This article introduces the strategic significance of CPEC and Iran-Pakistan relations in the
Baluchistan region, regional security, and armed forces. Because of the lack of trust between Iran and Pakistan,
it is impossible to strengthen ties by expanding economic development and cooperation. The relationship
between Pakistan and Iran has always been a long-standing problem in the historical context of the region, and
because of China's CPEC plan in this region, the resolution of this problem has become particularly important.
Due to separatists, terrorism, and armed control of the region by some powerful countries, the Baluchistan
areas of Iran and Pakistan have been idle. At present, local Chinese and their economic corridors are
promoting economic development in the region and realizing China's trade routes in accordance with their
pearl plan. In the course of the research, several variables will be used to explain the factors that affect
Pakistan-Iran relations
Nazarbayev Discusses Business, Global Security in Japan Visit; Nazarbayev Meets Korean President, Business Leaders in Seoul; Pianist Jania Aubakirova Says Success Comes from Hard Work
Nazarbayev Discusses Business, Global Security in Japan Visit; Nazarbayev Meets Korean President, Business Leaders in Seoul; Pianist Jania Aubakirova Says Success Comes from Hard Work
India and Iran have sought to transform their bilateral relation with limited success. The two countries shared border till 1947, so share common feature between both- language, culture, and traditions. Both south Asia and Persia have strong political, commercial, cultural relations and people to people links. Indias efforts to develop closer ties with Iran. Indian P.M. Modi try to establish healthy relation in both countries. Political, economic and technological interests, and a shared perception about evolving geo-strategic environment, relations between India and Iran started improving bilateral relation. Dushyant"India-Iran Relation Present and Future" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11534.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/11534/india-iran-relation-present-and-future/dushyant
intro duction of freign policy of pakistan,foreign policy of pakistan with u.s.a,foreign policy of pakistan with china,foreign policy of pakistan with russia,foreign policy of pakistan with central asian countries..
The Third Annual Kazakhstan-United States Convention will take place in Washington, DC on December 8, 2015. Distinguished members of the U.S. Congress, representatives of Kazakh government, and business leaders will speak at the Convention. The Convention sponsors are recognized for their generosity and support.
This article analyzes the scope of cooperation at the institutional and bilateral level of the
European Union and Central Asia. Despite the systematic tightening of cooperation between
Brussels and the republics of the former USSR, there is still a lack of unambiguous definition
of real long-term interests of the European Union in the region. The fundamental problem of
cooperation development is a strong fragmentation of EU activities in five different republics
of Central Asia. Therefore, there is a need to improve the exchange of information, increase
control and coordination, as well as limit the thematic scope of undertaken initiatives. There are
potential diversification opportunities for energy sources that exist in the Central Asia region.
What's in Store for 2018 - Reflections and ObservationsFernando Penarroyo
Fingers are crossed that 2018 will be a far better year for resource developers compared to previous years. Commodity prices appear to be on the rebound while government seems to be doing its earnest best to solve the mining impasse and simplify and expedite the permitting process for energy projects. The administration’s thawing relations with big neighbor China may have both its pros and cons. As far as the resource industry is concerned, the stark reality is that the maritime dispute continues to serve as a deterrent to exploration and development efforts in the disputed areas in light of the forthcoming exhaustion of the Malampaya gas field. The government professing to have taken a technology-neutral stand on energy promotion is also keen in looking for alternative energy sources like LNG and nuclear, of which the development and regulation will require enabling legislations to protect investors and guide regulators.
Current state of Russia’s relations with Japan and prospects for their develo...Russian Council
The report presents the results of a comprehensive analysis of contemporary Russian-
Japanese relations made by a team of Russian Japanologists within a framework of the
Russian International Affairs Council’s research program. Political, trade and economic,
scientific, technological and cultural cooperation and also the approaches to the resolution
of “the northern territories’ problem” are among the key issues considered by the authors.
India and Iran have sought to transform their bilateral relation with limited success. The two countries shared border till 1947, so share common feature between both- language, culture, and traditions. Both south Asia and Persia have strong political, commercial, cultural relations and people to people links. Indias efforts to develop closer ties with Iran. Indian P.M. Modi try to establish healthy relation in both countries. Political, economic and technological interests, and a shared perception about evolving geo-strategic environment, relations between India and Iran started improving bilateral relation. Dushyant"India-Iran Relation Present and Future" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11534.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/11534/india-iran-relation-present-and-future/dushyant
intro duction of freign policy of pakistan,foreign policy of pakistan with u.s.a,foreign policy of pakistan with china,foreign policy of pakistan with russia,foreign policy of pakistan with central asian countries..
The Third Annual Kazakhstan-United States Convention will take place in Washington, DC on December 8, 2015. Distinguished members of the U.S. Congress, representatives of Kazakh government, and business leaders will speak at the Convention. The Convention sponsors are recognized for their generosity and support.
This article analyzes the scope of cooperation at the institutional and bilateral level of the
European Union and Central Asia. Despite the systematic tightening of cooperation between
Brussels and the republics of the former USSR, there is still a lack of unambiguous definition
of real long-term interests of the European Union in the region. The fundamental problem of
cooperation development is a strong fragmentation of EU activities in five different republics
of Central Asia. Therefore, there is a need to improve the exchange of information, increase
control and coordination, as well as limit the thematic scope of undertaken initiatives. There are
potential diversification opportunities for energy sources that exist in the Central Asia region.
What's in Store for 2018 - Reflections and ObservationsFernando Penarroyo
Fingers are crossed that 2018 will be a far better year for resource developers compared to previous years. Commodity prices appear to be on the rebound while government seems to be doing its earnest best to solve the mining impasse and simplify and expedite the permitting process for energy projects. The administration’s thawing relations with big neighbor China may have both its pros and cons. As far as the resource industry is concerned, the stark reality is that the maritime dispute continues to serve as a deterrent to exploration and development efforts in the disputed areas in light of the forthcoming exhaustion of the Malampaya gas field. The government professing to have taken a technology-neutral stand on energy promotion is also keen in looking for alternative energy sources like LNG and nuclear, of which the development and regulation will require enabling legislations to protect investors and guide regulators.
Current state of Russia’s relations with Japan and prospects for their develo...Russian Council
The report presents the results of a comprehensive analysis of contemporary Russian-
Japanese relations made by a team of Russian Japanologists within a framework of the
Russian International Affairs Council’s research program. Political, trade and economic,
scientific, technological and cultural cooperation and also the approaches to the resolution
of “the northern territories’ problem” are among the key issues considered by the authors.
Current Affairs 12 Sept. English by RaceIAS.pdfraceias1
Ever since the Liberation War in 1971, Bangladesh and India have shared a special relationship not
only due to their geographical boundaries, but also
largely owing to their shared cultural, linguistic
It is a draft paper on CPEC. It is a deep analysis of the results of CPEC on Pakistan and its inhabitants. The price Pakistan is paying and the returns it will get.
Everything you need to know about Indo-Russia Bilateral Summit 2018. Also about India and Russian relationship. United States Reaction on the deals made between India and China.
Pak-China Relationship: A Pillar of Regional Stability and Global CooperationMuhammadAsif653438
Pak-China Relationship: A Pillar of Regional Stability and Global Cooperation
The relationship between Pakistan and China, often celebrated as an "all-weather friendship," stands as a unique example of enduring bilateral ties in international diplomacy. Spanning over seven decades, this partnership encompasses a wide array of cooperation areas, including economic collaboration, strategic alignment, political support, military cooperation, and cultural exchanges. This article delves into the historical context, economic initiatives, military collaboration, political support, cultural exchanges, and the future prospects of the Pak-China relationship, underscoring its significance in regional stability and global geopolitics.
Historical Context
The diplomatic relations between Pakistan and China were formally established in 1951, making Pakistan one of the earliest countries to recognize the People's Republic of China. This early recognition set the stage for a relationship based on mutual respect and shared interests. The 1962 Sino-Indian War was a pivotal moment, significantly strengthening the ties between the two nations as they found common ground in their strategic concerns and regional security interests.
Throughout the Cold War, Pakistan and China maintained a steady course of cooperation, despite the shifting geopolitical landscapes. The relationship was further solidified through various treaties and agreements that emphasized political support and economic collaboration. The 1963 border agreement, which resolved territorial disputes between the two countries, stands as a testament to their ability to address contentious issues through diplomacy and mutual understanding.
Economic Cooperation: The CPEC Initiative
A cornerstone of the Pak-China relationship in the 21st century is the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a flagship project under China's ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Launched in 2013, CPEC aims to enhance connectivity between Gwadar Port in Pakistan and China’s Xinjiang region through a network of highways, railways, and pipelines, spanning approximately 3,000 kilometers.
Key Components of CPEC
1. Infrastructure Development: CPEC encompasses a vast array of infrastructure projects, including the construction of roads, railways, and airports. The development of the Gwadar Port is particularly significant, as it provides China with a strategic access point to the Arabian Sea, bypassing the longer route through the Strait of Malacca.
2. Energy Projects: Energy security is a critical component of CPEC, with numerous projects aimed at addressing Pakistan’s chronic energy shortages. These include coal, hydro, solar, and wind energy projects, collectively adding thousands of megawatts to Pakistan’s national grid.
3. Special Economic Zones (SEZs): The establishment of SEZs along the CPEC route aims to boost industrial growth, create job opportunities, and attract foreign investment. These zones are designed to facili
Cpec will galvanize industrailization and employment in pakistanAyesha Majid
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is a framework of regional
connectivity. Through CPEC China aims to connect its eastern side through
Kashgar to the warm waters of Arabian Sea through Pakistan as it will be
shorter and safer for china to transport goods via this route than through the
china sea to the Arabian Peninsula and surrounding areas. CPEC will not only
benefit China and Pakistan but will have positive impact on Iran, Afghanistan,
India, Central Asian Republics, and the region. Through the enhancement of
geographical linkages having improved road, rail and air transportation system
with frequent and free exchanges of growth and people to people contact,
enhancing understanding through academic, cultural and regional knowledge
and culture, activity of higher volume of flow of trade and businesses, producing
and moving energy to have more optimal businesses and enhancement of cooperation by the win-win model will result in well connected, integrated region
of shared destiny, harmony and development.
Impact of Green Attitude on Green Work Behavior: An Empirical Study of Employ...AJSSMTJournal
As interesting and important areas, Green Attitude (GA) and Green Work Behavior (GWB) are
examined considering the employees in a Sri Lankan tiles manufacturing company. The main objective of the
study is to explore the impact of GA on employees’ GWB. Using simple random sampling, 81 employees were
selected as the sample and primary data were gathered using two self-developed instruments regarding to GA
and GWB. Univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted to analyze the data and the main finding of the
study is that there is a positive and significant impact from GA on GWB of the employees in the selected tiles
manufacturing company. As the recommendation of the study authors instruct the companies in the tiles
manufacturing industry to develop employees’ green attitude for the better work behavior in greening
The Effect of Competence and Teacher Certification on Performance of “Vocatio...AJSSMTJournal
This study aims to determine the effect of teacher competency and certification on teacher
performance with motivation as an intervening variable. This research is motivated by the still low competency
of teachers, not all teachers who carry out their tasks well, teachers' motivation is still low, teacher's
performance has not reached the target in SMK Kerinci Regency. The research method with a quantitative
approach with the path analysis method. Data collection techniques with questionnaires, observation and
interviews. The respondents of this study were 53 Vocational High School Teachers in Kerinci Regency. The
sampling method uses the total sampling method in which the entire population in this study is the research
sample. Hypothesis testing was calculated with the IBM Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) program
version 24.0.
The results of this study found that competence has a significant effect on teacher motivation, teacher
certification has a significant effect on teacher motivation, motivation has a significant effect on teacher
performance, competence has a significant effect on teacher performance, teacher certification has a significant
effect on teacher performance, competence has no significant effect on performance with motivation as an
intervening variable, and teacher certification has a significant effect on performance with motivation as an
intervening variable on Vocational High School Teachers in Kerinci Regency.
Gender Differences on Organizational Commitment: Empirical Evidence from Empl...AJSSMTJournal
Organizational commitment is considered as a crucial factor that has a direct impact on
organizational outcomes. A systematic empirical study was carried out to address the existing contextual gap
and intellectual curiosity on gender differences in organizational commitment on apparel industry workers of Sri
Lanka. The main objective of the study was to investigate whether there is a significant difference among male
and female employees in terms of the level of organizational commitment in the apparel industry of Sri Lanka.
This is an analytical nature study and unit of analysis is individual employees. The survey method was utilized,
and 100 employees responded to the author developed questionnaire using random sampling technique. The
instrument used to measure organizational commitment was adopted by Allen and Meyers’ standard
questionnaire which consists of a multi-component model include; affective commitment, continuance
commitment, and normative commitment. Reliability and validity of the instruments used were assured. The
empirical findings revealed that there is no significant difference between male and female employees in terms
of organizational commitment in the apparel industry of Sri Lanka.
Teaching with Frequent Tests and its Consequences on Students’ Performance in...AJSSMTJournal
The intricacies of good teaching are known only to experienced teachers. Teaching is assessment
and, learning and retention are functions of regular testing. This study theorises classroom assessments and
links them with implicit theories of learning and retention of knowledge. The subjects of the study were
motivated to maintain the momentum of learning through taking regular tests and subjected to counselling and
regular feedback on the tests they took. The study analysed statistically semester results for five different year
groups of students taught Quantum Mechanics by the same lecturer who adopted weekly testing. The results
show substantial continuous improvements in students’ academic achievement. The results may be indictments
on lecturers who do not use classroom tests to motivate students’ learning.
The Effect of Competence and Organizational Culture on Work Motivation and It...AJSSMTJournal
This study aims to determine the purpose of competence and organizational culture on employee
performance with motivation as a mediating variable. This research is motivated by level of employee ability or
employee competency is still low so that employee performance becomes difficult to achieve, relations between
colleagues in the organization are still low, Employee motivation and encouragement from the organization still
cannot impact employee performance and the performance of employees who are still not stable so that target
institutions have not been achieved.
The research method with a quantitative approach with the path analysis method. Data collection techniques
with questionnaires, observation and interviews. The respondents of this study were 42 employees of Kayu Aro
Barat District. The sampling method uses the total sampling method in which the entire population in this study
is the research sample. Hypothesis testing was calculated with the IBM Statistical Package for Social Science
(SPSS) program version 24.0.
The results of this study found that competence has a significant effect on work motivation, organizational
culture has a significant effect on work motivation, work motivation has a significant effect on employee
performance, competence has a significant effect on employee performance, organizational culture has a
significant effect on employee performance, work motivation as a mediating variable does not have a significant
effect between competence and employee performance, work motivation as a mediating variable does not have
a significant effect between organizational culture and employee performance at Kayu Aro Barat District Kerinci
Regency.
Effects of Perceived Workplace Incivility on Presenteeism Perceptions: A Rese...AJSSMTJournal
There are many different presenteeism conceptualizations in the business literature, and despite
some insights about underlaying presenteeism factors, further research is still needed in this emerging area. One
of such factors is claimed to be incivility within the business context. There is, however, not ample research about
these factor’s connections with presenteeism itself. Taking this gap into account, the aim of this study is to
scrutinize any possible effects of business members’ perceived workplace incivility on their presenteeism
perceptions. Data are collected via questionnaires from the members of small and medium sized enterprises
(SMEs) in Ikitelli Organized Industrial Zone in Istanbul, Turkey. A total of 183 participants are contacted. There is a
statistically significant connection between the participants’ perceived incivility and presenteeism, implying that
these two negative business aspects are actually related. This finding clearly points out that perceptions of
undesirable, rude, and negative behaviors in the work context is a motivator of the participants’ unwillingness to
be present in their business environment. It is also noteworthy that the perceived incivility is a monolithic aspect,
whereas the perception of presenteeism is composed of perceptions about negativities and resistance, both of
which are related to issues in business context.
Switching Among Brands of Poultry Feeds: The Egg Farmers’ Acuity in Ogun Stat...AJSSMTJournal
In spite of the contribution of poultry to the protein intake and income generation of the growing
population of Nigeria, not many studies have been instituted at understanding the switching behaviour of the
poultry farmers when they make purchases of their major inputs, feed, which empirical evidences showed to
constitute about three-quarter of the variable cost of production. This study was therefore conducted to
address the gap by analysing primary data obtained from 480 poultry Egg-farmers in Ogun State through a
multistage sampling technique. The results revealed that poultry is a male dominated enterprise cutting across
two major religions in the country. Many of the farmers had been in operation for more than eight years and
are relatively educated with a mean age of 41 years. The Switching Cost (Monetized) indicated that, costs was
highest with Top feed users who opted for Vital feed at N2.20/bird/day and least for users of Hybrid who
considered Premium as an option at N0.12/bird/day. Similarly, Switching Cost (Psychological) revealed that
switching from Top feed to Premium feed will also be highest at 4.8 units and least with Hybrid to Chikun at
3.3 units. The study therefore recommended that feed producers should imbibe ways of increasing the likely
switching cost, both monetized and psychological that an Egg-farmer may incur if he switches to the Next Best
Alternative Brand through sound relationship management, lock-in programmes and reward of loyalty
Moonlighting as ‘Coping Strategy’ for Irregular Payment of Salaries in Nigeri...AJSSMTJournal
Moonlighting, a latent but real phenomenon in the Nigerian economic experience is being
considered alongside irregular workers’ monthly salary in Nigeria which has been on since 2015. Moonlighting
- keeping several jobs simultaneously under different employers as an employee, is more real in the western
world due to increasing legal control. In general, it is referred to as ‘hustling’, ‘multiple runs’, extra pursuits, or
‘PiPis’ in several contexts. Data was collected from 323 respondents from 4 Local Government Area
secretariats in Ekiti state through multistage sampling procedure. Statistics indicate a significant relationship [r
(323) = 0.47, p < .05] between workers’ irregular monthly salaries and the practice of moonlighting among
these public servants in Ekiti state. The affinity between irregular monthly salary and moonlighting has
significantly impacted job commitment deficit [r (323) = 0.47, p < .05]. Employees who experience high
irregularities in their salary tend to engage more in moonlighting (Mean=17.71; Std.Dev=4.96), than those who
have little experience of salary irregularities (Mean=15.77; Std.Dev=4.01). Employees who engage more in
moonlighting tend to be less committed (Mean=19.64; SD=3.77), in comparison with those who are less
engaged in moonlighting (Mean=20.30; Std.Dev=3.56). The study has shown that moonlighting has continued
as a habit and a strategy for mitigating the negative impact of irregular payment of workers’ salary among LG
employees. Increasing focus of labour law in that direction might be necessary to prevent its negative impact
on workers’ commitment and productivity in Ekiti State
Variables that Affect the Performance of the Members of the Traffic Unit Polr...AJSSMTJournal
This research aims to determine the variable that affects the performance of the members of the
Traffic Unit (satafterwards) of Padang police with job satisfaction as a Intervening variable. The research
samples are actually 92 members of the Traffic Unit (Satthus) Polresta Padang. The method of research with a
quantitative approach with a pathway analysis method and a hypothesis test using the T test with SPSS is used
to analyse the data. The results showed that: 1) Working discipline has significant effect on job satisfaction, 2)
significant impact on job satisfaction, 3) Working discipline is significant to the performance of members, 4)
significant integrity of the member's performance, 5) job satisfaction has significant effect on the member's
performance, 6) There is no influence of the working discipline variable on the performance of members that
are mediated by job satisfaction, and 7) there is no influence of integrity variables on the performance of
members mediated by job satisfaction.
Conflict and Workers’ Morale in Manufacturing Companies in Rivers State, NigeriaAJSSMTJournal
This piece of work theoretically discussed workers’ morale and conflict in manufacturing
companies in Rivers State with specific elaborations on: the meaning of conflict, workers’ morale, causes and
types of conflict, review of extant literature on conflict and workers’ morale, conflict management, impacts
and the relationship betwixt conflict and workers’ morale in manufacturing companies in Rivers State.
Theoretical framework was based on the traditional and contemporary theories of conflict, the basis of
which the study found that, just like death, conflicts are omnipresent and inevitable in life and abounds in
manufacturing companies in Rivers State as virtually every sphere of the organizations gets ravaged by one
form of conflict or the other ranging from: interpersonal/intergroup conflict, intrapersonal/group conflict,
intra-organizational, constructive or functional conflict, dysfunctional or destructive conflicts. It was deduced
that conflicts occur in organizations as a result of: incompatible goals, different values and beliefs, inconsistent
evaluation and reward system, communication problems, struggle for power, authority/control, and
leadership style, scarcity of common resources, organizational demands and self-worth demands. It was also
found that if a conflict is not aptly and promptly managed, it can lead to truncated or reduced workers’ morale
causing decreased productivity, failure to attain set goals, absenteeism, low service delivery, profit reduction,
frustration, anger, fear, distrust or resentment amongst the workers’. Again, the nature of the conflict, though,
determines how best it could be managed and conflict can sometimes yield positive workers’ morale or result
if well managed, meaning that not all conflict situations are negatively inclined. The recommendation is that
efforts should constantly be made to ensure that the causes of conflicts are handled timely as apt detection
and handling of conflicting parties/issues will resolve concerns amicably. Workers should be oriented with the
importance of peaceful coexistence in the workplace as coercion or intimidation will only lead to counter
productivity/low morale. It is suggested that this study be repeated in different organizational setting and in
other states in Nigeria. This findings and recommendations would provide good practical and theoretical
background for conflict management in organizations in future
Variables that affect Performance with Working Discipline as A Variable Inter...AJSSMTJournal
This research aims to determine empirically the variables affecting performance by working
discipline as a variable Intervening at the education office of Padang. Collection of primary data using poll or
questionnaire techniques. The research population is all civil servants of the Padang City Education Office in
2019. The number 101 research samples were determined using a saturated sampling technique (census).
Analysis of data in this study using path analysis.
The results showed that 1) working competencies have a positive and significant impact on employee
discipline 2) The working culture has a positive and significant effect on employee discipline 3) Working
competency is positive and significant towards employee performance 4) Work culture positive and significant
impact on employee performance 5) Work discipline is positive and significant to the performance of
employees 6) work competency is positive and significant to the employee performance of Padang City
education with working discipline as a intervening variable; 7) The working culture has a positive and
significant impact on the performance of the Padang City Education officer with the working discipline as a
intervening variable
Inclusive education has begun to be addressed within the context of the broader international
debate on “Education for All” (EFA), a debate launched at the World Conference held in 1990 in Jomtien,
Thailand. From Jomtien until today, thinking has evolved from the almost symbolic presence of special
educational needs in the initial documentation, towards the recognition that inclusion must be a fundamental
principle of the EFA movement as a whole. Within this process, the contribution of the Salamanca Declaration
on Special Educational Needs: Access and quality (Unesco, 1994) stands out, from which the concept of
educational inclusion emerges strongly. Thereafter thescope and perspectives of inclusive education has been
based on the idea that all children and young people have the right to a quality education with equivalent
learning opportunities, regardless of their social and cultural background and their differences in skills and
abilities (OIE -UNESCO, 20 08)
Curriculum Design: Inception to ExecutionAJSSMTJournal
This module attempts to look into the nuances of Curriculum, Syllabus and Course Designing and
its importance in today’s modern world. In a nutshell, the sequence of the life experiences through which an
academic institution attempts to promote a pupil’s growth is known as a curriculum and here we have tried to
look into the fact that any curriculum should focus on learner’s needs, interests, abilities and deficiencies in
order to make the process of Teaching-Learning effective. Curriculum is an organised course of study
undertaken by a student in or under the aegis of a school, college, university or any other institution of
learning and more commonly, the set of studies organised for a particular group of students by a school,
college etc. It is the set of desired learning outcomes or the structured set of learning experiences aimed at
achieving such outcomes. It is a very tricky process as it involves philosophical, social and administrative
factors of a programme and as result one should be aware of various perspectives and its impact upon the
learners ( that to a successful and a positive one) after the completion of the programme. Any curriculum
should be holistic in its significance and purpose in order to inculcate in the learner the knowledge, attitudes,
values, and techniques that have cultural relevance. Course and curriculum design is continuously evolving and
changing. There are escalating social and economic pressures on higher education to generate a wider range of
knowledge, skills and attitudes for coping with the demands of our 'super complex age'. The current velocity of
technological and social change is impelling teachers to think in terms of educating students not for today's
problems but for those of tomorrow
The Effect of a High-Commitment Work System on Improve Organization Citizensh...AJSSMTJournal
This study aimed at identifying High commitment work system(HCWS) in improving Organization
citizenship behavior (Altruism, conscientiousness, sportsmanship) in the zain telecom company The authors
employed a predictive-descriptive approach to identify the level of hcws at zain . Male and female employees
at zain (No.378) participated in the study. A questionnaire prepared to measure the role of HCWS in improving
OCB was implemented. Means, standard deviations, multiple linear regression and 1-Way ANOVA analyses
were used to examine the data. HCWS from the perspective of zain telecom company employees scored a high
level at overall test. OCB level from the perspective of the employees at zain telecomcompany and its
dimensions scored high. The predictive model of HCWS and OCB from employee’s perspective was statistically
significant. Based on these results, the authors recommend zain telecom company to take more interest in
improving its HCWS.
The Political Settlement of Local Economic Development in Ghana’s Local Gover...AJSSMTJournal
Both the 1992 Republican Constitution and the Local Governance Act, 2016 (Act 936) have
conferred political, administrative, social, economic and developmental authorities and functions on the
Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies. However, the assemblies have exercised all other authorities
to the neglect of their economic and developmental functions. In view of this, they still rely on central
government for development hence the concept local economic development emerged for assemblies to use
their local resources to champion the development of their localities. Deploying both primary and secondary
sources of data, this paper examined the extent of political settlement in the implementation of local
economic development (LED) in Ghana. The study found that the nature of the LED programme, the strategic
nature of the MMDAs, the activism of the actors, the benefits to be derived by the actors, the political party in
power and the need to test new development paradigms shaped the behaviour of actors in the LED
implementation process. The desire of each actor to project its interest above the others culminated into “turf
war” among them in the implementation process. The study recommends that the development of localities
should supersede the interest of actors, locality leadership should be proactive and aggressive in wooing
investors, and incentives should be provided for investors who invest in the hinterlands. Key lessons learnt
were: leadership was significant in LED, collaboration among actors is important for the success of LED.
Drug Dealers, Crimes, and Terrorism in the United States: A Study of Stephen ...AJSSMTJournal
This paper deals with the perpetration of crimes and drug business in the United States. It shows
that the crimes perpetrated in this country until the 1980s are the consequences of racial discrimination
between black and white Americans. Tired of the rejection in a country they believe is also theirs; Blacks think
that they have to respond to violence with violence by sacrificing the lives of many Americans, starting with
the President himself. Thus, this study shows not only the war raging between the United States and Colombia,
but also the influence of social movements from the United States on Cuba, with the downfall of Fidel Castro.
Entrepreneurial Skill needs of Agricultural Education Graduates in Vocational...AJSSMTJournal
The study investigates the entrepreneurship skill needs of agricultural education graduates in
Vocational training for combating unemployment F.C.T, Nigeria. The study used survey research design. Two
research questions two hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Two hundred and eighty three (283)
respondents were randomly selected in the six area council. The instrument used for data collection was the
questionnaire. The method of data analysis was the use of descriptive statistic (mean and standard deviation)
Benchmark of 2.5 was used as criterion for agreed and less than 2.5 was considered disagreed. Chi-square
statistics was used to test the Null hypotheses at .05 level of significance. Based on the findings of this study, it
was concluded that various areas of poultry production skills were acquired by graduates of agricultural
education and also employment opportunities for agricultural education graduates in marketing of poultry
products thrive in the study area. It was therefore, recommended that graduates of agricultural education
graduates should be given orientation on the various employment opportunities available within their
environment in their area of skills to be self-dependence and also agricultural education graduates should put in
to practice their areas of skills acquisition in order to be self-employ and reduce unemployment.
Octopus and Midget in the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process: Who Determines W...AJSSMTJournal
The age-long Israeli-Palestinian conflict has raised global security concerns and attracted solution
trajectories which emphasised two-state solution and ignored policy framework towards “one-state” solution,
especially based on the new dynamics in the aftermath of U.S. declaration of Jerusalem as the capital city of
Israel. The U.S. declaration introduced unequal relationship between Israel and the Palestinian Authority at the
Washington peace negotiations. Consequently, the Palestinian Authority protested that the U.S. acted in selfinterest based on her historical relationship with Israel rather than for peace and security in the Middle East
and the world. The Palestinian Authority withdrew from direct negotiation with Israel and questioned U.S.
moral ground to act as an ‘honest broker’ in packaging a new peace plan. As a reprisal, the U.S. cut all aid to
Palestine, except some $42 million for security cooperation, and closed down Palestinian Liberation
Organisation liaison office in Washington. Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas reacted and cut off security
cooperation with the U.S. Israeli-Palestinian relationship demonstrates that where parties play it dirty,
morality is hardly the option. The broad objective of this paper is to analyse the opportunities and challenges
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asymmetrical relationship between power-studded Israel and the putative power-drought Palestinian
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the usage of cell phones for making calls, while 224(59.7%) of them were very strongly agreed that they have
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Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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Planning Of Procurement o different goods and services
Iran-Pakistan Relation: Impact on CPEC
1. 53 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
ISSN: 2313-7410
Volume 2 Issue 3, May-June, 2020
Available at www.ajssmt.com
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Iran-Pakistan Relation: Impact on CPEC
Sahibzada Muhammad Usman
Ph.D. in Geopolitics, University of Pisa, Italy.
ABSTRACT : This article introduces the strategic significance of CPEC and Iran-Pakistan relations in the
Baluchistan region, regional security, and armed forces. Because of the lack of trust between Iran and Pakistan,
it is impossible to strengthen ties by expanding economic development and cooperation. The relationship
between Pakistan and Iran has always been a long-standing problem in the historical context of the region, and
because of China's CPEC plan in this region, the resolution of this problem has become particularly important.
Due to separatists, terrorism, and armed control of the region by some powerful countries, the Baluchistan
areas of Iran and Pakistan have been idle. At present, local Chinese and their economic corridors are
promoting economic development in the region and realizing China's trade routes in accordance with their
pearl plan. In the course of the research, several variables will be used to explain the factors that affect
Pakistan-Iran relations.
Keywords : Chabahar, Gwadar, Iran-Pakistan, China, America.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Pakistan's freedom in 1947, Iran was the first nation to support Pakistan's independence and has always been
an important political support for Pakistan. In May 1948, Iran established diplomatic relations with Pakistan;
Pakistani leader Liaqat Ali Khan (1949) visited Iran; in 1950, the Iranian leader visited Pakistan and signed the
"Reconciliation Agreement." Regardless of the split between Shiites and Sunnis, Islamic identity has become an
significant element in Pakistan and Iran relations, particularly after the Iranian rebellion in 1979. With the end
of the Islamic turmoil and the close relations between America and Iran, the stability of Iran-Pakistan relations
began in the 1970s when pressure on Afghanistan became stronger and its contribution to anti-Soviet,
particularly after the left-wing Saur chaos in 1978 . After the outbreak of the Cold War, a whole new situation
emerged in the Gulf region led by the United States, which provided conditions for another move between
both nations. Emerging Pakistan and Iran relations, particularly the thorny issues including nuclear
development, have developed as the core of strengthening bilateral relations. The establishment of relations
between India and Iran and increasing role of the United States in Afghanistan and Pakistan may have a
negative impact on Pakistan and Iran relations in the coming years.
The economic and political conditions of Iran and Pakistan are under tremendous pressure. Iran has been in a
struggle between liberals / moderates and protectionists for quite a long time. In addition, it is under pressure
from Europe and the United States in the development of nuclear weapons. Pakistan has always faced
problems of race, division and religion. To some extent, Pakistan is under pressure on Iran's nuclear
development deal. The geopolitics and internal vulnerabilities between the two countries will affect the
development of associations between the two nations.
2. 54 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
2. IRAN AND PAKISTAN ECONOMIC RELATIONS
The CPEC (China-Pakistan Economic Corridor) is rapidly becoming the cause of national cooperation, economic
development, and social stability and play a vital role in improving the economic situation of the poor areas of
Pakistan and promoting the provincial transportation network. The benefits of the CPEC will benefit China and
Pakistan as well as benefit the entire region, especially advance the relations between Pakistan and Iran,
because the local growth of CPEC can support Pakistan consolidate economic associations with Iran. Although
Iran and Pakistan have always maintained friendly relations, so far, the trade volume between the two
countries very low. In 2014, the trade volume was the US $ 229 million (Salim Ahmed, February 21, 2016). At
this stage, since the Iranian Chabahar port and the Gwadar port of Pakistan have very important geopolitical
and geostrategic significance, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor will promote the economic growth of Iran and
Pakistan. Both ports have direct entrance to the Persian Gulf. If the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is linked
to Chabahar, it will support economic networks and cooperation between Iran and Pakistan.
After reaching a fruitful atomic energy agreement with P5 + 1 in July 2015, and after the United States and the
international community lifted all sanctions, Iran has reintegrated into global dynamic economic development.
At present, this is an opportunity for Iran to open the door to economic relations with the world, especially the
nations of Central Asia. Pakistan also hopes to profit from this opportunity by expanding bilateral cooperation
with Iran. Islamabad had previously been unwilling to cooperate with Iran on large-scale projects, but after the
removal of all sanctions on September 2, 2015, Pakistan and Iran decided to work together. In August 2015,
during the Combined Working Group on Trade and the Technical Committee on Trade, both nations discussed
issues linked to investment and trade and outlined a five-year strategic arrangement for mutually developing
trade. They agreed to apply the reciprocal preferential trade agreement (PTA) and change to an FTA (free
trade agreement) in the next few years. In 2015, the trade volume between Iran and Pakistan was $ 893
million, which may increase in the future (Ahmed Rashid Malik, November 11, 2015). Hassan Rouhani's
(President of Iran) visit to Pakistan in 2016 opened up another path for strengthening the economic
partnership. One of the basic purposes of the president's visit is the building of a gas pipeline. During the
meeting between the presidents of the two countries, they agreed to develop each other mainly in the fields
of energy, economy, and trade. The leaders of the two countries also held a one-to-one meeting and
conducted various dialogues on bilateral issues, as well as regional and global matters of mutual concern. After
the discussion, the two signed six memorandums of understanding and five-year trade cooperation plans.
3. CHINA-PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR AND IRAN (YASMEEN AFTAB ALI, SEPTEMBER 7,
2015)
In September, Iran agreed to consider supporting the suggested CPEC, with a focus on improving and
upgrading roads and railways and expanding the scope of product transit. Pakistan made an offer. Some
experts re-examined the basic facts of Iran and the importance of making CPEC profitable. The dialogue
between the two countries took place recently, and this proposal was made in the foreseeable future of the
international community in lifting sanctions against Iran. In 2014, Pakistan vigorously organized the import of
natural gas from Iran. The United States expressed great disappointment with Pakistan's urgent needs. The
proposed target focuses on the conversion of petroleum gas to liquefied natural gas (LNG) and the
introduction of gas from Iran to Pakistan using the facilities of Oman's LNG terminal. However, the United
States has issued a similar warning, hoping that India will stop any cooperation with Iran, but this has not
stopped the Indians from continuing what they call India's national interest. Nitin Gadkari, Minister of
Highways, Shipping, and Road Transport reported before the summit between the two countries that India
would invest in Iran, especially in port, railway, and highway project India's participation in the Chabahar
Conference can help strengthen bilateral relations. Soon after, six countries and Iran reached a valuable
agreement under the impetus of the United States. Tehran has more than ten years of atomic power, which is
the end result of lifting sanctions related to oil and money worldwide.
Cooperation between countries is changing rapidly. Pakistan needs to be fully aware of these changes and plan
accordingly. In 2014, Pakistan and Russia signed the "Military Cooperation Agreement." The friendly relations
3. 55 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
between Pakistan and China are recognized. India's turn to the United States and Israel has not been neglected
by Russia, which has begun to seek different countries in the region to establish cooperation. But this does not
mean that we have to quit our previous cooperation. Russia is armed to support Pakistan, which may be seen
as an arrangement to break away from a close alliance with India and establish a trade association with an
opponent. India has changed its strategy against Iran for some time and has reached a transportation
agreement with Iran to increase the number of flights between both nations and allow one other airline to
travel to other destinations. A unique maritime cooperation plan has been introduced, and Iran officially
connected with the Indian Navy. After a period of processing under the leadership of the United Progressive
Alliance government, the Modi regime chose to invest $ 85.21 million to build the Iranian Chabahar port,
allowing India to avoid Pakistan and open up a path for inland Afghanistan. The Chabahar Port is located 72
kilometers west of Pakistani Gwadar Port and has great strategic and economic importance to India.
4. GWADAR AND CHABAHAR AGREEMENTS
President of Iran Rouhani and Prime Minister of India Modi signed the Chabahar Agreement, which allows
India to build Chabahar Port in the Baluchistan Province of Iran as an important economic corridor connecting
India with the Central Asian and Afghan markets. This transaction is regarded as an important response of
India to the CPEC. According to the agreement, China will invest approximately US $ 46 billion to connect
western China through land railways, pipelines, and roads to Gwadar Port. The Indochina competition
underscores Baluchistan's geopolitical importance as the center of a new movement in which Asia, India,
China, and the United States participate. Iranian Chabahar port is India's reply to Chinese investment in the
Gwadar port of Pakistan. The two ports are a portion of Baluchistan province and are 70 kilometers apart from
each other.
5. CHABAHAR TRANSACTION AND ITS REGIONAL IMPACT
The Chabahar port deal between Iran and India is part of 12 settlement agreements marked by President
Rouhani of Iran and Prime Minister Modi of India at a summit. Afghan President Ashraf Ghani also signed a
trade agreement with Rouhani and Modi to assist in the transportation of products between these countries
and allow India to use Chabahar port to enter Afghanistan. According to the agreement, India will invest the
US $ 500 million for the development and setup of the Chabahar port in Iran and Luchistan province, which will
become India's entrance to Central Asia and Afghanistan. India will launch some other major venture
investments worth US $ 20 billion, including the LNG plant and the natural gas sector of the Chabahar trade
zone (June 13, 2016, R. Gupta). The Chabahar deal is seen as a game-changer for Afghanistan, India, and Iran,
as well as China, Pakistan, Central Asia, and the Arab Gulf countries. It has had an economic, political, and
diplomatic impact, benefiting Afghanistan, India, and Iran from competitors.
6. ROLE OF IRAN
After the atomic arrangements and the lifting of Western sanctions, the transaction provided Iran with a wide
range of trade and economic development opportunities. To strengthen the implementation of the agreement
in the meeting, Indian Prime Minister Modi pay back the US $ 6.4 billion, which owned by the Indian refinery
and promised to transfer the remaining quickly (Mulani Nikola, June 11, 2016 mention). This arrangement
enables Iran to expand and secure its market share of energy projects in India at the outlay of Saudi Arabia.
Moreover, it attracted a lot of investment needed to improve Chabahar and its framework.
For India, Iran has allowed the provision of facilities and land to Afghanistan, the nations of Central Asia, and
China in order to obtain the benefits of Chabahar. Iran constructed a 600-kilometer highway that links
Chabahar to Zahedan, 240 kilometers from Malik on the border between Afghanistan and Iran. In addition,
construction work is underway to connect Malik and India's Zaranj-Delaram highway in the Nimrods region
(Afghanistan). Iran also began construction of a railway connecting Chabahar and Zahedan, which will be
connected to the Iranian railway network, CIS countries, and Central Asia. Third, this arrangement is through
tariffs and duties imposed on goods passing through Chabahar; and the Iranian railways use roads and
pipelines connecting Chabahar to the nations of Central Asia and Afghanistan Sources of income from
4. 56 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
transportation and transit fees. Iran imposes high tariffs on imports from the Gulf and India, as well as exports
from the nations of Central Asia and Afghanistan. Fourth, Iran considers Sabahal as another option in the port
of Abbas located in the Arabian Gulf. Any restrictions on the Hormuz will disrupt Iran's transportation and
trade and render the port of Abbas useless. Chabahar is a deep-water port in Iran that can enter the Indian
Ocean. From a geopolitical perspective, Iran also views the Chabahar Agreement as the key to increasing
political impact in Afghanistan, Southwest, and Central Asia; to consolidate its situation in the Gulf region. The
expanded political, economic, investment and trade relations between India and Iran may promote strategic
cooperation and prepare for more foundational maritime cooperation in the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean
(Bearak, M. & Murphy, B. 2016 January 5 24).
7. ROLE OF PAKISTAN
Chabahar port, together with the India-Iran-Afghanistan trilateral relationship, will undoubtedly affect Pakistan
and Iran relations. It poses a direct economic challenge to Gwadar, located 70 kilometers east of Chabahar
port. Gwadar port is also a deep seaport, located on important sea lines and land roads that connect
Afghanistan and China to the Middle East and the Indian Ocean. Iran used Chabahar to challenge Pakistan,
preparing to connect to Afghanistan and Central Asia through railways, land routes and pipelines, thereby
increasing the possibility of expanding trade with these countries and obtaining large amounts of energy
assets. Similarly, the rapid entry into Chabahar freed Afghanistan from using Pakistan's Karachi and Gwadar
ports. As a result, Pakistan lost the source of revenue for customs clearance and customs fees charged for
using these ports. Politically, Iran has greater influence in Afghanistan and the Middle East, and Pakistan's
common goal is to confront India. Because of its dependence on the ports of Pakistan, Afghanistan needs to be
consistent with the Pakistani army's Afghan approach and strategy to some extent.
Chabahar's entry into Afghanistan means that Afghanistan can independently develop a strategy without
worrying about Pakistan. Similarly, Tehran believes that the Gwadar-Chabahar competition is a way of
cooperating with Saudi-Pakistan, and its ultimate goal is to reinforce Iran's influence in the Arabian region. Due
to India's presence on Chabahar's western border and the losing its dominance in Afghanistan, Pakistan was
unable to transport its natural assets from its eastern border, thus giving Iran the convenience of its operations
in the Middle East. Pakistan is worried about Indian existence in Chabahar area. The Pakistani military suspects
that India can use the port to monitor Pakistan and collect information about its maritime navigation in Oman
and the Arabian Sea. Prime Minister Modi's statement further supports this view: "We have decided to
strengthen cooperation between our security and defense organizations on local and maritime security"
(Hughes, Lindsay. April 26, 2016).
8. Gwadar, Chabahar, and the Global Powers
The geopolitical influence of Gwadar and Chabahar harbors is huge for the competition between Chinese
Americans and Indian Chinese in the Indian Ocean and Asia. Each of the three extraordinary forces
demonstrates the interests of Baluchistan's important ports and geopolitical regions. It gave impetus to the
development of the Baluch nation and their independent activities. Baluchistan lost his freedom in the 19th-
century Anglo-Russian competition, and historians called it a "great game." Baluchistan had a supremacy
during British rule and became a base to avoid Russians marching towards India and the waters of the Arabian
Gulf and Indian Ocean. Baluchistan's independence is a new legacy of the "Great Power Game," marking the
good intentions of Baluchi for the British country, especially against Iran and Pakistan. At present, India, China,
and the United States are playing a new major power game in the Indian Ocean and Asia. The characteristics of
the new game are the same as before: fighting for resources, projecting power, pursuing benefits, and
expanding the scope of influence. In such a scenario, the important ports of Chabahar and Gwadar are
becoming the main center of the game for similar reasons to the attention of the new great powers in the 19th
century: its Geostrategic significance. It stated that the Baluchistan province stands out among the most
critical regions on the planet.
5. 57 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
9. Role of India
India's plan in Chabahar is to catch up with its rival China, maintain its energy supply, bypass its opponent, and
expand its influence in the nations of Central Asia and Afghanistan. Symbolically, this step is a testament to
India's role as an important participant and successor to Britain on the subcontinent. Chabahar will intend to
give India the power to challenge China's power in Gwadar. The CPEC is a $ 46 billion mission that connects
western province of China through pipelines, roads, and railways to Gwadar, allowing Beijing to enter the
Indian Ocean directly. India believes that the development of Chinese bases and spies in the port of Gwadar
poses a danger to the Indian Navy in the Hormuz, Oman, and the Arabian Sea. In addition, China and Pakistan
also regard CPEC as a key move against India in West Asia. Chabahar's entry is India's policy to stop China's
movements in West Asia, the Hormuz, and the Arabian Sea. Moreover, entering Chabahar into Afghanistan has
strengthened the cooperation between Afghanistan and India against Pakistan, and has allowed India to enter
Central Asia.
Similarly, India's goal is to turn Chabahar into an important economic, industrial, and trade hub in the Middle
East, and to enter markets in Central Asia and Afghanistan. The Chabahar port will let India guarantee energy
transportation from the nations of Central Asia, the Middle East, and Iran, and develop India's commercial and
trade market share. India is the second-largest country in oil imports from Iran, second only to China.
Chabahar is committed to establishing the energy relationship between India and Iran and allowing India to
obtain energy assets in the nations of Central Asia through Afghanistan. As Asia's third-fastest and largest
growing economy, energy security is crucial in India's plan to move into Chabahar and connect its ports to
Central Asia via pipelines. Chabahar's entry provides new impetus for energy and technology of India to the
nations of Central Asia and to respond to fast-growing China in the region, and makes the Turkmenistan-
Afghanistan-Pakistan-India pipeline from Iran and Oman to Major natural gas pipeline options in the Indian
Ocean. The foreign ministers of these three countries reviewed this plan for the first time in February 2014,
but did not proceed because of sanctions imposed on Iran by the West and America. With the lifting of
sanctions, this plan proved reasonable, especially for India. Because India has serious doubts about the
security issues through Pakistan in the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India pipeline.
In this way, India will expedite its plan to connect to Chabahar's Central Asia region by pipeline, which can be
connected to the Oman-Iran-India submarine pipeline. In view of this, the President of Turkmenistan Berdi
Mohamedov and the Prime Minister of India Modi held a meeting in mid-July 2015 to agree on seven
arrangements for natural gas, petrochemicals and national defense. The future direction of international
development shows that Turkmenistan backings India's accession to the Ashgabat deals on transit and trade
issues, including Iran, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Oman, and Kazakhstan, to build this pipeline (Hughes,
Lindsay, 2016 April 26).
10. Role of China
The competition between Chabahar and Gwadar is actually a competition between India and China for Asian
hegemony. Therefore, competition in the Indian Ocean, Central Asia, and Afghanistan; China-Pakistan
partnership and Pakistan support; India-China border conflict; and demand for natural assets make the
strategic significance of these two ports particularly important. China's plan is to develop Gwadar into an
important deep-sea port with an aircraft terminal and commercial, industrial, and maritime facilities. This plan
has lasted for more than a decade. The next stage to link the port to western areas of China through pipelines,
railways and highway systems, which was planned in the CPEC with a scale of 46 billion US dollars, although it
did not make an authoritative response. China believes that the port of Chabahar Agreement is a direct
encounter to CPEC and China's offshore investment in the Gwadar port. Gwadar is a key benefit of China's
huge investment in CPEC. It will provide China with an important foothold in the Indian Ocean and successfully
make China a country under control of the two seas.
6. 58 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
Once the plan is completed, it will be used for military and civilian installations, including sea bases for Chinese
submarines and warships. In addition, it will serve as an observation point to inspect Indian and US naval
operations in the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea. Considering the difference between it and the Hormuz,
Gwadar can support Chinese maritime forces to control the way to India or the United States. Soon, Gwadar's
further strengthen the opposition between Pakistan and China against India.
Gwadar's economic advantages over Pakistan and China are equally huge. Gwadar has developed into a unique
business center, especially the export of Chinese goods to Africa, the Middle East and Europe, as well as the
import of products and energy. Pakistan and China mostly import its oil from the Middle East, which is very
close to Gwadar. Gwadar Port is expected to become an important channel for transporting energy through
the pipeline in western areas of China, thereby guaranteeing energy security. China's activities and plans in
Gwadar panic the United States and India. A report released by the Indian Defense Research Institute in Delhi
worried about China's presence in the port of Gwadar. It said that Gwadar, so close to the Hormuz, would
authorize Pakistan to control the energy route. The statement states that Gwadar will enable China to inspect
the Indian and US naval movements in the Arabian Gulf and the Arabian Sea, and also any future naval
cooperation between the United States and India (Rakisits, Claude, 2015).
Just like Delhi's strategy in Chabahar port, China's plan in Gwadar port also faces the Baluch rebellion in
Pakistan's Baluchistan region. But China is aware of this, and the pipeline construction from Gwadar into China
and Central Asia must wait for the political stability of Pakistan and Afghanistan (Jaffrelot, Christophe. January
7, 2011).
11. Role of the United States
The United States shares India's concerns about China's presence and conduct of exercises on the port of
Gwadar and the dangers it may pose to the transportation lines of the Strait of Hormuz and the Arabian Sea.
Therefore, the United States regards Beijing's activities in Gwadar as a long-period risk. A political leader said:
"Actually, Gwadar is important: not today, but it will prove China's goals for the next few years (unclassified
cases by the US State Department)." The most important question for the United States is whether China can
The region gains strategy, potential and economic advantage. The observations of the United States reflect
that in a long period of time, China will become a superpower with a strong maritime advantage. The US also
encourages Chabahar to deal with some dissatisfaction with Delhi’s investment in Iran port. As the main
counterbalance against China, India is Asia's massive business sector and the most important country on the
ballot system in the world. It is regarded by the United States as a strategic partner against China in Asia.
Pakistan's cooperation with China and its instability in Afghanistan are another focus, which has pushed US
policy toward Delhi. In this particular case, the port of Chabahar is also useful to the United States because it
can balance China's $ 46 billion Gwadar Corridor and open up another exchange route for Afghanistan.
Afghanistan's financial and political strength is critical to the United States' importance.
Nisha Desai Biswal (Assistant Secretary of State) said in the US Senate: "In order for India to increase the
economic growth of Afghanistan, it needs a national border. India is expanding Contact and find the path or
way of this development "(Chowdari, Utara. May 26, 2016).
12. Opportunity for Iran and Pakistan (CPEC)
Overall, Iran and Pakistan's relationship have improved significantly. The two nations must resolve their
differences on Afghanistan. Pakistan helped Iran solve the problem with the Afghani Taliban, and both nations
have a common position on the Afghanistan issue. Pakistan's territorial position is driven by India, and Prime
Minister Narendra Modi expressed in some events arrangements for the isolation and siege of Pakistan on a
local and global scale. Recently, India's influence in Afghanistan has expanded beyond Iran (Uttara Chowdhury,
May 26, 2016).
A survey conducted in 2013 by the Pakistan Institute of Peace, Pakistan's religions, and political parties insisted
that the relationship between Pakistan and Iran should not be controlled by the United States but should be
based on the country of Pakistan's interest. The friendly relations between Iran and Pakistan not only promote
cooperation with Iran, however benefit economic, security, and religious harmony. The International
7. 59 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
Monetary Fund (IMF) report in 2013 stated that although Pakistan is Iran's 11th largest business partner, the
potential for business between the two nations may be low, despite its geographic location and the foundation
that the Economic Cooperation Organization can provide (ECO) framework. Much of the business between the
two nations is done by third-country channels, and other illegal economic transactions. This is mainly due to
the mandatory sanctions imposed by the West countries on Iran and the fear of sanctions on transactions with
Iran.
Most importantly, both Iran and Pakistan view China as a confrontation against American hegemony. Iran's
consideration in CPEC will help Pakistan. After the current sanctions are lifted, Iran re-enters global
development, which is good for Pakistan. Economic and trade dealers from whole world rushed to Iran to
encourage cooperation. Experts expect Iran's luck to improve, and the dynamics of the market of oil will
change.
Iran's revival is a good thing for Pakistan, particularly regarding the long-neglected gas pipeline plan. Before
sanctions were imposed on Iran globally, the business volume between the two countries was $ 1.6 billion per
year. After the sanctions, Pakistan and Iran's bilateral business decreased to 300 million US dollars. Since the
Western countries lifted sanctions on Iran due to atomic energy arrangements in 2015, Pakistan-Iran
interaction has gradually increased. That being said, the energy and trade participation between Pakistan and
Iran can be expanded by restoring the Iran-Pakistan natural gas pipeline and can meet Pakistan's 25% energy
demand. The cost of the Iran-Pakistan natural gas pipeline is as high as the US $ 7.5 billion; in Pakistan, it is
about the US $ 1.25 billion. The plan will provide 750 mc ft of fuel per day, and Iranian natural gas may
generate 5000MW of electricity. The natural gas pipeline can become an important portion of the CPEC plan;
analyst Michael Kugelman said that Gwadar is good for Iran because China will provide a fund to the Pakistan
side of the pipeline. In addition, China's large investment in Pakistan may just be a sign of the expansion of
China's infrastructure investment.
13. Conclusion
The Soviet-Afghan war and Iran's Islamic turmoil put Pakistan and Iran in different religious ideologies and
territorial positions. Since 2001, the both nations have worked out ways to keep usual mutual relations,
despite the deteriorating situation. For example, unsafe borders and comparative relations with the United
States, Afghanistan, India, and Saudi Arabia. After showing its major tendency to Saudi Arabia and its position
in the Syrian clash, the current Pakistani administration is working to adjust its relations with Saudi Arabia and
Iran. In addition to the Saudi issue, global sanctions against Iran continue to put pressure on the trade and
economic exchanges between the two countries. Iran believes that the Saudi Arabia and America are obstacles
to the completion of Iran and Pakistan gas pipeline project. Similarly, Iran is also concerned about Iranian
personnel working in Baluchistan, Pakistan.
As China occupies a greater interest in CPEC and is promoted from its economic and friendly relations with
Iran, it is not surprising that Iran supports CPEC. Chabahar's India-Iran plan is seen as a winning step for
Afghanistan, Iran, and India. However, its completion faces many difficulties. The main obstacle is the militant
forces in Baluchistan, Iran. The second test is the uncertainty of Afghanistan, the partner of the Chabahar
agreement. The port of Chabahar could free Afghanistan from its dependence on Karachi, and Gwadar's
Taliban threatened the government to disrupt the plan. Third, if Iran violates its commitments under the
atomic energy agreement signed a year ago, Western countries and the United States are likely to tighten
sanctions. This situation will change India's contribution to the venture. Fourth, the growing tension between
Saudi Arabia and Iran, and any Arab-Iranian clash in the Arabian Gulf will undoubtedly have a negative impact
on the project.
8. 60 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
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INFO:-
Corresponding Author: Sahibzada Muhammad Usman, Ph.D. in Geopolitics, University of Pisa, Italy.
How to cite this article: Sahibzada Muhammad Usman, Iran-Pakistan Relation: Impact on CPEC, Asian.
Jour. Social. Scie. Mgmt. Tech. 2(3): 53-60, 2020.