectangular Water Tank by using Working Stre...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of an overhead rectangular reinforced concrete water tank using the working stress method. It begins with an introduction to water tanks and their importance. It then discusses the components and types of overhead tanks, including rectangular tanks. Design aspects such as tank location and elevation are covered. The document provides equations for calculating maximum bending moments in horizontal and vertical directions for rectangular tanks. It also discusses reinforcement detailing. Finally, it summarizes that water tanks are considered an economical way to store and distribute water to communities despite their initial cost.
This document provides guidelines for installing and observing cross arms to measure internal vertical movement in earth dams. It describes the components of the mechanical cross arm installation including the base extension, cross arm units, spacer sections, and top section. It provides details on installing each component as the dam is constructed in rock-free or rocky soils. Observation involves using a measuring torpedo attached to a steel tape or cable to take settlement readings from the installed cross arm system.
IRJET- Parametric Study on Behaviour of RCC Box Culvert for Dynamic LoadingIRJET Journal
This document describes a parametric study on the behavior of reinforced concrete box culverts under dynamic loading. It discusses the modeling and analysis of a box culvert bridge using STAAD.Pro software. The design loads considered are per IRC 6. The document provides details of the hydraulic calculations and design of the box culvert, including the discharge calculation, dimensions of the culvert, and loading cases analyzed. It analyzes three cases: when the top slab carries dead and live loads and the culvert is empty, when it carries both loads and is full, and when the slab does not carry live loads and it is full.
This document outlines specifications for reinforced concrete dust bins in India, including:
- Dimensions and reinforcement requirements for circular and square bins of various sizes
- Minimum concrete thicknesses and reinforcement based on bin size
- Door, lid, and drainage hole requirements
- Marking information to be included on each bin
The specifications are intended to standardize dust bin construction across municipalities and organizations in India. Precise dimensions, materials, and construction details are provided to guide manufacturers.
This document provides guidelines for designing drainage systems for earth and rockfill dams. It discusses key considerations like controlling pore pressures, internal erosion, and piping. The guidelines cover selecting appropriate drainage features based on the dam type and materials. Features discussed include inclined/vertical filters, horizontal filters, longitudinal and cross drains, transition zones, rock toes, and toe drains. Filter material criteria and design procedures are also outlined.
IRJET - Analysis of Skew Bridge using Computational MethodIRJET Journal
The document analyzes skew bridges with different skew angles (0-60 degrees) and spans (16-24 meters) using the STAAD Pro software. It considers dead loads, live loads, and impact loads according to IRC and AASHTO standards. The analysis results in bending moments, torsion moments, shear forces, and deflections for T-beam girders. Guidelines are provided for grillage layout and load consideration in the analysis and design of skew bridges.
This document provides details on track ballast specifications and requirements according to IRS GE - 1 June 2004. It discusses the important functions of ballast including resisting forces, providing drainage and facilitating track geometry correction. Physical parameters like shape, grading and hardness are described. Mechanical parameters such as abrasion value and impact value are specified. Detailed specifications are given for ballast size and gradation. Sampling, testing and acceptance norms are outlined. Provisions in the Indian Railway Permanent Way Manual regarding ballast are also mentioned.
IRJET- Design of Overhead RCC Rectangular Water Tank by using Working Stre...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of an overhead rectangular reinforced concrete water tank using the working stress method. It begins with an introduction to water tanks and their importance. It then discusses the components and types of overhead tanks, including rectangular tanks. Design aspects such as tank location and elevation are covered. The document provides equations for calculating maximum bending moments in horizontal and vertical directions for rectangular tanks. It also discusses reinforcement detailing. Finally, it summarizes that water tanks are considered an economical way to store and distribute water to communities despite their initial cost.
This document provides guidelines for installing and observing cross arms to measure internal vertical movement in earth dams. It describes the components of the mechanical cross arm installation including the base extension, cross arm units, spacer sections, and top section. It provides details on installing each component as the dam is constructed in rock-free or rocky soils. Observation involves using a measuring torpedo attached to a steel tape or cable to take settlement readings from the installed cross arm system.
IRJET- Parametric Study on Behaviour of RCC Box Culvert for Dynamic LoadingIRJET Journal
This document describes a parametric study on the behavior of reinforced concrete box culverts under dynamic loading. It discusses the modeling and analysis of a box culvert bridge using STAAD.Pro software. The design loads considered are per IRC 6. The document provides details of the hydraulic calculations and design of the box culvert, including the discharge calculation, dimensions of the culvert, and loading cases analyzed. It analyzes three cases: when the top slab carries dead and live loads and the culvert is empty, when it carries both loads and is full, and when the slab does not carry live loads and it is full.
This document outlines specifications for reinforced concrete dust bins in India, including:
- Dimensions and reinforcement requirements for circular and square bins of various sizes
- Minimum concrete thicknesses and reinforcement based on bin size
- Door, lid, and drainage hole requirements
- Marking information to be included on each bin
The specifications are intended to standardize dust bin construction across municipalities and organizations in India. Precise dimensions, materials, and construction details are provided to guide manufacturers.
This document provides guidelines for designing drainage systems for earth and rockfill dams. It discusses key considerations like controlling pore pressures, internal erosion, and piping. The guidelines cover selecting appropriate drainage features based on the dam type and materials. Features discussed include inclined/vertical filters, horizontal filters, longitudinal and cross drains, transition zones, rock toes, and toe drains. Filter material criteria and design procedures are also outlined.
IRJET - Analysis of Skew Bridge using Computational MethodIRJET Journal
The document analyzes skew bridges with different skew angles (0-60 degrees) and spans (16-24 meters) using the STAAD Pro software. It considers dead loads, live loads, and impact loads according to IRC and AASHTO standards. The analysis results in bending moments, torsion moments, shear forces, and deflections for T-beam girders. Guidelines are provided for grillage layout and load consideration in the analysis and design of skew bridges.
This document provides information on the disclosure of a public safety standard by the Bureau of Indian Standards to promote transparency and access to information. It aims to make this standard available, especially to disadvantaged communities and those in education.
The standard is for steel wire ropes for general engineering purposes. It specifies the requirements, constructions, types, grades, cores and size ranges covered. Various quotes on knowledge, invention and information rights from important Indian figures are also included. The document then provides the technical specifications and requirements of IS 2266:2002 for steel wire ropes.
This document provides the Indian Standard specification for electric wire rope hoists. It outlines various requirements for the design, testing, and operation of electric wire rope hoists with capacities up to 16 tonnes. Some key points include:
- It defines terminology related to electric wire rope hoists and their components.
- It specifies mechanical design requirements including material selection, stress limits, welding, bolts/nuts, and drum/sheave dimensions.
- It provides electrical characteristics and requirements for tests, marking, and supply of hoists.
- Appendices provide additional information on relevant standards, selection of motors, rating of resistors, and information to be supplied by manufacturers.
The document aims to provide
AT SUBSEA VESSEL OPERATIONS CONFERENCE, OSLO (YEAR 2013)coderweb
The document describes the design of an ultra deep water rigid and flexible pipelay/heavy lift/DP3 construction vessel. Some key details include:
It is 178 meters long with a breadth of 46 meters and draft of 15.6 meters. It can accommodate 239 people and has a deadweight of 11,000 tons. It is equipped with a 3000 ton crane, 1200 ton reels, 1250 ton carousels, and dynamic positioning system. Extensive analyses and testing were performed to optimize the hull design and ensure operational safety in various sea states.
This document provides guidelines for structural design of cut and cover concrete conduits meant for transporting water. It outlines various installation conditions for underground conduits and describes how to calculate design loads from backfill pressure, internal/external water pressure, and concentrated surface loads. Design loads include vertical and lateral pressure from backfill based on fill material properties, hydrostatic pressure from water surcharge, and dispersed point loads accounting for fill height and conduit geometry. The conduit is to be designed for the most unfavorable combination of these loads. Recommended fill material properties and methods for load and stress analysis are also provided.
Pipe racks are structures designed to support pipes, cables, and equipment in industrial facilities. The document discusses various design loads that should be considered when designing pipe racks, including dead loads, live loads, thermal loads, earthquake loads, wind loads, and load combinations. It provides guidance from codes like the IBC and standards like ASCE 7, and also discusses recommendations from industry sources like the PIP for determining and applying the different types of loads to the structural design of pipe racks.
This document provides an overview of mooring and anchor handling. It discusses different types of drilling rigs that use mooring systems, including semi-submersibles and drilling vessels. The criteria for designing an anchor mooring system includes understanding the environmental forces on the rig, selecting appropriate equipment based on water depth and soil type, and ensuring the anchor has sufficient holding power. It also covers topics such as soil classification, anchor types, mooring components, inspection and certification procedures.
The document discusses various trenchless technologies for installing new underground pipes including horizontal directional drilling (HDD), microtunneling, pipe jacking, pipe ramming, and perforator/auger boring. It provides details on each method, including their typical application ranges, suitable soil conditions, and the basic process involved. Microtunneling is described as using a remotely controlled tunnel boring machine and pipe jacking to provide continuous support to the excavation face. Key components of a basic microtunneling system are also outlined.
This document provides information on an Indian standard code of practice for agitator equipment. It includes:
1) An introduction that outlines the standard's scope in recommending capacities and requirements for agitator equipment including impellers, power assessment, drives, bearings, and shaft design.
2) Details on vessel sizes and recommended capacities in table format.
3) Descriptions and applications of common impeller types like propellers, turbines, paddles and others.
4) Guidelines for selecting an impeller and scaling up operations based on physical processes like mass transfer, heat transfer and dispersion involved in agitation.
This document provides rules and guidelines for high velocity water spray systems used to extinguish fires involving liquids with flash points of 650°C or higher. It focuses on protections for transformers, discussing general layout and design, including requirements for projectors, detectors, piping, and water supplies. Detailed information is required to be submitted for approval of individual transformer protection systems, including dimensions, equipment locations, and sprinkler/piping details. Medium velocity spray systems used for lower flash point liquids are also addressed.
This document provides details on track ballast specifications and requirements according to IRS GE - 1 June 2004. It discusses the important functions of ballast including resisting forces, providing drainage and facilitating track geometry correction. Physical parameters like shape, grading and mechanical properties like hardness and toughness are described. Detailed specifications are given for ballast size and gradation, sampling and testing methods. Reduced payment rates for ballast not meeting specifications are also specified.
this presentation will give brief idea about Drillship(Dhirubhai Deep-water KG2).And what kind of technologies are used to build this drill ship, its design,Drilling Equipment's,Draw works,Motion Compensator,Rotary Table,Top Drive,Mud pump,Shale shaker,Riser handling,BOP and subsea equipment.
01 guidelines for electrical work ace 9632136976Southern Railway
This document provides guidelines for electrical work and installation of cables. It lists various Indian Standards (IS) that must be followed for electrical wiring, fire safety, earthing, equipment, and other electrical work. Guidelines are provided for inspecting, handling, storing, laying, and terminating power and control cables up to 1.1kV. Cables must be laid at minimum depths and clearances depending on the location. Methods of cable laying include direct burial, drawing through ducts, laying on trays/racks in air or inside trenches. Joints must be properly sealed. Testing is to be done before and after laying. Lighting installation guidelines cover office and data center premises, with point wiring details.
The document discusses various components of water passages in hydropower engineering, including intakes, headrace canals/tunnels, and penstocks. Intakes are structures that control water flow and prevent debris from entering conveyance passages. Headrace canals and tunnels transport water from the intake to structures like surge tanks and forebays. Canal design considerations include carrying capacity, velocity, roughness, slopes, and cross-sectional profiles. Tunnels provide direct routing of water but require specialized construction techniques.
Parametric Study on Behavior 0f Box-Girder Bridges Using Finite Element MethodIRJET Journal
This document presents a parametric study on the behavior of box-girder bridges using finite element analysis. Rectangular and trapezoidal cross-section box girders were modeled and analyzed for different depths and span lengths. The key findings are:
1) Increasing depth leads to higher bending moments and lower longitudinal stresses in the top and bottom flanges for both cross-section types and span lengths.
2) Trapezoidal cross-sections experience higher bending moments and lower stresses compared to rectangular cross-sections of the same depth.
3) Continuous spans experience higher positive bending moments and lower negative bending moments compared to simply supported spans.
Construction process
1- Pilot drilling between pits (launch and exit pit)
Drill starts at the launch pit where the drill rig
is positioned.
A steering system is used to guide the drill
bit along the planned route from the entry to
the exit.
Different guidance systems can be used
depending on the depth of the drill and
surface conditions.
A drilling “mud” is often used to facilitate the
drilling.
Drill rods are linked together to form a drill
string. These will assist operations in later
steps.
Cuttings are removed and drilling fluids are
cleaned and recycled.
First Order Analysis of Elevated Water Tanks During Seismic Activity using St...IRJET Journal
This document presents a first order analysis of different types of elevated water tanks (rectangular, circular, and Intz shaped) during seismic activity using Staad.pro software. The analysis compares the maximum displacement of each tank type when subjected to seismic loads in Zones II and V, with parameters of 300m3 capacity, 16m height, and 4m bracing interval. The results found that the rectangular tank experienced the highest displacement of 44.427mm in Zone V, while the Intz tank had the lowest displacement and is therefore more seismically resistant for the given conditions. The first order analysis examined the displacement between column segments at the 4m bracing interval to evaluate seismic performance.
The document summarizes the Indian Standard code of practice for the design and construction of tunnel plugs. Some key points:
- Tunnel plugs are used to plug diversion tunnels after construction of a dam to resist water pressure and minimize leakage.
- Plugs can be solid concrete plugs or gated plugs (with a gated opening).
- Design considerations include the design head, plug length, depth of keys, grouting, and cooling of concrete.
- Plug length must be at least the excavated diameter of the tunnel and is typically calculated based on resisting the hydrostatic force through friction or shear resistance.
- Keys are used to provide bearing between the plug concrete and surrounding
The document describes the design of a tractor-mounted, hydraulically operated soil compaction measurement system. The system uses the tractor's hydraulic system to power a probe that inserts into the soil to measure penetration resistance up to a depth of 150 mm. Key components include a hydraulic cylinder for probe insertion, a load cell sensor to measure resistance, and a data acquisition system to log measurements to a computer. Design considerations included selecting components to control probe movement and depth at a standard penetration rate of 30 mm/s, withstanding the maximum expected force of 650 N. The hydraulic circuit and selection of control valves, hoses, and relief valve are explained. The system allows automated soil compaction measurements over a field in a short period of
The document describes the design of a monopropellant engine named Callan being developed by SEDS@UCSD for their Triteia CubeSat mission. The engine utilizes additively manufactured components including a diffuser plate, reaction chamber, and nozzle. The diffuser plate features varying sized orifices to uniformly distribute the hydrogen peroxide propellant over the catalyst pack. Extensive analysis was performed to optimize the orifice sizing and placement. The engine and overall propulsion system for the CubeSat were designed to meet requirements for volume, safety, materials compatibility, electrical power usage, thermal, and storage conditions.
The document describes the design of a monopropellant engine named Callan being developed by SEDS@UCSD for their Triteia CubeSat mission. The engine utilizes additively manufactured components including a diffuser plate, reaction chamber, and nozzle. The diffuser plate features varying sized orifices to uniformly distribute the hydrogen peroxide propellant over the catalyst pack. Extensive analysis and CFD simulations were performed to optimize the orifice sizes and placement. The engine and overall propulsion system for the CubeSat were designed to meet requirements for volume, safety, materials compatibility, electrical power usage, thermal, and storage/handling.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
This document provides information on the disclosure of a public safety standard by the Bureau of Indian Standards to promote transparency and access to information. It aims to make this standard available, especially to disadvantaged communities and those in education.
The standard is for steel wire ropes for general engineering purposes. It specifies the requirements, constructions, types, grades, cores and size ranges covered. Various quotes on knowledge, invention and information rights from important Indian figures are also included. The document then provides the technical specifications and requirements of IS 2266:2002 for steel wire ropes.
This document provides the Indian Standard specification for electric wire rope hoists. It outlines various requirements for the design, testing, and operation of electric wire rope hoists with capacities up to 16 tonnes. Some key points include:
- It defines terminology related to electric wire rope hoists and their components.
- It specifies mechanical design requirements including material selection, stress limits, welding, bolts/nuts, and drum/sheave dimensions.
- It provides electrical characteristics and requirements for tests, marking, and supply of hoists.
- Appendices provide additional information on relevant standards, selection of motors, rating of resistors, and information to be supplied by manufacturers.
The document aims to provide
AT SUBSEA VESSEL OPERATIONS CONFERENCE, OSLO (YEAR 2013)coderweb
The document describes the design of an ultra deep water rigid and flexible pipelay/heavy lift/DP3 construction vessel. Some key details include:
It is 178 meters long with a breadth of 46 meters and draft of 15.6 meters. It can accommodate 239 people and has a deadweight of 11,000 tons. It is equipped with a 3000 ton crane, 1200 ton reels, 1250 ton carousels, and dynamic positioning system. Extensive analyses and testing were performed to optimize the hull design and ensure operational safety in various sea states.
This document provides guidelines for structural design of cut and cover concrete conduits meant for transporting water. It outlines various installation conditions for underground conduits and describes how to calculate design loads from backfill pressure, internal/external water pressure, and concentrated surface loads. Design loads include vertical and lateral pressure from backfill based on fill material properties, hydrostatic pressure from water surcharge, and dispersed point loads accounting for fill height and conduit geometry. The conduit is to be designed for the most unfavorable combination of these loads. Recommended fill material properties and methods for load and stress analysis are also provided.
Pipe racks are structures designed to support pipes, cables, and equipment in industrial facilities. The document discusses various design loads that should be considered when designing pipe racks, including dead loads, live loads, thermal loads, earthquake loads, wind loads, and load combinations. It provides guidance from codes like the IBC and standards like ASCE 7, and also discusses recommendations from industry sources like the PIP for determining and applying the different types of loads to the structural design of pipe racks.
This document provides an overview of mooring and anchor handling. It discusses different types of drilling rigs that use mooring systems, including semi-submersibles and drilling vessels. The criteria for designing an anchor mooring system includes understanding the environmental forces on the rig, selecting appropriate equipment based on water depth and soil type, and ensuring the anchor has sufficient holding power. It also covers topics such as soil classification, anchor types, mooring components, inspection and certification procedures.
The document discusses various trenchless technologies for installing new underground pipes including horizontal directional drilling (HDD), microtunneling, pipe jacking, pipe ramming, and perforator/auger boring. It provides details on each method, including their typical application ranges, suitable soil conditions, and the basic process involved. Microtunneling is described as using a remotely controlled tunnel boring machine and pipe jacking to provide continuous support to the excavation face. Key components of a basic microtunneling system are also outlined.
This document provides information on an Indian standard code of practice for agitator equipment. It includes:
1) An introduction that outlines the standard's scope in recommending capacities and requirements for agitator equipment including impellers, power assessment, drives, bearings, and shaft design.
2) Details on vessel sizes and recommended capacities in table format.
3) Descriptions and applications of common impeller types like propellers, turbines, paddles and others.
4) Guidelines for selecting an impeller and scaling up operations based on physical processes like mass transfer, heat transfer and dispersion involved in agitation.
This document provides rules and guidelines for high velocity water spray systems used to extinguish fires involving liquids with flash points of 650°C or higher. It focuses on protections for transformers, discussing general layout and design, including requirements for projectors, detectors, piping, and water supplies. Detailed information is required to be submitted for approval of individual transformer protection systems, including dimensions, equipment locations, and sprinkler/piping details. Medium velocity spray systems used for lower flash point liquids are also addressed.
This document provides details on track ballast specifications and requirements according to IRS GE - 1 June 2004. It discusses the important functions of ballast including resisting forces, providing drainage and facilitating track geometry correction. Physical parameters like shape, grading and mechanical properties like hardness and toughness are described. Detailed specifications are given for ballast size and gradation, sampling and testing methods. Reduced payment rates for ballast not meeting specifications are also specified.
this presentation will give brief idea about Drillship(Dhirubhai Deep-water KG2).And what kind of technologies are used to build this drill ship, its design,Drilling Equipment's,Draw works,Motion Compensator,Rotary Table,Top Drive,Mud pump,Shale shaker,Riser handling,BOP and subsea equipment.
01 guidelines for electrical work ace 9632136976Southern Railway
This document provides guidelines for electrical work and installation of cables. It lists various Indian Standards (IS) that must be followed for electrical wiring, fire safety, earthing, equipment, and other electrical work. Guidelines are provided for inspecting, handling, storing, laying, and terminating power and control cables up to 1.1kV. Cables must be laid at minimum depths and clearances depending on the location. Methods of cable laying include direct burial, drawing through ducts, laying on trays/racks in air or inside trenches. Joints must be properly sealed. Testing is to be done before and after laying. Lighting installation guidelines cover office and data center premises, with point wiring details.
The document discusses various components of water passages in hydropower engineering, including intakes, headrace canals/tunnels, and penstocks. Intakes are structures that control water flow and prevent debris from entering conveyance passages. Headrace canals and tunnels transport water from the intake to structures like surge tanks and forebays. Canal design considerations include carrying capacity, velocity, roughness, slopes, and cross-sectional profiles. Tunnels provide direct routing of water but require specialized construction techniques.
Parametric Study on Behavior 0f Box-Girder Bridges Using Finite Element MethodIRJET Journal
This document presents a parametric study on the behavior of box-girder bridges using finite element analysis. Rectangular and trapezoidal cross-section box girders were modeled and analyzed for different depths and span lengths. The key findings are:
1) Increasing depth leads to higher bending moments and lower longitudinal stresses in the top and bottom flanges for both cross-section types and span lengths.
2) Trapezoidal cross-sections experience higher bending moments and lower stresses compared to rectangular cross-sections of the same depth.
3) Continuous spans experience higher positive bending moments and lower negative bending moments compared to simply supported spans.
Construction process
1- Pilot drilling between pits (launch and exit pit)
Drill starts at the launch pit where the drill rig
is positioned.
A steering system is used to guide the drill
bit along the planned route from the entry to
the exit.
Different guidance systems can be used
depending on the depth of the drill and
surface conditions.
A drilling “mud” is often used to facilitate the
drilling.
Drill rods are linked together to form a drill
string. These will assist operations in later
steps.
Cuttings are removed and drilling fluids are
cleaned and recycled.
First Order Analysis of Elevated Water Tanks During Seismic Activity using St...IRJET Journal
This document presents a first order analysis of different types of elevated water tanks (rectangular, circular, and Intz shaped) during seismic activity using Staad.pro software. The analysis compares the maximum displacement of each tank type when subjected to seismic loads in Zones II and V, with parameters of 300m3 capacity, 16m height, and 4m bracing interval. The results found that the rectangular tank experienced the highest displacement of 44.427mm in Zone V, while the Intz tank had the lowest displacement and is therefore more seismically resistant for the given conditions. The first order analysis examined the displacement between column segments at the 4m bracing interval to evaluate seismic performance.
The document summarizes the Indian Standard code of practice for the design and construction of tunnel plugs. Some key points:
- Tunnel plugs are used to plug diversion tunnels after construction of a dam to resist water pressure and minimize leakage.
- Plugs can be solid concrete plugs or gated plugs (with a gated opening).
- Design considerations include the design head, plug length, depth of keys, grouting, and cooling of concrete.
- Plug length must be at least the excavated diameter of the tunnel and is typically calculated based on resisting the hydrostatic force through friction or shear resistance.
- Keys are used to provide bearing between the plug concrete and surrounding
The document describes the design of a tractor-mounted, hydraulically operated soil compaction measurement system. The system uses the tractor's hydraulic system to power a probe that inserts into the soil to measure penetration resistance up to a depth of 150 mm. Key components include a hydraulic cylinder for probe insertion, a load cell sensor to measure resistance, and a data acquisition system to log measurements to a computer. Design considerations included selecting components to control probe movement and depth at a standard penetration rate of 30 mm/s, withstanding the maximum expected force of 650 N. The hydraulic circuit and selection of control valves, hoses, and relief valve are explained. The system allows automated soil compaction measurements over a field in a short period of
The document describes the design of a monopropellant engine named Callan being developed by SEDS@UCSD for their Triteia CubeSat mission. The engine utilizes additively manufactured components including a diffuser plate, reaction chamber, and nozzle. The diffuser plate features varying sized orifices to uniformly distribute the hydrogen peroxide propellant over the catalyst pack. Extensive analysis was performed to optimize the orifice sizing and placement. The engine and overall propulsion system for the CubeSat were designed to meet requirements for volume, safety, materials compatibility, electrical power usage, thermal, and storage conditions.
The document describes the design of a monopropellant engine named Callan being developed by SEDS@UCSD for their Triteia CubeSat mission. The engine utilizes additively manufactured components including a diffuser plate, reaction chamber, and nozzle. The diffuser plate features varying sized orifices to uniformly distribute the hydrogen peroxide propellant over the catalyst pack. Extensive analysis and CFD simulations were performed to optimize the orifice sizes and placement. The engine and overall propulsion system for the CubeSat were designed to meet requirements for volume, safety, materials compatibility, electrical power usage, thermal, and storage/handling.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
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Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
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1. Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information
Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to
information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,
in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of
education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the
timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.
इंटरनेट मानक
“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”
“प0रा1 को छोड न' 5 तरफ”
Jawaharlal Nehru
“Step Out From the Old to the New”
“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार”
Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan
“The Right to Information, The Right to Live”
“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता है”
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”
है”
ह”
ह
IS 11388 (2012): Recommendations for Design of Trash Racks
for Intakes [WRD 14: Water Conductor Systems]
5. Water Conductor Systems Sectional Committee, WRD 14
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (Second Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized
by the Water Conductor Systems Sectional Committee had been approved by the Water Resources Division
Council.
Trash racks are provided at the entrance of intakes. The design of trash racks should be such as to result in
minimum hydraulic losses and prevent/minimize ice, floating trash, etc, from entering the tunnel or channel.
This standard was first published in 1985 and subsequently revised in 1995. This revision has been formulated in
view of the experience gained during the course of these years in the use of the standard. The following changes
have been incorporated in this revision:
a) Kirschmer formula has been added for calculation of losses at trash racks;
b) Value of factor K for circular bar been changed to 1.79 instead of 1.29;
c) Formula for calculating forced frequency has been added; and
d) Allowable clogging restricted to 33 percent from 50 percent and hydraulic load due to allowable clogging
to be considered in the design.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value,
observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS 2 : 1960
‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)’. The number of significant places retained in the rounded off
value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
6. 1
IS 11388 : 2012
Indian Standard
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DESIGN OF
TRASH RACKS FOR INTAKES
( Second Revision )
1 SCOPE
This standard lays down recommendations for design
of trash racks provided at the entrance of intakes to
protect turbines, pumps, valves, etc, from
objectionably large debris.
2 REFERENCES
The following standards contain provisions, which
through reference in this text, continue provisions of
this standard. At the time of publication the editions
indicated were valid. All standards are subject to
revision and parties to agreements based on this
standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility
of applying the most recent editions of the standards
indicated below:
IS No. Title
800 : 2007 Code of practice for general
construction in steel (third revision)
2062 : 2006 Hot rolled low, medium and high
tensile structural steel (sixth
revision)
3 CLASSIFICATIONS OF TRASH RACKS
The trash racks may be classified into the following
types in accordance with their constructional features
and the methods of installation:
a) Type 1 — Removable section racks which are
installed by lowering the sections between
side guides or grooves provided in the trash
rack structure so that the sections may be
readily removed by lifting them from guides.
These are generally side bearing type.
b) Type 2 Removable section racks in which
the individual sections are not installed
between guides in the trash rack structure,
but are placed adjacent to each other laterally
and in an inclined plane to obtain the desired
area of flow. Since rack sections may easily
be displaced, these have to be secured in place
with bolts located above the water line.
c) Type 3 — Trash rack sections which are
bolted in place below water line.
4 SELECTION OF TYPE
4.1 The selection of type of rack for an installation
depends upon the following considerations:
a) Accessibility for maintenance or replacement;
b) Size and quantity of trash expected; and
c) Mechanism available for raking.
4.2 The following criteria should be followed for
selecting the type of trash racks for any installation:
a) Racks of Type 1 should be used for all major
trash rack installations where a portion of rack
is deeply submerged;
b) Racks of Type 2 should be used for canal head
works and for pumping plants where single
rack section extends from water surface to the
bottom of rack; and
c) Racks of Type 3 should be used where power
driven cleaning rakes are required for cleaning
them. This type of rack is particularly adopted
for completely submerged intakes.
5 INCLINATIONS OF RACKS
Racks should be installed in slanting position except
for guided racks where these can be kept in vertical
position as well. For manual raking of the racks, the
slope should be 1 vertical to 1/3 or 1/2 horizontal. For
racks which are to be cleaned by mechanical means,
the slope should be 10° to 15° with the vertical unless
otherwise specified by the trash rack cleaning machine
manufacturer’s manual.
6 VELOCITY THROUGH RACKS
6.1 For low pressure intakes with small units (and
consequently closely set rack bars) and where manual
cleaning of racks is provided the velocity should be
limited to 0.75 m/s. With large units (and wider spacing
of rack bars) and where mechanical cleaning of racks
is provided a velocity up to 1.5 m/s should be permitted.
6.2 For high pressure intakes the overall economy will
determine the velocity to be used in racks. Velocity up
to 3 m/s on the gross area of racks may be permitted
where serious clogging of trash racks is not expected
for high-pressure intakes.
7. 2
IS 11388 : 2012
7 LOSSES AT TRASH RACKS
7.1 The loss of head should be calculated from the
following formula:
Head loss =
2
2
KV
g
where
K = trash rack loss coefficient (1.45 – 0.45 R –
R2
);
R =
net area through the rack bars
gross area of the racks and supports
V = velocity of flow through trash rack,
computed on gross area, and
g = acceleration due to gravity.
Alternatively, the following Kirschmer formula can
also be used :
hr =
4 2
3
s sin
2
t v
K
b g
α
× ×
where
hr = loss of head through racks;
t = thickness of bars;
b = clear spacing between bars;
v = velocity of flow through trash rack,
computed gross area;
∝ = angle of bar inclination to horizontal;
Ks = factor depending on bar shape in accordance
with Fig. 1; and
g = acceleration due to gravity.
NOTE — hr computed from the above formula is multiplied by
a factor 1.75 to 2.00 to take care of bracings and frame.
FIG. 1 VALUES OF FACTOR ‘K’ FOR VARIOUS BAR SHAPES
Allowance should also be made for partial clogging of
racks with trash 25 to 50 percent of area of racks may
get obstructed in practical operation, where the amount
of debris is considerable.
8 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF TRASH RACKS
8.1 General Arrangement
The structural arrangement of racks generally consist
of equally spaced trash rack vertical bars supported
on horizontal members connected to end vertical
members, which sit in the grooves of piers (see Fig. 2).
The size of each trash rack unit should be proportioned
from consideration of hoisting/lifting capacity.
8.2 Materials
The trash rack should be constructed from structural
steel conforming to IS 800 and IS 2062.
8.3 Design Head
The trash rack should be designed for the following
loads:
a) Racks protecting power intakes should
generally be designed to withstand 6.0 m
differential hydraulic head;
b) Steel supporting members other than trash
bars should be designed for a differential
hydraulic head of 7.0 m; and
c) Hydraulic pressure due to allowable clogging.
8.4 Spacing of Trash Bars
The clear spacing usually varies from 40 mm to
100 mm. In case of small turbines, it is necessary to
use close spacing of trash bars. For large units, much
wider spacing is permitted.
8.4.1 For Francis type turbines, the spacing of trash
8. 3
IS 11388 : 2012
bars should be determined from Fig. 3 using the value
of D3 corresponding to the diameter of the runner. Trash
rack bars should be so spaced so that the net opening
between them should not be greater than the minimum
opening between turbine runner buckets.
If the minimum opening dimension is not known, it
may be approximated from the following equation and
the value of ‘F’ obtained from the curve (see Fig. 3):
Net opening between
=
3
Number of buckets in runner
F D
×
bars (m)
NOTE — For preliminary design assume 19 buckets, if actual
number is unknown.
8.4.2 For propeller type of turbines, the spacing of trash
rack bars should be determined as given below:
a) 75 to 150 mm — for diameter of runner
varying between 2.5 m and 5.0 m; and
b) 150 to 250 mm — for diameter of runner
varying between 5.0 and 7.5 m, that is, about
1/30 of runner diameter in case of propeller
or Kaplan turbine.
8.4.3 For impulse turbines, the spacing between trash
rack bars should not be larger than 1/5 of the jet
diameter at maximum needle opening but in case of
very small impulse turbine, mesh screen should be
permitted.
8.5 Design of Trash Bars
The depth of trash bar should not be more than 12 times
its thickness and not less than 50 mm. For racks which
may require mechanical raking, the distance from the
face of the rack to the spacers or other horizontal
members should be at least 40 mm. The laterally
unsupported length of trash rack bars should not exceed
70 times its thickness. Racks should be provided with
bearing pads not less than 10 mm thick, which come
in contact with the concrete grooves thus protecting
the protective coating of racks from abrasion.
Trash rack bars should be assumed to fail when the
stress in the bar reaches the following value:
Failure stress = ps 1.23 0.015 3
L
Y
t
−
where
Yps = yield point stress;
L = laterally unsupported length of bar; and
t = thickness of bar.
Similarly safe working stress for trash rack bars used
to support flash boards should not exceed the following
value :
Safe stress = 0.66 ps 1.23 0.015 3
L
Y
t
−
8.5.1 Thickness of Trash Bars
The minimum thickness of trash bars recommended
for Type 2 and Type 3 trash racks is 8 mm. For deep
submerged racks, the minimum thickness should be
kept as 12 mm. The ratio of width to thickness of bar
can be taken between 5 and 12.
FIG. 2 METALLIC TRASH RACK
9. 4
IS 11388 : 2012
FIG. 3 TRASH RACK BARS SPACING FOR FRANCIS TURBINE
¥
3
MIN. OPENING IN RUNNER (m) NO. OF BUCKETS
F =
DIAMETER OF RUNNER (m)
D
=
RPM
(FULL
GATE
HORSE
POWER)
Ns
=
SPECIFIC
SPEED
(EFFECTIVE
DESIGN
HEAD
IN
m)
CROSS-SECTION OF RUNNER FRANCIS
TURBINE
CROSS-SECTION THROUGH BUCKETS
PROJECTED OUTLINE OF DISCHARGE
OPENING BETWEEN BUCKETS OF RUNNER
8.6 Design of Horizontal Members
Members used as horizontal beams in trash rack
sections should not require stress reduction to
compensate for lack of lateral support. These members
should be assumed to fail at yield point stress but
calculations should include stress due to dead weight
of the beam members and trash rack bars. To ensure
rigidity during handling, the lateral deflection of the
beam members due to load should not exceed 1/325
of the span.
8.7 Check for Stability Against Vibrations
Trash racks should be checked for resonance while
operating under turbine and pumping modes and the
design and disposition of the members should be so
made that resonance does not take place. The main
consideration should be for limiting the forcing
frequency less than natural frequency, as the point at
which vibration starts is fr /fn ≤ 0.65 where fr = forcing
frequency, and fn = natural frequency. The ratio of
forcing frequency to natural frequency should not be
Diameter D3
10. 5
IS 11388 : 2012
more than 0.6 for normal design, However, a high ratio
be permitted for a short period but the maximum value
should not exceed 0.65.
The forced frequency should be calculated as :
Fi
= t eff
S V
t
where
Fi = forced frequency,
St = strouhal number (as shown in Fig. 4),
Veff = effective velocity referred to net cross-
section area, and
t = thickness of bar.
The natural frequency should be calculated as:
Fn =
2
f
p
2
K
{(EIg)/ [V (γs + γbe / t) /3]}½
where
Fn = natural frequency; and
Kf = constant characterizing grade of fixity and
degree of oscillation of bars.
For free ends Kf = 1, 2, 3 ……, etc
For fixed ends Kf = 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 ……….etc
E = young’s modulus of elasticity;
I = moment of inertia of the bar profile related
to its axis parallel to flow direction;
g = acceleration due to gravity;
V = volume of unrestrained part of the bar;
γs = specific weight of bar;
γ = specific weight of water;
be = effective bar clearance that is 0.7 times width
of bar or rack clearance whichever is less;
t = thickness of bar.
9 STRUCTURAL DETAILS
9.1 Structural connections in the trash rack should be
designed and provided for the failure load of the
structural members. All flats should be welded to the
intermediate horizontal members and the top and
bottom horizontal members for better resistance to
vibrations and to avoid stress concentration at the
external edge of the groove. The vertical member of
the trash rack should be so arranged as to apply the
load near the inner part of the rack guide.
FIG. 4 STROUHAL NUMBERS PERTAINING TO VARIOUS SHAPINGS OF THE CROSS-SECTION OF THE RACK BARS
11. 6
IS 11388 : 2012
9.2 Type 1 racks, where used in tiers, should be
equipped with dowels of sufficient size to ensure proper
alignment of the racks in the guides.
9.3 The guides of the trash racks should be so
proportioned that the side members (if the same are
not rigid enough to carry dead load of upper rack
sections) get lateral support from guides after deflection
to take up the clearance in the slots.
9.4 In case of Type 1 trash racks, the height of unit
should be equal to spacing of horizontal concrete arch
ribs of intake structure or convenient fraction of the
same.
9.5 For proper seating of one trash rack unit above the
other, pilot shoes and pilot pins should be provided.
10 CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF
TRASH RACKS
10.1 Construction
10.1.1 The trash bars should preferably be fabricated
from flats with rounded edges.
10.1.2 Lateral support to the bars should be provided
intermediately between end supports. The spacers, if
used, should be arranged as far back as possible from
the upstream face of the bars so as not to interfere with
the movement of rake.
10.1.3 To simplify site erection, the trash rack panels
should be identical.
10.1.4 The bars of any panel should be directly in line
with the corresponding bar above or below, so that
cleaning rake operates satisfactorily while passing up
and down the screen.
10.1.5 If no crane is provided for handling the racks,
they should be made in sections sufficiently light for
manual removal and replacement.
10.2 Design Requirements for Maintenance
10.2.1 Suitable arrangement should be made for
cleaning the racks mechanically or manually at regular
intervals. The frequency of cleaning of the racks would
depend upon the rate of accumulation of trash. Not
more than 33 percent of the trash rack area should be
allowed to clog the racks at any time.
10.2.2 In case of intakes of Type 1 located in a reservoir,
a platform should be provided at a suitable level above
the trash rack structure, so that the same can be used
as maintenance platform. The level of the platform
should be fixed such that the water level in the pond or
reservoir should go below the platform level at least
once in a year. Arbitrarily this level can be fixed at a
height of at least 5 m above the minimum draw down
level (MDDL).
10.2.3 Hooks should be provided in each rack to enable
lifting of the rack in Type 1, wherever necessary, for
cleaning. Chains may be attached to these hooks and
the end of the chains may be tied to the top platform to
facilitate lifting of the racks.
12. Bureau of Indian Standards
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harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods
and attending to connected matters in the country.
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without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of
implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations.
Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.
Review of Indian Standards
Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of
‘BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Standards : Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc No.: WRD 14 (374).
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
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Published by BIS, New Delhi