This document provides an overview of investing in equities/stocks. It discusses important considerations for investors such as understanding risks, costs, and various ways to become a shareholder through initial public offerings, rights issues, or trading on the secondary market. The document also outlines how to open a brokerage account, place trades, and get information as a shareholder. Key steps include researching brokers and understanding fees before buying or selling stocks.
The document provides information about the secondary market. It defines the secondary market as any marketplace where the exchange of securities occurs, including stock, bond, derivatives, and other markets. It then discusses some key features of secondary markets such as providing liquidity, price discovery, and access to capital for companies. Finally, it outlines some advantages like liquidity and diversification opportunities, and disadvantages like volatility and transaction costs associated with secondary markets.
The document discusses online trading of shares and securities. It defines online trading as allowing investors to place orders over the internet through a trading platform offered by a broker. The document outlines the advantages of online trading like paperless transactions and availability of records, and disadvantages like potential system failures and hidden broker fees. It also defines different types of orders like limit orders, market orders, and stop loss orders. Overall, the document provides an introduction to online share trading in India, including the history and major players.
Investment management chapter 6 investing in stocks and bondsHeng Leangpheng
This document provides an overview of investing in stocks and bonds. It discusses common stock and the rights of stockholders, how the stock market works, different types of stocks, and how stock performance is measured. It also outlines the basics of bonds including the advantages of bonds, bond terminology, types of bonds, and factors that influence bond prices. Additionally, it briefly touches on preferred stock. The document is intended to educate readers on fundamental concepts relating to investing in equities and fixed income securities.
This report provides an analysis Merit and the demerits of investing in the Colombo Stock Market (CSE), including the process to follow for share trading and monitoring. And evaluation of the current and prospective Profitability, liquidity and financial stability of business sectors.
This document provides an overview of the basics of investing in the stock market. It discusses why investment is needed, when to start investing, and where to invest. The key points are:
1. Investment allows individuals to earn returns from idle savings and prepare for future goals and uncertainties. The sooner one starts investing, the longer investments have to grow.
2. Individuals can invest in physical assets like real estate or financial assets such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, etc. Short-term options include savings accounts while long-term options include mutual funds and bonds.
3. The stock market provides a secondary market for trading shares of publicly listed companies. It allows individuals to invest with minimal funds and time
The document provides an overview of basics of investing in the stock market. It discusses why investment is needed, benefits of starting early and allowing more time for investments to grow. Some key investment options mentioned are physical assets like real estate and financial assets such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds traded in the securities market. Both short term options like savings accounts and long term options like PPF are outlined. The document also explains primary and secondary stock markets, why companies issue shares to the public, important terms like bull/bear markets and types of investors that participate in the stock market.
Among all top 10 stock advisory company Indore Trade Nivesh is the best financial platform to get daily intraday stock market recommendations and market calls
The document provides information about the secondary market. It defines the secondary market as any marketplace where the exchange of securities occurs, including stock, bond, derivatives, and other markets. It then discusses some key features of secondary markets such as providing liquidity, price discovery, and access to capital for companies. Finally, it outlines some advantages like liquidity and diversification opportunities, and disadvantages like volatility and transaction costs associated with secondary markets.
The document discusses online trading of shares and securities. It defines online trading as allowing investors to place orders over the internet through a trading platform offered by a broker. The document outlines the advantages of online trading like paperless transactions and availability of records, and disadvantages like potential system failures and hidden broker fees. It also defines different types of orders like limit orders, market orders, and stop loss orders. Overall, the document provides an introduction to online share trading in India, including the history and major players.
Investment management chapter 6 investing in stocks and bondsHeng Leangpheng
This document provides an overview of investing in stocks and bonds. It discusses common stock and the rights of stockholders, how the stock market works, different types of stocks, and how stock performance is measured. It also outlines the basics of bonds including the advantages of bonds, bond terminology, types of bonds, and factors that influence bond prices. Additionally, it briefly touches on preferred stock. The document is intended to educate readers on fundamental concepts relating to investing in equities and fixed income securities.
This report provides an analysis Merit and the demerits of investing in the Colombo Stock Market (CSE), including the process to follow for share trading and monitoring. And evaluation of the current and prospective Profitability, liquidity and financial stability of business sectors.
This document provides an overview of the basics of investing in the stock market. It discusses why investment is needed, when to start investing, and where to invest. The key points are:
1. Investment allows individuals to earn returns from idle savings and prepare for future goals and uncertainties. The sooner one starts investing, the longer investments have to grow.
2. Individuals can invest in physical assets like real estate or financial assets such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, etc. Short-term options include savings accounts while long-term options include mutual funds and bonds.
3. The stock market provides a secondary market for trading shares of publicly listed companies. It allows individuals to invest with minimal funds and time
The document provides an overview of basics of investing in the stock market. It discusses why investment is needed, benefits of starting early and allowing more time for investments to grow. Some key investment options mentioned are physical assets like real estate and financial assets such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds traded in the securities market. Both short term options like savings accounts and long term options like PPF are outlined. The document also explains primary and secondary stock markets, why companies issue shares to the public, important terms like bull/bear markets and types of investors that participate in the stock market.
Among all top 10 stock advisory company Indore Trade Nivesh is the best financial platform to get daily intraday stock market recommendations and market calls
The document provides an overview of basics of investing in the stock market. It discusses why investment is needed, benefits of starting early and allowing more time for investments to grow. Some key investment options mentioned are physical assets like real estate and financial assets such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds traded in the securities market. Both short term options like savings accounts and long term options like PPF are outlined. The document also introduces important concepts like primary and secondary markets, equity investment and types of investors before defining some common stock market jargon.
The document provides an overview of financial markets and their key functions. It discusses how financial markets channel funds from those with surplus capital to those with a shortage, through the borrowing and lending of funds. The main types of financial markets are money markets, which deal in short-term debt, and capital markets, which deal in long-term debt and equity shares. Capital markets include the buying and selling of stocks, bonds, and other securities. Financial markets play an important role in price determination, risk sharing, and improving market efficiency.
Michael Malcolm Walker Says, "Information about the benefits and responsibilities of the investors brings glassiness in the fund management system".
For More Information: https://issuu.com/michael-malcolm-walker
The document discusses various types of investment scams and strategies to avoid them. It outlines common scams like pyramid schemes, Ponzi schemes, pump and dump schemes, and advance fee fraud. It provides tips for investors such as understanding the investment, asking questions, doing due diligence, knowing who you are dealing with, how they get paid, monitoring your investments, and understanding your own investment profile and risk tolerance. The document emphasizes being wary of guarantees, consistent high returns, missing documentation, pushy salespeople, and lack of understanding of the investment. It stresses the importance of doing research and only investing in regulated individuals and companies that investors understand.
This document provides an overview of investing in the stock market. It discusses the basics of investing, including why people invest to earn returns and save for the future. It recommends investing early and regularly for the long term. The document describes different investment options like physical and financial assets, as well as short and long term options. It also discusses the primary and secondary stock markets, how companies issue shares, and the difference between the two markets. The document provides explanations of common stock market terms and types of investors.
This document provides an overview of investing in the stock market. It discusses the basics of investing, including why people invest to earn returns and save for the future. It recommends investing early and regularly for the long term. The document describes different investment options like physical and financial assets, as well as short and long term options. It also discusses the primary and secondary stock markets, how companies issue shares, and the difference between the two markets. The document provides explanations of common stock market terms and types of investors.
The document discusses the roles of merchant banks and underwriters in India. It begins by providing a brief history of merchant banking, noting it started in Italy and later spread to other European countries and the US. It then outlines some of the key functions of merchant banks, such as providing commercial banking services, long-term loans, and underwriting stocks. Next, it discusses the underwriting process, including different types of underwriting agreements and regulations around underwriting in India. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of underwriters and merchant banks in facilitating capital raising and protecting investor interests.
Eagles Ford is a stock brokerage firm based in Udaipur, India that was established in 2018. It offers various trading and investment services through different account types. The Classic Royal Account has brokerage fees ranging from 0.01-0.5% and account opening charges of Rs. 500, while the Eagle Trade Account has brokerage of 0.02% and opening charges of Rs. 700. Eagles Ford leverages both online and offline channels to reach customers. While it has a strong process for order execution and research capabilities, online listings have increased competition from individual home sellers and part-time agents.
Shelf Registration is a type of public offering, where the security issuing company has to register itself only once for its multiple offerings over a period of time.
To know more about it, click on the link given below:
https://efinancemanagement.com/sources-of-finance/shelf-registration-meaning-advantages-criticisms-types-and-more
Initial Public Offering (IPO) allows a privately held company to issue common shares to the public for the first time. An IPO provides the company access to public market funding, an enhanced public profile, and allows founders to reduce ownership. However, IPOs also require increased reporting, costs and short-term management focus. The document then discusses the underwriting process for conducting an IPO, including hiring an investment bank, filing with the SEC, determining the offering price through book building or other methods, and the role of intermediaries such as lead managers, registrars and underwriters.
The document discusses various topics related to mergers and acquisitions (M&A), public offerings, and financial services. It defines key terms like greenshoe option, private placement, bought deals, e-IPO, and offshore issues. It also outlines the steps involved in M&A deals and describes different types of takeovers. The benefits of M&A are listed as synergies, growth, profitability, diversification, tax benefits, efficient cash use, and more.
A share represents partial ownership in a company. When a company issues new shares and sells them to investors to raise capital, this occurs in the primary market. Investors can then buy and sell existing shares in the secondary market. The document discusses what a share is, shareholder rights and benefits, factors to consider when choosing shares to buy, and the functions of the primary and secondary markets.
This document contains information about Dr. K. Karthikeyan, an Associate Professor of Commerce and Dean/Controller of Examinations at Vivekananda College. It includes sections on types of securities traded in the stock market like equity shares, bonds, mutual funds etc. It discusses stock exchanges in India, their role in the economy, types of memberships, and trading strategies like arbitrage, day trading etc. The document is an educational guide on the Indian stock market.
The document discusses the primary and secondary stock markets. The primary market is where companies issue new stock to raise funds through processes like initial public offerings (IPOs). The secondary market is where previously-issued stocks are traded on exchanges like the BSE and NSE. The document outlines the steps companies take for an IPO, including appointing an investment bank, filing with regulatory agencies, setting a price band for public subscription, and listing on an exchange. It also describes how individuals can apply for shares during an IPO's subscription window by using a demat account and applying through online or offline means.
PPT-1 Introduction to Securities Markets.pptxanuj962198
This document provides an overview of the Indian securities market and the role of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). It discusses the structure of the Indian securities market including key participants like stock exchanges, brokers, clearing corporations, and depositories. The presentation covers topics like the primary and secondary markets, opening trading and demat accounts, conducting due diligence before investing, rights of shareholders, and mutual funds. It also provides guidance on dos and don'ts of investing, the investor grievance redressal system SCORES, and important SEBI contact information.
A stockbroker is a regulated professional who buys and sells stocks and other securities on behalf of clients. They charge fees on each share traded rather than a percentage of investment value. Fees are often tiered based on number of shares traded, with discounts for larger trades. There are different types of stockbrokers like discount brokers and floor brokers. Registering with stock exchanges offers structure and protects investors. Overall, stockbrokers play an important role in helping investors navigate markets and build balanced portfolios.
The document provides tips for preventing fraud and scams related to self-directed investments in individual retirement accounts (IRAs). It outlines several red flags for fraudulent investments including guaranteed returns, high pressure sales tactics, missing documentation, and complex investment strategies that are hard to understand. The document encourages investors to perform due diligence by understanding investment goals and risks, checking with regulators and professional advisors, and asking questions about products, fees, and the backgrounds of those selling investments. Common fraud schemes are described such as Ponzi schemes, pyramid schemes, and prime bank note fraud. Resources for finding help with potential fraud are also listed.
Investment involves committing money now to gain a return in the future. This chapter discusses the meaning of investment, types of investors, reasons for investing like income and appreciation, and investment goals such as saving for retirement. It also outlines the steps to investing including establishing goals and selecting suitable investments. Further, it compares investment, speculation, and gambling and defines the investment environment and financial markets. Investment vehicles include stocks, bonds, and funds, while investment companies pool money to provide benefits like diversification.
The document provides information on prudent investing in the stock market. It discusses the basics of opening trading, demat and bank accounts. It explains the role of NSDL as a depository and the growth in assets held by NSDL over time. It also discusses key points about money laundering prevention and provides tips for investors. The document then covers the basics of stock selection, including fundamental analysis using financial ratios and charts, and technical analysis using price and volume charts. It emphasizes the importance of evaluating companies as businesses and investing for the long term.
The document introduces the Baldrige Framework, which provides a systematic approach for organizations to improve performance and achieve excellence. It outlines the seven categories that make up the criteria for the framework: leadership; strategic planning; customer focus; measurement, analysis and knowledge management; workforce; operations; and results. The categories are interconnected and form a closed feedback loop to help organizations align goals, measure progress, and continually improve. The framework can be used for self-assessment or to apply for the National Baldrige Award for Performance Excellence.
The document discusses the growth and evolution of India's stock market since the 1980s. The process of liberalization and deregulation that began in the late 1980s directly impacted the development of India's capital markets. The number of listed companies in India has grown substantially over this period, with India now having the highest number of listed companies in the world, over 10,000 as of the date of the document. The document then provides an overview of key concepts related to stock markets, including shares, stock exchanges, brokers, demat accounts, and how to invest in and track share investments.
The document provides an overview of basics of investing in the stock market. It discusses why investment is needed, benefits of starting early and allowing more time for investments to grow. Some key investment options mentioned are physical assets like real estate and financial assets such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds traded in the securities market. Both short term options like savings accounts and long term options like PPF are outlined. The document also introduces important concepts like primary and secondary markets, equity investment and types of investors before defining some common stock market jargon.
The document provides an overview of financial markets and their key functions. It discusses how financial markets channel funds from those with surplus capital to those with a shortage, through the borrowing and lending of funds. The main types of financial markets are money markets, which deal in short-term debt, and capital markets, which deal in long-term debt and equity shares. Capital markets include the buying and selling of stocks, bonds, and other securities. Financial markets play an important role in price determination, risk sharing, and improving market efficiency.
Michael Malcolm Walker Says, "Information about the benefits and responsibilities of the investors brings glassiness in the fund management system".
For More Information: https://issuu.com/michael-malcolm-walker
The document discusses various types of investment scams and strategies to avoid them. It outlines common scams like pyramid schemes, Ponzi schemes, pump and dump schemes, and advance fee fraud. It provides tips for investors such as understanding the investment, asking questions, doing due diligence, knowing who you are dealing with, how they get paid, monitoring your investments, and understanding your own investment profile and risk tolerance. The document emphasizes being wary of guarantees, consistent high returns, missing documentation, pushy salespeople, and lack of understanding of the investment. It stresses the importance of doing research and only investing in regulated individuals and companies that investors understand.
This document provides an overview of investing in the stock market. It discusses the basics of investing, including why people invest to earn returns and save for the future. It recommends investing early and regularly for the long term. The document describes different investment options like physical and financial assets, as well as short and long term options. It also discusses the primary and secondary stock markets, how companies issue shares, and the difference between the two markets. The document provides explanations of common stock market terms and types of investors.
This document provides an overview of investing in the stock market. It discusses the basics of investing, including why people invest to earn returns and save for the future. It recommends investing early and regularly for the long term. The document describes different investment options like physical and financial assets, as well as short and long term options. It also discusses the primary and secondary stock markets, how companies issue shares, and the difference between the two markets. The document provides explanations of common stock market terms and types of investors.
The document discusses the roles of merchant banks and underwriters in India. It begins by providing a brief history of merchant banking, noting it started in Italy and later spread to other European countries and the US. It then outlines some of the key functions of merchant banks, such as providing commercial banking services, long-term loans, and underwriting stocks. Next, it discusses the underwriting process, including different types of underwriting agreements and regulations around underwriting in India. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of underwriters and merchant banks in facilitating capital raising and protecting investor interests.
Eagles Ford is a stock brokerage firm based in Udaipur, India that was established in 2018. It offers various trading and investment services through different account types. The Classic Royal Account has brokerage fees ranging from 0.01-0.5% and account opening charges of Rs. 500, while the Eagle Trade Account has brokerage of 0.02% and opening charges of Rs. 700. Eagles Ford leverages both online and offline channels to reach customers. While it has a strong process for order execution and research capabilities, online listings have increased competition from individual home sellers and part-time agents.
Shelf Registration is a type of public offering, where the security issuing company has to register itself only once for its multiple offerings over a period of time.
To know more about it, click on the link given below:
https://efinancemanagement.com/sources-of-finance/shelf-registration-meaning-advantages-criticisms-types-and-more
Initial Public Offering (IPO) allows a privately held company to issue common shares to the public for the first time. An IPO provides the company access to public market funding, an enhanced public profile, and allows founders to reduce ownership. However, IPOs also require increased reporting, costs and short-term management focus. The document then discusses the underwriting process for conducting an IPO, including hiring an investment bank, filing with the SEC, determining the offering price through book building or other methods, and the role of intermediaries such as lead managers, registrars and underwriters.
The document discusses various topics related to mergers and acquisitions (M&A), public offerings, and financial services. It defines key terms like greenshoe option, private placement, bought deals, e-IPO, and offshore issues. It also outlines the steps involved in M&A deals and describes different types of takeovers. The benefits of M&A are listed as synergies, growth, profitability, diversification, tax benefits, efficient cash use, and more.
A share represents partial ownership in a company. When a company issues new shares and sells them to investors to raise capital, this occurs in the primary market. Investors can then buy and sell existing shares in the secondary market. The document discusses what a share is, shareholder rights and benefits, factors to consider when choosing shares to buy, and the functions of the primary and secondary markets.
This document contains information about Dr. K. Karthikeyan, an Associate Professor of Commerce and Dean/Controller of Examinations at Vivekananda College. It includes sections on types of securities traded in the stock market like equity shares, bonds, mutual funds etc. It discusses stock exchanges in India, their role in the economy, types of memberships, and trading strategies like arbitrage, day trading etc. The document is an educational guide on the Indian stock market.
The document discusses the primary and secondary stock markets. The primary market is where companies issue new stock to raise funds through processes like initial public offerings (IPOs). The secondary market is where previously-issued stocks are traded on exchanges like the BSE and NSE. The document outlines the steps companies take for an IPO, including appointing an investment bank, filing with regulatory agencies, setting a price band for public subscription, and listing on an exchange. It also describes how individuals can apply for shares during an IPO's subscription window by using a demat account and applying through online or offline means.
PPT-1 Introduction to Securities Markets.pptxanuj962198
This document provides an overview of the Indian securities market and the role of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). It discusses the structure of the Indian securities market including key participants like stock exchanges, brokers, clearing corporations, and depositories. The presentation covers topics like the primary and secondary markets, opening trading and demat accounts, conducting due diligence before investing, rights of shareholders, and mutual funds. It also provides guidance on dos and don'ts of investing, the investor grievance redressal system SCORES, and important SEBI contact information.
A stockbroker is a regulated professional who buys and sells stocks and other securities on behalf of clients. They charge fees on each share traded rather than a percentage of investment value. Fees are often tiered based on number of shares traded, with discounts for larger trades. There are different types of stockbrokers like discount brokers and floor brokers. Registering with stock exchanges offers structure and protects investors. Overall, stockbrokers play an important role in helping investors navigate markets and build balanced portfolios.
The document provides tips for preventing fraud and scams related to self-directed investments in individual retirement accounts (IRAs). It outlines several red flags for fraudulent investments including guaranteed returns, high pressure sales tactics, missing documentation, and complex investment strategies that are hard to understand. The document encourages investors to perform due diligence by understanding investment goals and risks, checking with regulators and professional advisors, and asking questions about products, fees, and the backgrounds of those selling investments. Common fraud schemes are described such as Ponzi schemes, pyramid schemes, and prime bank note fraud. Resources for finding help with potential fraud are also listed.
Investment involves committing money now to gain a return in the future. This chapter discusses the meaning of investment, types of investors, reasons for investing like income and appreciation, and investment goals such as saving for retirement. It also outlines the steps to investing including establishing goals and selecting suitable investments. Further, it compares investment, speculation, and gambling and defines the investment environment and financial markets. Investment vehicles include stocks, bonds, and funds, while investment companies pool money to provide benefits like diversification.
The document provides information on prudent investing in the stock market. It discusses the basics of opening trading, demat and bank accounts. It explains the role of NSDL as a depository and the growth in assets held by NSDL over time. It also discusses key points about money laundering prevention and provides tips for investors. The document then covers the basics of stock selection, including fundamental analysis using financial ratios and charts, and technical analysis using price and volume charts. It emphasizes the importance of evaluating companies as businesses and investing for the long term.
The document introduces the Baldrige Framework, which provides a systematic approach for organizations to improve performance and achieve excellence. It outlines the seven categories that make up the criteria for the framework: leadership; strategic planning; customer focus; measurement, analysis and knowledge management; workforce; operations; and results. The categories are interconnected and form a closed feedback loop to help organizations align goals, measure progress, and continually improve. The framework can be used for self-assessment or to apply for the National Baldrige Award for Performance Excellence.
The document discusses the growth and evolution of India's stock market since the 1980s. The process of liberalization and deregulation that began in the late 1980s directly impacted the development of India's capital markets. The number of listed companies in India has grown substantially over this period, with India now having the highest number of listed companies in the world, over 10,000 as of the date of the document. The document then provides an overview of key concepts related to stock markets, including shares, stock exchanges, brokers, demat accounts, and how to invest in and track share investments.
This document outlines the memorandum and articles of association for Pakistan Stock Exchange Limited. Key points include:
- The company was corporatized and demutualized pursuant to the Stock Exchanges (Corporatization, Demutualization and Integration) Act of 2012.
- The main objectives of the company are to operate as a stock exchange and regulate trading of various financial securities, and to develop and modernize facilities for trading, clearing and settlement of securities.
- The company has the power to make rules and regulations governing its operations and members, admit members, and charge fees for use of its facilities and services.
The liberalization and deregulation policies that began in the late 1980s directly impacted the development of India's capital markets. The number of listed companies in India grew substantially during this period, making it home to the highest number of listed companies in the world. An overview of the stock market discusses key terms like shares, stock exchanges, brokers, demat accounts, and how to buy and sell shares, track investments and make investment decisions. Stock exchanges help facilitate trading, provide liquidity and help in price discovery of securities.
This document outlines the memorandum and articles of association for Pakistan Stock Exchange Limited. It describes the company as limited by shares and corporatized/demutualized under the Stock Exchanges Act of 2012. The key objectives of the exchange are to regulate securities trading, maintain orderly markets, protect investors, and facilitate capital raising. It has powers to make rules for members, listings, trading, and dispute resolution. The exchange aims to develop the capital markets and promote transparency, integrity and professional standards.
This document outlines the memorandum and articles of association for Pakistan Stock Exchange Limited. It describes the company as limited by shares and corporatized/demutualized under the Stock Exchanges Act of 2012. The key points are:
- The company's name and registered office location.
- The company's main objectives are to operate as a stock exchange, regulate securities trading, and facilitate a fair and transparent market.
- Numerous ancillary objectives that support the main goals, such as making rules/regulations, resolving disputes, investing funds, and promoting professional standards.
The document provides information about the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX), which was formed in 2016 through the merger of the Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad stock exchanges. It details the history and background of each exchange. The PSX is now owned 40% by a Chinese consortium and 60% by the public. The document also discusses the roles of brokers, how securities are traded, initial public offerings (IPOs), and key terms related to the stock exchange.
This document outlines the memorandum and articles of association for Pakistan Stock Exchange Limited. Key points include:
- The company was corporatized and demutualized pursuant to the Stock Exchanges (Corporatization, Demutualization and Integration) Act of 2012.
- The main objectives of the company are to operate as a stock exchange and regulate trading of various financial securities, and to develop and modernize facilities for trading, clearing and settlement of securities.
- The company has the power to make rules and regulations governing its operations and members, admit members, and charge fees for use of its facilities and services.
- Lahore Stock Exchange (LSE) is Pakistan's second oldest stock exchange, established in 1971 in Lahore. It has expanded significantly over time and is now the only domestic exchange with multiple trading floors.
- LSE's vision is to become a prominent multi-product trading place, respected corporate entity, and valued contributor to Pakistan's economy. Its mission is to deliver sustainable value and best satisfaction to all stakeholders.
- Key milestones in LSE's history include its establishment in 1970 and commencement of trading in 1971. It has grown operations over the decades and now trades various products on automated, electronic platforms.
This document is the Memorandum and Articles of Association for Pakistan Stock Exchange Limited (PSX). Some key points:
- PSX was corporatized and demutualized pursuant to the Stock Exchanges (Corporatization, Demutualization and Integration) Act of 2012.
- The main objects of PSX are to operate as a stock exchange and regulate trading of various financial securities. This includes admitting securities for trading, facilitating trading both electronically and physically, and maintaining fair and transparent markets.
- Ancillary objects allow PSX to make rules for members, levy fees, resolve disputes, invest funds, promote the exchange and capital markets, provide training, and generally support its operations
Principles of Managerial Finance (Lawrence G. Gitman, 13th ED.)-sAyYiEd.pdfSonamGulzar
Here are the step-by-step workings to solve this problem:
1) Fran will make annual deposits of $1,000 at the end of each year for 5 years.
2) The interest rate is 7% per year, compounded annually.
3) To calculate the future value, we use the ordinary annuity future value formula:
FV = Deposit × [(1 + Interest Rate)n - 1] / Interest Rate
Where:
FV is the future value
Deposit is the annual deposit amount ($1,000)
Interest Rate is the annual interest rate (7% = 0.07)
n is the number of periods (5 years)
Plugging into the formula:
FV
This document outlines key concepts related to the time value of money, including calculating present and future values. It discusses compound and simple interest, as well as formulas and tables for determining future and present value based on the principal, interest rate, and time period. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating future value when deposits are made at the beginning or end of periods, as well as determining unknown interest rates or time periods given future and present values.
This document provides information about time value calculations including future value, present value, and annuities. It includes examples of future value, present value, and annuity calculations for different time periods and interest rates. The key points are:
- Future value and present value calculations allow you to determine the value of a lump sum amount over time or today based on the interest rate and time period.
- An annuity is a series of regular payments made over a period of time. Calculating the future or present value of an annuity considers the compounding effect of multiple periodic payments.
- An annuity due treats the first payment as being received at the beginning of the period rather than the end, resulting in a
Principles of Managerial Finance (Lawrence G. Gitman, 13th ED.)-sAyYiEd.pdfSonamGulzar
Here are the step-by-step workings to solve this problem:
1) Fran will make annual deposits of $1,000 at the end of each year for 5 years.
2) The interest rate is 7% annually, compounded annually.
3) To calculate the future value, we use the ordinary annuity future value formula:
FV = Deposit × [(1 + Interest Rate)n - 1] / Interest Rate
Where:
FV is the future value
Deposit is the annual deposit amount ($1,000)
Interest Rate is the annual interest rate (7%)
n is the number of periods (5 years)
Plugging into the formula:
FV = $1,000 × [(
1. The dividend of Denham Company, a textile manufacturer, is expected to remain constant at $3 per share indefinitely. Using the zero growth model, the value of Denham's preferred stock, if the required return is 15%, is $20 per share. Investors should invest.
2. The zero growth model values stocks based on a constant, perpetual dividend. For Denham Company, with a $3 dividend and 15% required return, the zero growth model values the stock at $20 per share.
3. Stock valuation models like the constant growth model and variable growth model allow dividends to grow at stable or changing rates over time. The variable growth model is used to value stocks when dividend
This document discusses common stock and preferred stock. It begins by explaining the key differences between debt and equity capital, noting that equity holders have subordinate claims on income and assets compared to creditors. It then describes the characteristics of common stock, including that common stockholders are the true owners of the company and have voting rights. Preferred stock has similarities to debt in that it has a stated dividend but no voting rights. The document also discusses how companies issue common stock, including through initial public offerings and venture capital financing.
This document provides an introduction to managerial finance by Prof. Dr. Salman Masood Sheikh. It outlines key concepts such as the role of the financial manager, forms of business organization like sole proprietorships, partnerships and corporations, and the goal of financial management which is maximizing shareholder wealth. It also discusses the agency problem that can arise between owners and managers due to conflicts of interest. The document provides an overview of the chapter topics to be covered.
The document provides a checklist for writing a report with 6 stages: 1) Planning, 2) Collecting Information, 3) Organization, 4) Writing, 5) Annexes and Appendices, and 6) Compilation. It outlines key points and actions required at each stage, such as understanding the purpose and audience, deciding on the structure and style, gathering relevant data, organizing the writing, and finalizing the report with references and formatting. The goal is to produce a well-structured, easy to understand report that meets the needs of the intended readers.
The document discusses bond valuation fundamentals. It defines key terms like principal, coupon rate, current yield, and yield-to-maturity. It explains how to calculate the price of a bond using the present value of future cash flows discounted at the required return. Specifically, it provides an example of valuing a 10-year, 10% coupon bond issued by Mills Company with a 12% required return, calculating a price of $887.02. It also defines current yield as the annual coupon interest divided by the current market price of the bond.
This document provides an investor awareness guide for trading stocks on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). It outlines important responsibilities and requirements for investors including knowing your broker and ensuring they are properly registered, filling out standardized account opening forms correctly, understanding how customer funds and securities are segregated, how to place trading orders, and important rights for investors like receiving trade confirmations and account statements. The guide aims to educate investors and ensure they take a prudent approach when trading stocks on the PSX.
End-to-end pipeline agility - Berlin Buzzwords 2024Lars Albertsson
We describe how we achieve high change agility in data engineering by eliminating the fear of breaking downstream data pipelines through end-to-end pipeline testing, and by using schema metaprogramming to safely eliminate boilerplate involved in changes that affect whole pipelines.
A quick poll on agility in changing pipelines from end to end indicated a huge span in capabilities. For the question "How long time does it take for all downstream pipelines to be adapted to an upstream change," the median response was 6 months, but some respondents could do it in less than a day. When quantitative data engineering differences between the best and worst are measured, the span is often 100x-1000x, sometimes even more.
A long time ago, we suffered at Spotify from fear of changing pipelines due to not knowing what the impact might be downstream. We made plans for a technical solution to test pipelines end-to-end to mitigate that fear, but the effort failed for cultural reasons. We eventually solved this challenge, but in a different context. In this presentation we will describe how we test full pipelines effectively by manipulating workflow orchestration, which enables us to make changes in pipelines without fear of breaking downstream.
Making schema changes that affect many jobs also involves a lot of toil and boilerplate. Using schema-on-read mitigates some of it, but has drawbacks since it makes it more difficult to detect errors early. We will describe how we have rejected this tradeoff by applying schema metaprogramming, eliminating boilerplate but keeping the protection of static typing, thereby further improving agility to quickly modify data pipelines without fear.
Learn SQL from basic queries to Advance queriesmanishkhaire30
Dive into the world of data analysis with our comprehensive guide on mastering SQL! This presentation offers a practical approach to learning SQL, focusing on real-world applications and hands-on practice. Whether you're a beginner or looking to sharpen your skills, this guide provides the tools you need to extract, analyze, and interpret data effectively.
Key Highlights:
Foundations of SQL: Understand the basics of SQL, including data retrieval, filtering, and aggregation.
Advanced Queries: Learn to craft complex queries to uncover deep insights from your data.
Data Trends and Patterns: Discover how to identify and interpret trends and patterns in your datasets.
Practical Examples: Follow step-by-step examples to apply SQL techniques in real-world scenarios.
Actionable Insights: Gain the skills to derive actionable insights that drive informed decision-making.
Join us on this journey to enhance your data analysis capabilities and unlock the full potential of SQL. Perfect for data enthusiasts, analysts, and anyone eager to harness the power of data!
#DataAnalysis #SQL #LearningSQL #DataInsights #DataScience #Analytics
STATATHON: Unleashing the Power of Statistics in a 48-Hour Knowledge Extravag...sameer shah
"Join us for STATATHON, a dynamic 2-day event dedicated to exploring statistical knowledge and its real-world applications. From theory to practice, participants engage in intensive learning sessions, workshops, and challenges, fostering a deeper understanding of statistical methodologies and their significance in various fields."
Global Situational Awareness of A.I. and where its headedvikram sood
You can see the future first in San Francisco.
Over the past year, the talk of the town has shifted from $10 billion compute clusters to $100 billion clusters to trillion-dollar clusters. Every six months another zero is added to the boardroom plans. Behind the scenes, there’s a fierce scramble to secure every power contract still available for the rest of the decade, every voltage transformer that can possibly be procured. American big business is gearing up to pour trillions of dollars into a long-unseen mobilization of American industrial might. By the end of the decade, American electricity production will have grown tens of percent; from the shale fields of Pennsylvania to the solar farms of Nevada, hundreds of millions of GPUs will hum.
The AGI race has begun. We are building machines that can think and reason. By 2025/26, these machines will outpace college graduates. By the end of the decade, they will be smarter than you or I; we will have superintelligence, in the true sense of the word. Along the way, national security forces not seen in half a century will be un-leashed, and before long, The Project will be on. If we’re lucky, we’ll be in an all-out race with the CCP; if we’re unlucky, an all-out war.
Everyone is now talking about AI, but few have the faintest glimmer of what is about to hit them. Nvidia analysts still think 2024 might be close to the peak. Mainstream pundits are stuck on the wilful blindness of “it’s just predicting the next word”. They see only hype and business-as-usual; at most they entertain another internet-scale technological change.
Before long, the world will wake up. But right now, there are perhaps a few hundred people, most of them in San Francisco and the AI labs, that have situational awareness. Through whatever peculiar forces of fate, I have found myself amongst them. A few years ago, these people were derided as crazy—but they trusted the trendlines, which allowed them to correctly predict the AI advances of the past few years. Whether these people are also right about the next few years remains to be seen. But these are very smart people—the smartest people I have ever met—and they are the ones building this technology. Perhaps they will be an odd footnote in history, or perhaps they will go down in history like Szilard and Oppenheimer and Teller. If they are seeing the future even close to correctly, we are in for a wild ride.
Let me tell you what we see.
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Dynamic policy enforcement is becoming an increasingly important topic in today’s world where data privacy and compliance is a top priority for companies, individuals, and regulators alike. In these slides, we discuss how LinkedIn implements a powerful dynamic policy enforcement engine, called ViewShift, and integrates it within its data lake. We show the query engine architecture and how catalog implementations can automatically route table resolutions to compliance-enforcing SQL views. Such views have a set of very interesting properties: (1) They are auto-generated from declarative data annotations. (2) They respect user-level consent and preferences (3) They are context-aware, encoding a different set of transformations for different use cases (4) They are portable; while the SQL logic is only implemented in one SQL dialect, it is accessible in all engines.
#SQL #Views #Privacy #Compliance #DataLake
The Building Blocks of QuestDB, a Time Series Databasejavier ramirez
Talk Delivered at Valencia Codes Meetup 2024-06.
Traditionally, databases have treated timestamps just as another data type. However, when performing real-time analytics, timestamps should be first class citizens and we need rich time semantics to get the most out of our data. We also need to deal with ever growing datasets while keeping performant, which is as fun as it sounds.
It is no wonder time-series databases are now more popular than ever before. Join me in this session to learn about the internal architecture and building blocks of QuestDB, an open source time-series database designed for speed. We will also review a history of some of the changes we have gone over the past two years to deal with late and unordered data, non-blocking writes, read-replicas, or faster batch ingestion.
Beyond the Basics of A/B Tests: Highly Innovative Experimentation Tactics You...Aggregage
This webinar will explore cutting-edge, less familiar but powerful experimentation methodologies which address well-known limitations of standard A/B Testing. Designed for data and product leaders, this session aims to inspire the embrace of innovative approaches and provide insights into the frontiers of experimentation!
2. Page # 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
INTRODUCTION
03
2. IMPORTANT THINGS TO KNOW
ABOUT EQUITIES
03
3.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
HOW TO TRADE?
Introducing Stockbrokers
The Mechanics of Share Dealing
Opening of Account
Buying /Selling Directly
05
05
05
05
05
4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
VARIOUS WAYS OF BECOMING
A SHAREHOLDER
Initial Public Offering
Further Issues
Trading Market
06
06
06
06
5.
5.1
5.2
5.3
IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS
FOR INVESTORS
How Much Money Can You Afford to
Invest?
How Do You Want to Invest?
Do You Need Advice or Do You Want
to Make Your Own Decisions?
07
07
07
07
6. CDS 08
7. COSTS 08
8. WHAT HAPPENS ONCE YOU
ARE A SHAREHOLDER
09
9. INVESTOR PROTECTION 09
10. GLOSSARY OF STOCK MARKET
TERMS
11
3. Page # 3
1. INTRODUCTION
Everyone today appreciates the need to save whether for a house, for
children’s education, a wedding, or for use after retirement. All these goals
can be realized through excellent financial planning. An intelligent plan
entails investing your money in an appropriate combination of assets with
potential to generate the income needed to achieve your goals. If you invest
wisely, you can maximize the earning on your investments.
There are many investment avenues available, but a wise investor does not
invest on impulse, a hot tip or follow the herd. An investor should
discriminate between information, casting away irrelevant and illogical
pieces of information, and checking for opportunities and facts before
making an intelligent choice of investments.
2. IMPORTANT THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT EQUITIES
• If you can afford to take some risk and have the ability to
endure the market’s ups and downs, equity investments may
grant you good returns.
• Do not invest any money with the stockbroker as a deposit at
fixed rate of return. Such a deposit has no legal standing and
the investor is exposed to risk of losing his money.
• You must know the rates of fees and commissions
charged by the broker/stock exchange as these affect your
costs, and hence your returns.
4. Page # 4
• The aim of investing in stocks and shares is to buy at low
and sell at high. Knowing when is however, the problem.
Many investors attempt to time the market: they try to
figure out when the market is going up and buy before it
does and then anticipate when it is going to crash and sell
before that. Usually you try to buy when the upswing has
begun and sell as the downswing starts. However, such
accuracy is extremely difficult to achieve.
• The stock market is driven by two emotions: greed and
fear. People are caught up in the boom fever and pay
beyond the worth of shares this is the greed that drives
bull markets. In bear markets, people get carried away
with the ruling pessimism and are eager to sell their
investments believing in the worst rumors this is the fear
that dominates bear markets.
• Be careful in selecting your broker. Ensure that he/she is
licensed by the SEC to trade and the stock broking firm
has a good track record. Give clear instructions to avoid
ambiguity, check trade confirmations received and keep a
proper record of all your transactions. All the registered
brokers are listed at the web site of SEC
www.secp.gov.pk
5. Page # 5
HOW TO TRADE?
Your first step is to contact a stockbroker or an investment adviser.
3.1 Introducing Stockbrokers:
Stockbrokers are your link to the stock market. Their job is to help you get
the best price available when you want to buy or sell your shares. Be careful
in selecting your broker.
3.2 The Mechanics of Share Dealing:
There are various ways of investing in the stock market: you can deal
directly in shares; invest through a unit trust or investment trust or let your
investment be handled by an advisor.
3.3 Opening of Account:
Once you have decided the broker with whom you intend to deal, you should
ensure that an account is opened in your name by filling the account opening
form. It is imperative that the terms and conditions prescribed in the account
opening form are read very carefully and well understood. It will be in your
interest if you give clear instructions as to who can operate the account. It is
preferred if the investor gives instructions that business can only be
transacted in the account on his instructions.
3.4 Buying/ Selling Directly:
When you have decided to buy/sell shares in a particular company, contact
your stockbroker. You can ask to buy/sell a fixed number of shares or shares
up to a certain value. Get the contract note confirming your order
immediately and check for the following information.
a) Name and number of securities;
b) Date on which the order is executed;
c) Nature of transaction (spot, ready or forward and also whether
bought or sold);
d) Price at which the transaction is executed; and
e) Commission charged by the broker;
6. Page # 6
There are two types of orders:
Limit Orders: In a limit order, the client specifies the price at which the
order is to be executed.
Market Order: Also known as at best order, the order is executed at the
prevailing market rate.
4. VARIOUS WAYS OF BECOMING A SHAREHOLDER:
Shares of the company are offered at the stock market at the following
stages.
4.1 Initial Public Offering (IPO):
When companies offer shares to the general public for the first time it is
known as a flotation or an Initial Public Offering (IPO). These shares can
be bought directly from the company without paying stockbroker’s
commission. You might see an advertisement in a newspaper from a
company issuing shares or your stockbroker might tell you about a
company making an IPO. Simply fill in the share subscription form and
deposit the form along with subscription cheque in a branch of the
designated bank(s).
4.2 Right Issues:
Right shares are issued when companies need to raise additional capital
to finance their new expansion projects or to meet working capital needs,
etc. In case of rights issues, the existing investors have the right to
subscribe to these new shares in proportion to their respective
shareholdings.
4.3 Trading Market:
The most common way of buying/selling in stock market is through
trading in the secondary market. Through a stockbroker you can buy
shares from existing investors who wish to sell them and vice versa.
7. Page # 7
5. IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS FOR INVESTORS
Before you invest in shares, you must consider a number of factors
5.1 How Much Money Can You Afford to Invest?
Investment in shares does not result in instant yields. Do not invest any
money which you may need immediately, since the price of shares can go up
and down, It is advisable to keep some money in a deposit account to meet
your financial obligations in the near future. In this way, you will not be
forced to sell shares even at low price, if cash is needed urgently.
5.2 How Do You Want to Invest?
There are various ways of participating in the stock market:
• You can invest directly by purchasing shares through a broker. You
may buy shares in one company or you may spread your risk by
investing in a number of different companies to give you a ‘portfolio’
or collection of shares.
• You can invest indirectly and through collective investment schemes
such as open-ended unit trusts and closed-ended mutual funds. This
would reduce your risk further.
5.3 Do You Need Advice or Do You Want to Make Your Own
Decisions?
Investors can choose to make their own share dealing decisions or
take advice from a professional. Buying and selling shares and
tracking their performance can be time consuming but it is rewarding
for those who have the time to manage their own investments. Some
investors deal with stockbrokers directly while others prefer to use the
services of professional managers who have discretionary powers to
manage the investment portfolio.
8. Page # 8
6. CDS
Electronic book-entry transfer of securities i.e. CDS has been set up to
eliminate physical transfer of securities. This new book-entry system is in
line with the international practice and has replaced the manual system of
physical handling and settlement of shares at stock exchanges. With in the
CDS, transfer of shares from one client account to another takes place
electronically.
The CDS is managed by the Central Depository Company of Pakistan
Limited, which has been sponsored by the stock exchanges and leading local
and financial institutions. Presently, 97 percent of settlements are routed
through CDS. Investor Account Services have been introduced in order to
facilitate individual investors to maintain their account directly with the
CDC. With the implementation of CDS and automated trading system,
trading and settlement of securities have become transparent and efficient.
7. COSTS
Stock brokerage costs vary according to the extent of services you avail.
You should select the service that meets your needs and requirements.
Before you start dealing in shares, determine how much you to pay
stockbrokers for their services. You need to shop around for the right service
at the right price. Charges will differ depending on whether you wish to
invest directly or indirectly.
Ask if there are any ongoing costs of stockbrokers, other than the dealing
commission each time you buy or sell.
9. Page # 9
8. WHAT HAPPENS ONCE YOU ARE
A SHAREHOLDER
There are several types of shareholders: some are long term investors who
simply tuck away their investments for years while others trade frequently
and keep a close eye on how their shares are performing. You can check
your shares’ performance in various ways. A daily indicator of share price
movements is available in many newspapers and also on website of the
relevant stock exchange. You may access this information directly or
through your stock broker/advisor.
Informative articles about many companies are regularly published in
newspapers and investment magazines. Your stockbroker may also provide
valuable information. Some publish newsletters for their clients, reflecting
their views on the performance of selected companies. Annual reports of
companies also contain useful information. Some companies have
shareholder relations departments, which can help with factual information.
9. INVESTOR PROTECTION:
You should always ensure that the stockbroker you choose is licensed by the
Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SEC) to trade. Prefer
stock brokerage firms with good track record. As a shrewd investor, you
should know your rights and responsibilities and should beware of the rules
that govern your investments as well as the legal recourse available, in case
things go wrong. You can report abuse to the SEC, whose mission is to
ensure the development of a fair, efficient, and transparent securities and
futures market. Although its main function is regulatory in nature, the SEC
has the ultimate responsibility to protect the investor through market
supervision and ensuring that its laws and regulations are complied with.
10. Page # 10
Stock exchanges are the frontline regulators; they must play a proactive role.
Send all your complaints in writing to the respective stock exchange(s) with
full details, including the complainant’s name, address and telephone
number etc. In case you do not get a response to your complaint, please
contact the “Complaint Cell” in the SEC.
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION OF PAKISTAN
NIC Building,
Jinnah Avenue,
Blue Area,
Islamabad.
Fax: (92 51) 920 4915
Website: www.secp.gov.pk
11. Page # 11
10. GLOSSARY OF STOCK MARKET TERMS
Bear – an investor who anticipates a falling market and, therefore, sells the
security in the hope of buying it back at a lower price.
Blue Chip – A large well-established company with a history of profitable
operation.
Bonds – Fixed-income securities, which entitle the holder to a pre-determined
return during their life and repayment of principal at maturity.
Bull – An investor who anticipates a rising market and, therefore, buys the security
in the hope of selling it later at a higher price.
Capital Gains Tax – Tax payable on profit arising from appreciation in value of
investment, realized at the time of selling or maturity of investment.
Carry-over Trades –Equity repurchase transactions, better known, as “Badla”;
these are an established form of transactions used in the stock market for
temporary financing of trades by speculators and jobbers.
Dividend – That part of a company’s profits which is distributed among
shareholders, usually expressed in rupee per share or percentage to paid up capital.
Earnings per share (EPS) – A profitability indicator calculated by dividing the
earnings available to common stockholders during a period by the average number
of shares actually outstanding at the end of that period.
Equity – The owners’ interest in a company’s capital, usually referred to by
ordinary shares.
Floatation – The occasion when a company’s shares are offered on the stock
market for the first time.
Fund managers – A company, which invests and manages investors’ money, with
the aim of maximizing capital growth.
12. Page # 12
Initial Public Offering (IPO) – The offering of equity shares of a company to the
general public for the first time.
Insider trading – The purchase or sale of shares by someone who possesses
‘inside’ information on a company’s performance which information has not been
made available to the market and which might affect the share price. In Pakistan,
such deals are a criminal offence.
Investment companies – A company, which issues shares and uses its capital to
buy securities and shares in other companies.
Listed company – A company whose securities are admitted for listing on a stock
exchange.
Long position - When an individual purchases securities of a company he is said
to have a long position in the company’s shares. For example an owner of shares in
PTCL is said to be "long PTCL" or "has a long position in PTCL." If you are long,
you would like the share price to go up.
Market capitalization – The total value of a company’s equity capital at the
current market price.
Nominee – A person or company holding securities on behalf of others, but who is
not the owner of such securities.
Option – The right (but not the obligation) to buy or sell securities at a fixed price
within a specified period.
Ordinary shares – The most common form of shares, which entitle the owners to
jointly own the company. Holders may receive dividends depending on
profitability of the company and recommendation of directors.
Portfolio – A collection of investments
Price/earning ratio (P/E ratio) – The P/E ratio is a measure of the level of
confidence (rightly or wrongly) investors has in a company. It is calculated by
dividing the current share price by the last published earnings per share.
13. Page # 13
Primary market – Where a company issues new shares, either for the first time,
or at the time of issuing additional securities.
Privatization – Conversion of a state-owned company to a public limited company
(plc) status.
Private company – A company that is not a public company and which is not
allowed to offer its shares to the general public.
Public limited company (plc) – A company whose shares are offered to the
general public and traded freely on the open market and whose share capital is not
less than a statutory minimum.
Rights Issue – The issue of additional shares to existing shareholders when
companies want to raise more capital.
Securities – A broad term for shares, corporate bonds or any other form of
paper investment in capital market instruments.
Settlement – Once a deal has been made, the settlement process transfers stock
from seller to buyer and arranges the corresponding exchange of money between
buyer and seller.
Short Selling- The act of borrowing stock to sell with the expectation of price
reduction with the intention of buying it back at a cheaper price.
Stockbroker – A member of the stock exchange who deals in shares for clients
and advises on investment decisions.
Stock Market – The market place where shares of publicly listed companies are
bought and sold.
Unit trust – An open-ended mutual fund that invests funds in securities and
issues units for sale to the public. It can repurchase these units at any time.
Yield – The aggregate return earned on an investment taking into account the
dividend/interest income and its present capital value.