The second edition of the Construction Awareness Workshops organized jointly by Magnidus and BDIPL was successfully held at Jorhat on 9 March, 2014. It was attended by several key personalities from Jorhat as well as the general public. The presentation was followed by a Q&A session where architects and engineers responded to construction related queries put forward by the attendees. The theme of this edition of the workshop was 'Earthquake Resistant buildings and the Importance of Soil Testing'.

1. 9 March 2014
BARUAH DEVELOPERS &
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BARUAH DEVELOPERS &
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JORHAT
&
MAGNIDUS DESIGN PVT. LTD.
NEW DELHI
present
under their CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

2. 9 March 2014
BARUAH DEVELOPERS &
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IS
YOUR
HOUSE
SAFE
CONSTRUCTION AWARENESS WORKSHOP # 2
VENUE: C K B COMMERCE COLLEGE, JORHAT

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What are the potential
dangers ?

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Natural Disasters Man-made Disasters
Economic Disasters Family Disasters

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What is an
earthquake ?

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What does an
earthquake do to your
house?

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Super-structure
(building)
Ground Level
Sub-structure
(foundation)

9. 9 March 2014
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Framed Structure normal Framed Structure during an
earthquake

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Traditional
Framed Structures

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Brazil

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Japan

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England

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France

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Modern
Framed Structures

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Steel (London)

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Bamboo (Kengu Kuma - Beijing)

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Bamboo (PT Bambu - Bali)

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Paper (Shigeru Ban - Hannover)

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Components of a
Framed Structure

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Frame
Infill

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Framing Materials

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RCC

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Steel

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Wood

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Bamboo

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Infill Materials

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Brick

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Gypsum Board

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Paper

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Bamboo and Paper

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Bamboo Mat

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WD wall Wattle & Daub

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WD Walls

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Finish
(optional)
Wattle
Daub

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Fabian Ostner - Auroville

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Advantages of WD Walls
Earthquake Protection monolithic tensile structure
Less Steel Requirement reduced load due to light walls
Cost Effectiveness locally available materials
Climate Comfort low heat absorption
Larger Room Sizes
Aesthetic modular construction

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Some Common
Construction Mishaps

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Bending of steel
reinforcement

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Column thickness and clear cover being compromised

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Unnatural riser heights

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Inappropriate joining of
beam to existing column

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Presented by
Arup Deka, IITG
Importance of Earthquake resistant design
& Soil testing

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Introduction

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48. 9 March 2014
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What are these buildings?
What problems are associated with these buildings?
Are they safe during earthquake ?
Why are we still constructing them ?
Can we do something about these buildings ?
Is there any provision in our code?

49. 9 March 2014
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What are these buildings ?
Cheaper and easily available construction materials
Not considered important enough during analysis and design
Open RC buildings.
Common buildings lack basic resistance to earthquake forces.
Codes do not stop us for doing so neither any encouragement
Building bye laws

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This resistance can be achieved by following simple, inexpensive
principles of good building construction practice.
Adherence to these simple rules will prevent all damage in moderate
or large earthquakes saves life
These simple rules are basically
Planning and layout of the building involving consideration of the
location of rooms and walls.
Lay out and general design of the structural framing system
Structures should not be brittle or collapse suddenly.
Resisting elements, such as bracing or shear walls, must be provided
evenly throughout the building
Bearing capacity of the soil should be checked properly as firm, Soft &
Weak soil

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Shear walls

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Easy to construct
Straight forward reinforcement details
Effective in reducing cost
Minimize earthquake damage- structural & non structural elements

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Buildings can be constructed on firm and soft soils
Dangerous to build them on weak soils.
Hence appropriate soil investigations should be carried out
Weak soils must be avoided or compacted to improve them so as to
qualify as firm or soft.
For the purpose of making a building truly earthquake resistant, it will
be necessary to choose an appropriate foundation type for it.
The depth of footing in the soil should go below the level of shrinkage
cracks in clayey soils.
For choosing the type of footing from the earthquake angle, the soils
may be grouped as Firm Soft & weak soil unless compacted and
brought to Soft or Firm condition.

55. 9 March 2014
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56. 9 March 2014
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57. 9 March 2014
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FAILURES DUE TO SOIL STRATA

58. 9 March 2014
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Table 1: Physical Properties

59. 9 March 2014
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Liquefaction, ground failure

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61. 9 March 2014
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Footings on sandy soils show immediate settlements whereas clays
show long term settlements
Geotechnical investigation is a must for every site as soil is weakest
material in the system and the failure is sudden and often leads to
collapse
Rise in water table can reduce the bearing capacity significantly
clays are very stiff when dry but can become very soft when
submerged
rise in water table can reduce the bearing capacity significantly
clays exhibits swelling pressures
place the foundation on firm soil

62. 9 March 2014
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EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ZONES 2002
Zone V MM IX or more
MM VIII
Zone II MM VI
together now make
Zone II MM VI or less
Area under the zones
V 12%
IV 18%
III ~27%
Table damageable
~ 57%
Bearing
Capacity
calculation

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dissolve or to weaken.
Originally coined by Mogami and Kubo(1953)
Commonly used to describe the sudden dramatic strength loss which
sometimes occur in sand during seismic loading.
It has been reported in many types of soil under dynamic loading

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Assam EQ, June 12,1897(ML=8.7)

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The danger of liquefaction at a site can be significantly reduced or
eliminated by:
Dewatering
Increasing the in-situ density
Making provisions to reduce the time required for relieving the excess
pore water pressures
These except dewatering ,may be best achieved by ground improvement
techniques.
If the potentially liquefiable soil layer is located at the ground surface
and is not thicker than 3.5m,the most economical solution may be
removable and replacement with properly compacted nonliquefiable
soils.
However, for liquefaction-prone soil layers located deeper than 3.5m
from the ground surface, ground improvement techniques may be the
solution

66. 9 March 2014
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isolated footings poor (provide tie beams)
combined footings fair (provide tie beams)
raft foundations better
pile foundations best
Type of foundations and their
seismic response

67. 9 March 2014
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Building Codes For Engineered
Construction
IS: 1893-2002 "Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures,
Part I (Fifth Revision)" July 2002.
IS: 13920-1993 "Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures
subjected to Seismic forces - Code of Practice" November 1993.
IS: 4326-1993 "Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of
Buildings - Code of Practice (Second Revision)" October 1993.
Many Good Books
Large Nos. of Conference Proceedings

68. 9 March 2014
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Conclusion
Carry out the engineering, architecture and planning measures
- Land use zoning.
- Planning of habitat,
- Implementation of building codes in all new constructions, and
- seismic retrofitting of existing buildings and infrastructure.
Create the supportive structure of
- public awareness,
- education and training
- research and development about the safety from earthquake hazard.
Appropriate policy, financial and institutional support at national and
state levels needs to be provided for putting this strategy into a workable
action plan.