Paper presentation at the The 4th International Workshop on Design in Civil and Environmental Engineering (DCEE4), held at National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan during October 30-31, 2015.
PROGRAMMA ATTIVITA’ DIDATTICA A.A. 2016/17
DOTTORATO IN INGEGNERIA STRUTTURALE E GEOTECNICA
___________________________________________________
STRUCTURAL DESIGN FROM EMPIRICAL TRADITION
Lecture Series by
Thomas E. Boothby, Ph.D., P.E., R.A.
The Pennsylvania State University
Visiting Professor
Sapienza University of Rome
Connectedness as a Measure of RobustnessJason Miller
Talk to the Kirksville Chapter of Sigma Xi that describes research on describing the vascular structure of networks of HUVEC cells. I also talk a little bit about Truman's mathematical biology program.
Presentation at the Symposym:
Explosive safety management and risk analysis: Symposium 1 (6 CFP)
Scientific technical evaluation of explosive effects and consequences- Safety Distances (QD) and Risk Analysis
La Direzione degli Armamenti Terrestri in collaborazione con l’Ordine degli Ingegneri della Provincia di Roma il 22/11/2016 propone un seminario tecnico gratuito in lingua inglese sul tema “Scientific technical evaluation of explosive effects and consequences - Safety Distances (QD) and Risk Analysis".
Il seminario rientra all’interno di un ciclo di tre seminari.
Si assisterà ad un nuovo progetto di condivisione degli studi del settore della gestione in sicurezza delle sostanze esplodenti, in termini di effetti e relative conseguenze, attraverso la presentazioni di studi condotti in ambito militare, a livello internazionale, e quello condotto in ambito civile ed universitario.
Particolarmente rilevante è la divulgazione delle informazioni del personale della Agenzia NATO MSIAC (Munitions Safety Information Analysis Center) relativamente agli studi condotti nel settore militare.
Inoltre, verranno messi a confronto i diversi metodi per la conduzione del processo dell’analisi del rischio, spaziando dall’ambito legislativo a quello tecnico civile, tecnico militare.
Saranno presentati studi e ricerche condotte in ambito universitario.
data: 22 Novembre 2016 dalle ore 9:00 alle ore 17:30
sede: Caserma E. Rosso della Città Militare della Cecchignola
Paper presentation at the The 4th International Workshop on Design in Civil and Environmental Engineering (DCEE4), held at National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan during October 30-31, 2015.
PROGRAMMA ATTIVITA’ DIDATTICA A.A. 2016/17
DOTTORATO IN INGEGNERIA STRUTTURALE E GEOTECNICA
___________________________________________________
STRUCTURAL DESIGN FROM EMPIRICAL TRADITION
Lecture Series by
Thomas E. Boothby, Ph.D., P.E., R.A.
The Pennsylvania State University
Visiting Professor
Sapienza University of Rome
Connectedness as a Measure of RobustnessJason Miller
Talk to the Kirksville Chapter of Sigma Xi that describes research on describing the vascular structure of networks of HUVEC cells. I also talk a little bit about Truman's mathematical biology program.
Presentation at the Symposym:
Explosive safety management and risk analysis: Symposium 1 (6 CFP)
Scientific technical evaluation of explosive effects and consequences- Safety Distances (QD) and Risk Analysis
La Direzione degli Armamenti Terrestri in collaborazione con l’Ordine degli Ingegneri della Provincia di Roma il 22/11/2016 propone un seminario tecnico gratuito in lingua inglese sul tema “Scientific technical evaluation of explosive effects and consequences - Safety Distances (QD) and Risk Analysis".
Il seminario rientra all’interno di un ciclo di tre seminari.
Si assisterà ad un nuovo progetto di condivisione degli studi del settore della gestione in sicurezza delle sostanze esplodenti, in termini di effetti e relative conseguenze, attraverso la presentazioni di studi condotti in ambito militare, a livello internazionale, e quello condotto in ambito civile ed universitario.
Particolarmente rilevante è la divulgazione delle informazioni del personale della Agenzia NATO MSIAC (Munitions Safety Information Analysis Center) relativamente agli studi condotti nel settore militare.
Inoltre, verranno messi a confronto i diversi metodi per la conduzione del processo dell’analisi del rischio, spaziando dall’ambito legislativo a quello tecnico civile, tecnico militare.
Saranno presentati studi e ricerche condotte in ambito universitario.
data: 22 Novembre 2016 dalle ore 9:00 alle ore 17:30
sede: Caserma E. Rosso della Città Militare della Cecchignola
Parte Applicativa dell'Ing. Konstantions Gkoumas per il
Corso di Dottorato sull'OTTIMIZZAZIONE STRUTTURALE
Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi
Aprile - Maggio 2015,
Facolta' di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale
Universita' degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza
PROGRAMMA ATTIVITA’ DIDATTICA A.A. 2016/17
DOTTORATO IN INGEGNERIA STRUTTURALE E GEOTECNICA
STRUCTURAL DESIGN FROM EMPIRICAL TRADITION
Lecture Series by
Thomas E. Boothby, Ph.D., P.E., R.A.
The Pennsylvania State University
Visiting Professor
Sapienza University of Rome
Vulnerability assessment of precast concrete cladding wall panels for police ...Franco Bontempi
The 15th International Symposium on Interaction of the Effects of Munitions with Structures (ISIEMS), September 2013, 17 - 20 at the Conference Hotel in Potsdam, Germany.
The symposium builds on previous meetings held in the United States of America (organized by DTRA) and Germany (organized by Armed Forces Office). ISIEMS will address all aspects of the response of civil engineering structures and materials to explosive loading. Scientists, engineers, and others interested in the symposium’s technical areas are invited to participate and contribute. All sessions will be unclassified, but some may be restricted to citizens of NATO member nations only. Paper presented at:
TEACHING ACTIVITY 2016/17
PROGRAMMA ATTIVITA’ DIDATTICA A.A. 2016/17
PhD PROGRAM IN STRUCTURAL AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN INGEGNERIA STRUTTURALE E GEOTECNICA
Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica
DESIGN OF WIND-EXCITED CIVIL STRUCTURES:
PHENOMENOLOGICAL BASIS, PERFORMANCES ASSESSMENT, SOLUTIONS AND CASE STUDIES
Ph.D. Course on DWACS Sapienza _ september 2017_ ANIVFranco Bontempi
PhD PROGRAM IN STRUCTURAL AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN INGEGNERIA STRUTTURALE E GEOTECNICA
Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica
TITLE:
DESIGN OF WIND-EXCITED CIVIL STRUCTURES:
PHENOMENOLOGICAL BASIS, PERFORMANCES ASSESSMENT, SOLUTIONS AND CASE STUDIES
Parte C delle lezioni del
Corso di Dottorato sull'OTTIMIZZAZIONE STRUTTURALE
Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi
Aprile - Maggio 2015,
Facolta' di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale
Universita' degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza
Stronger S.r.l. is a consulting spin-off company that works as a link between Academic Sector and Industry in Civil and Environmental Engineering
The Company offers high-profile methodologies and tools, which help the construction industry to realize high performance structures from the point of view of dependability, resilience and sustainability.
The team of Stronger S.r.l. is able to analyze structural problems in a scientific and technical manner, by developing specialized numerical analyses with different finite element codes and advanced multiphysics simulations.
The Company’s expertise regards long-span bridges, tunnels, high-rise buildings, offshore wind turbines, innovative precast connections, structures subject to accidental actions such as fire and explosion, devices for energy harvesting, structural assessment of existing buildings and their retrofitting.
Applications of Structural Optimization: Corso di dottorato INTRODUZIONE ALL'...StroNGER2012
Lezione su applicazioni dell'ottimizzazione strutturale a casi reali di strutture per l'ingegneria civile tenuta nell'ambito del corso di dottorato sull'ottimizzazione strutturale, Roma, 21 maggio 2015.
Applications of Structural Optimization: Corso di dottorato INTRODUZIONE ALL'...Franco Bontempi
Lezione su applicazioni dell'ottimizzazione strutturale a casi reali di strutture per l'ingegneria civile tenuta nell'ambito del corso di dottorato sull'ottimizzazione strutturale, Roma 21 maggio 2015.
Parte Applicativa dell'Ing. Konstantions Gkoumas per il
Corso di Dottorato sull'OTTIMIZZAZIONE STRUTTURALE
Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi
Aprile - Maggio 2015,
Facolta' di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale
Universita' degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza
PROGRAMMA ATTIVITA’ DIDATTICA A.A. 2016/17
DOTTORATO IN INGEGNERIA STRUTTURALE E GEOTECNICA
STRUCTURAL DESIGN FROM EMPIRICAL TRADITION
Lecture Series by
Thomas E. Boothby, Ph.D., P.E., R.A.
The Pennsylvania State University
Visiting Professor
Sapienza University of Rome
Vulnerability assessment of precast concrete cladding wall panels for police ...Franco Bontempi
The 15th International Symposium on Interaction of the Effects of Munitions with Structures (ISIEMS), September 2013, 17 - 20 at the Conference Hotel in Potsdam, Germany.
The symposium builds on previous meetings held in the United States of America (organized by DTRA) and Germany (organized by Armed Forces Office). ISIEMS will address all aspects of the response of civil engineering structures and materials to explosive loading. Scientists, engineers, and others interested in the symposium’s technical areas are invited to participate and contribute. All sessions will be unclassified, but some may be restricted to citizens of NATO member nations only. Paper presented at:
TEACHING ACTIVITY 2016/17
PROGRAMMA ATTIVITA’ DIDATTICA A.A. 2016/17
PhD PROGRAM IN STRUCTURAL AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN INGEGNERIA STRUTTURALE E GEOTECNICA
Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica
DESIGN OF WIND-EXCITED CIVIL STRUCTURES:
PHENOMENOLOGICAL BASIS, PERFORMANCES ASSESSMENT, SOLUTIONS AND CASE STUDIES
Ph.D. Course on DWACS Sapienza _ september 2017_ ANIVFranco Bontempi
PhD PROGRAM IN STRUCTURAL AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN INGEGNERIA STRUTTURALE E GEOTECNICA
Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica
TITLE:
DESIGN OF WIND-EXCITED CIVIL STRUCTURES:
PHENOMENOLOGICAL BASIS, PERFORMANCES ASSESSMENT, SOLUTIONS AND CASE STUDIES
Parte C delle lezioni del
Corso di Dottorato sull'OTTIMIZZAZIONE STRUTTURALE
Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi
Aprile - Maggio 2015,
Facolta' di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale
Universita' degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza
Stronger S.r.l. is a consulting spin-off company that works as a link between Academic Sector and Industry in Civil and Environmental Engineering
The Company offers high-profile methodologies and tools, which help the construction industry to realize high performance structures from the point of view of dependability, resilience and sustainability.
The team of Stronger S.r.l. is able to analyze structural problems in a scientific and technical manner, by developing specialized numerical analyses with different finite element codes and advanced multiphysics simulations.
The Company’s expertise regards long-span bridges, tunnels, high-rise buildings, offshore wind turbines, innovative precast connections, structures subject to accidental actions such as fire and explosion, devices for energy harvesting, structural assessment of existing buildings and their retrofitting.
Applications of Structural Optimization: Corso di dottorato INTRODUZIONE ALL'...StroNGER2012
Lezione su applicazioni dell'ottimizzazione strutturale a casi reali di strutture per l'ingegneria civile tenuta nell'ambito del corso di dottorato sull'ottimizzazione strutturale, Roma, 21 maggio 2015.
Applications of Structural Optimization: Corso di dottorato INTRODUZIONE ALL'...Franco Bontempi
Lezione su applicazioni dell'ottimizzazione strutturale a casi reali di strutture per l'ingegneria civile tenuta nell'ambito del corso di dottorato sull'ottimizzazione strutturale, Roma 21 maggio 2015.
Similar to Corso di dottorato su Ottimizzazione Strutturale: ROBUSTEZZA STRUTTURALE - Gkoumas (20)
Calcolo della precompressione:
DOMINI e STRAUS7
Corso di Gestione di Ponti e Grandi Strutture A.A. 2021/22
Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi
Facoltà di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale
Sapienza Università di Roma
Scopo dell'evento è
• illustrare l'identità culturale, e tecnica – di cui il progetto è parte fondante – del SSD Tecnica delle Costruzioni nella didattica,
• evidenziando contemporaneamente le opportunità di collaborazione trasversale con altre discipline,
• con particolare riferimento ai corsi della lauree magistrali o
equivalenti, e livelli di formazione successivi (master e dottorati).
L’incontro ha l’obiettivo di delineare l'identità culturale, scientifica e tecnica della disciplina della Tecnica delle Costruzioni nella didattica, evidenziando contemporaneamente le opportunità di collaborazione trasversale con altre discipline, con particolare riferimento ai corsi della lauree magistrali o equivalenti, e livelli di formazione successivi (master e dottorati).
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in permanent observation of the dynamic behaviour of bridges for longterm
monitoring purpose. This is due not only to the ageing of a lot of structures, but also for dealing with the increasing
complexity of new bridges. The long-term monitoring of bridges produces a huge quantity of data that need to be effectively
processed. For this purpose, there has been a growing interest on the application of soft computing methods. In particular,
this work deals with the applicability of Bayesian neural networks for the identification of damage of a cable-stayed bridge.
The selected structure is a real bridge proposed as benchmark problem by the Asian-Pacific Network of Centers for Research
in Smart Structure Technology (ANCRiSST). They shared data coming from the long-term monitoring of the bridge with the
structural health monitoring community in order to assess the current progress on damage detection and identification
methods with a full-scale example. The data set includes vibration data before and after the bridge was damaged, so they are
useful for testing new approaches for damage detection. In the first part of the paper, the Bayesian neural network model is
discussed; then in the second part, a Bayesian neural network procedure for damage detection has been tested. The proposed
method is able to detect anomalies on the behaviour of the structure, which can be related to the presence of damage. In order
to obtain a confirmation of the obtained results, in the last part of the paper, they are compared with those obtained by using a
traditional approach for vibration-based structural identification.
In recent years, structural integrity monitoring has become increasingly important in structural engineering and construction management. It represents an important tool for the assessment of the dependability of existing complex structural systems as it integrates, in a unified perspective, advanced engineering analyses and experimental data processing. In the first part of this work
the concepts of dependability and structural integrity are
discussed and it is shown that an effective integrity assessment
needs advanced computational methods. For this purpose, soft computing methods have shown to be very useful. In particular, in this work the neural networks model is chosen and successfully improved by applying the Bayesian inference at four hierarchical levels: for training, optimization of the regularization terms, databased model selection, and evaluation of the relative importance of different inputs. In the second part of the article,
Bayesian neural networks are used to formulate a
multilevel strategy for the monitoring of the integrity of long span bridges subjected to environmental actions: in a first level the occurrence of damage is detected; in a following level the specific damaged element is recognized and the intensity of damage is quantified.
This paper deals with the general framework for the development and the maintenance of complex structural systems. In the first part, starting with a semantic analysis of the term ‘structure’, the traditional approach to structural problem solving has been reconsidered. Consequently, a systemic approach for the formulation of the different kinds of direct and inverse problems has been framed, particularly with regards to structural design and
maintenance. The overall design phase is defined with the aid of the performance-based design (PBD) philosophy, emphasizing the concepts of dependability and enlightening the role of structural identification. The second part of the present work analyses structural health monitoring (SHM) in the systemic way previously introduced. Finally, the techniques related to the implementation of the monitoring process are introduced and a synoptic overview of methods and instruments for structural health monitoring is
presented, with particular attention to the ones necessary for structural damage identification.
Disegni strutturali e particolari costruttivi di ponti in cemento armato raccolti dall'Ing. Cosimo Bianchi.
Ad uso esclusivo degli Allievi del Corso di Teoria e Progetto di Ponti della Facoltà di Ingegneria della Sapienza - Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi
Disegni strutturali e particolari costruttivi di ponti in acciaio raccolti dall'Ing. Cosimo Bianchi.
Ad uso esclusivo degli Allievi del Corso di Teoria e Progetto di Ponti della Facoltà di Ingegneria della Sapienza - Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi
Libro che raccoglie le lezioni del Prof. Giulio Ceradini a cura del Prof. Carlo Gavarini.
Ad uso esclusivo degli Allievi del Corso di Teoria e Progetto di Ponti della Facoltà di Ingegneria della Sapienza - Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi
A numerical approach to the reliability analysis of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures is presented. The problem is formulated in terms of the probabilistic safety factor and the structural reliability is evaluated by Monte
Carlo simulation. The cumulative distribution of the safety factor associated with each limit state is derived and a reliability index is evaluated. The proposed procedure is applied to reliability analysis of an existing prestressed concrete arch bridge.
This paper presents a general approach to the probabilistic prediction of the structural service life and to the maintenance
planning of deteriorating concrete structures. The proposed formulation is based on a novel methodology for the assessment of the time-variant structural performance under the diffusive attack of external aggressive agents. Based on this methodology, Monte Carlo
simulation is used to account for the randomness of the main structural parameters, including material properties, geometrical parameters, area and location of the reinforcement, material diffusivity and damage rates. The time-variant reliability is then computed with respect to proper measures of structural performance. The results of the lifetime durability analysis are finally used to select, among different maintenance scenarios, the most economical rehabilitation strategy leading to a prescribed target value of the structural service life. Two numerical applications, a box-girder bridge deck and a pier of an existing bridge, show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
This paper presents a novel approach to the problem of durability analysis and lifetime assessment of concrete structures under
the diffusive attack from external aggressive agents. The proposed formulation mainly refers to beams and frames, but it can be easily
extended also to other types of structures. The diffusion process is modeled by using cellular automata. The mechanical damage coupled to diffusion is evaluated by introducing suitable material degradation laws. Since the rate of mass diffusion usually depends on the stress state, the interaction between the diffusion process and the mechanical behavior of the damaged structure is also taken into account by a proper modeling of the stochastic effects in the mass transfer. To this aim, the nonlinear structural analyses during time are performed
within the framework of the finite element method by means of a deteriorating reinforced concrete beam element. The effectiveness of the
proposed methodology in handling complex geometrical and mechanical boundary conditions is demonstrated through some applications.
Firstly, a reinforced concrete box girder cross section is considered and the damaging process is described by the corresponding evolution of both bending moment–curvature diagrams and axial force-bending moment resistance domains. Secondly, the durability analysis of a
reinforced concrete continuous T-beam is developed. Finally, the proposed approach is applied to the analysis of an existing arch bridge and to the identification of its critical members.
The paper deals with the assessment during time of r.c. structures under damage due to diffusion of external agents inside the structure. The diffusion process is modelled by a cellular automata based approach, taking the interaction with the mechanical state of the structures, i.e. the cracking state of the structures, into account. A so-called staggered process then solves the coupled problem. An application shows the effectiveness of the proposed analysis strategy, together some design considerations about the structural robustness.
Atti Congresso CTE, Pisa 2000
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
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By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
Corso di dottorato su Ottimizzazione Strutturale: ROBUSTEZZA STRUTTURALE - Gkoumas
1. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
“Structural robustness: definitions, examples and
consequence based assessment of structures”
Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D., P.E.
Corso di Dottorato: introduzione all'ottimizzazione
strutturale
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica
Dottorato di Ricerca in Ingegneria delle Strutture
Rome, June 21 2014
2. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Index
5. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Personal
6. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Black
Swan
Vulnerability
Cause
Damage
Index
Robustness
Collapse
resistance
Progressive
collapse
Photo Credit: Wikipedia Commons.
Member
consequence
factor
• Significant collapse cases
• LPHC events and Black Swans
• Structural robustness in qualitative terms
• Structural robustness in civil engineering
design
• Collapse types
• Structural robustness and progressive
collapse definitions
• Measures against progressive collapse
• Quantification of robustness
• Robustness and optimization
• Member consequence factor
• Assessment of simple structures
• Assessment of complex structures
• References
7. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Black
Swan
Vulnerability
Cause
Damage
Index
• Significant collapse cases
• LPHC events and Black Swans
• Structural robustness in qualitative terms
• Structural robustness in civil engineering
design
• Collapse types
• Structural robustness and progressive
collapse definitions
• Measures against progressive collapse
• Quantification of robustness
• Robustness and optimization
• Member consequence factor
• Assessment of simple structures
• Assessment of complex structures
• References
Robustness
Collapse
resistance
Progressive
collapse
Photo Credit: Wikipedia Commons.
Member
consequence
factor
8. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Ronan Point Tower Block– May 16, 1968
Description:
- apartments building;
- built between 1966 and 1968;
- 64 m tall with 22 story;
- walls, floors, and staircases was precast
concrete;
- each floor was supported directly by the walls
in the lower stories, (bearing walls system).
The event:
- May 16, 1968 a gas explosion blew out an
outer panel of the 18th floor,
- the loss of the bearing wall causes the
progressive collapse of the upper floors,
- the impact of the upper floors’ debris caused
the progressive collapse of the lower floors.
Cause Damage Pr. Collapse
9. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Description:
- apartments building;
- precast concrete wall and floor components
was the structural bearing system;
- ductile detailing and effective ties between
the precast components.
Cause Damage Pr. Collapse
The event:
- June 25, 1996 9 tons of
TNTeq detonated in
front of the building;
- the exterior wall was
entirely destroyed;
- collapse did not
progress beyond areas
of first damage.
Khobar Towers Bombing – June 25, 1996
10. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Description:
- office facility for the Deutsche Bank in
Manhattan;
- constructed in the early ‘70s in steel-framed
structure moment connected, 130 m tall, 40
story and 2 subterranean levels;
The event:
- On September 11, 2011, the WTC towers
debris impact on a building’s façade,
- heavy damage between the 9th and the 23rd
floor, the column was lost from the 9th and
the 18th floor;
- the framing system was able to support
and redistribute the loads.
Deutsche Bank Building – September 11, 2001
Cause Damage Pr. Collapse
11. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Probability of progressive collapse from an abnormal event
P(F) = P(D|H) P(F|DH)P(H) x x
damage is caused in
the structure
damage spreads in
the structure
occurrence of
critical event
occurrence of broad
or global collapse
STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY (ISO/FDS 2394)
COLLAPSE RESISTANCE (Starossek&Wolff 2005)
Faber (2006)
STRUCTURALNON STRUCTURAL
MEASURES
HAZARD
References: Ellingwood, B.R. and Dusenberry, D.O. (2005), “Building design for abnormal loads and progressive
collapse”, Comput-Aided Civ. Inf., 20(3), 194-205.
12. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Black
Swan
Vulnerability
Cause
Damage
Index
• Significant collapse cases
• LPHC events and Black Swans
• Structural robustness in qualitative terms
• Structural robustness in civil engineering
design
• Collapse types
• Structural robustness and progressive
collapse definitions
• Measures against progressive collapse
• Quantification of robustness
• Robustness and optimization
• Member consequence factor
• Assessment of simple structures
• Assessment of complex structures
• References
Robustness
Collapse
resistance
Progressive
collapse
Photo Credit: Wikipedia Commons.
Member
consequence
factor
13. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Reference: Bontempi, F. (2005) Frameworks for structural analysis, In: Innovation in Civil and Structural
Engineering Topping, BHV ed., pp. 1-24
HPLC
High Probability –
Low Consequences
LPHC
Low Probability –
High Consequences
Complexity
Non linear issues and
interaction mechanisms
Designapproach:
StochasticDeterministic
QUALITATIVE RISK
ANALYSIS
PROBABILISTIC
RISK ANALYSIS
PRAGMATIC
ANALYSIS OF
RISK SCENARIOS
Secondary
design
Primary
design
Low Probability – High Consequences Events
14. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
References: Taleb, Nassim Nicholas (April 2007). The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable (1st ed.).
London: Penguin. p. 400. ISBN 1-84614045-5.
A Black Swan is an event with the following three attributes.
1. First, it is an outlier, as it lies outside the realm of regular expectations,
because nothing in the past can convincingly point to its possibility.
Rarity -The event is a surprise (to the observer).
2. Second, it carries an extreme 'impact'.
Extreme “impact” - the event has a major effect.
3. Third, in spite of its outlier status, human nature makes us concoct
explanations for its occurrence after the fact, making it explainable and
predictable.
Retrospective (though not prospective) predictability - After the first
recorded instance of the event, it is rationalized by hindsight, as if it could
have been expected; that is, the relevant data were available but
unaccounted for in risk mitigation programs. The same is true for the
personal perception by individuals.
Black Swans
15. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Black
Swan
Vulnerability
Cause
Damage
Index
• Significant collapse cases
• LPHC events and Black Swans
• Structural robustness in qualitative terms
• Structural robustness in civil engineering
design
• Collapse types
• Structural robustness and progressive
collapse definitions
• Measures against progressive collapse
• Quantification of robustness
• Robustness and optimization
• Member consequence factor
• Assessment of simple structures
• Assessment of complex structures
• References
Robustness
Collapse
resistance
Progressive
collapse
Photo Credit: Wikipedia Commons.
Member
consequence
factor
16. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
QUALITY
DAMAGE or ERROR
REQUIRED PERFORMANCE
NOMINAL
PERFORMANCE
NOMINAL SITUATION
Structural Robustness
17. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
• Capacity of a construction to exhibit regular
decrease of its structural quality as a consequence
of negative causes.
• It implies:
a) some smoothness of the decrease of
structural performance due to negative
events (intensive feature);
b) some limited spatial spread of the
rupture (extensive feature).
Structural Robustness
18. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Qualitative definitions of structural robustness
[EN 1991-1-7: 2006 ]: ability of a structure to withstand actions due
to fires, explosions, impacts or consequences
of human errors, without suffering damages
disproportionate to the triggering causes
[SEI 2007,
Beton Kalender 2008]: insensitivity of the structure to local failure
structure B
d
P
s
STRUCTURE B:
P
s
ROBUSTNESS CURVES
P (performance)
structure A
STRUCTURE A
damaged
integer
DP
damaged
more performant, less resistant
integer
(damage level)
DPDP
more performant, less robust less performant, more robust
Structural Robustness
A B
19. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Black
Swan
Vulnerability
Cause
Damage
Index
• Significant collapse cases
• LPHC events and Black Swans
• Structural robustness in qualitative terms
• Structural robustness in civil engineering
design
• Collapse types
• Structural robustness and progressive
collapse definitions
• Measures against progressive collapse
• Quantification of robustness
• Robustness and optimization
• Member consequence factor
• Assessment of simple structures
• Assessment of complex structures
• References
Robustness
Collapse
resistance
Progressive
collapse
Photo Credit: Wikipedia Commons.
Member
consequence
factor
20. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
CommonULS&SLS
VerificationFormat
Structural Robustness
Assessment
1st level:
Material Point
2nd level:
Element
Section
3rd level:
Structural
Element
4th level:
Structural
System
Structural robustness in design
21. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY
LOADS
DEAD X
LIVE X
SNOW X
EARTHQUAKE X
FIRE X X
EXPLOSIONS X X
“BLACK SWAN” X
Member-based
structural design
Consequence-based
structural design
Black Swan event:
- unpredictable,
- large impact on community,
- easy to predict after its occurrence.
References:
Nafday, AM. (2011) Consequence-based structural
design approach for black swan events. Structural
Safety, 33(1): 108-114.
Structural robustness in design
22. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Uncertainty in the likelihood that
the harmful consequences of a
particular event will be realized
Uncertainty in the consequences
related to the specific event
Primary
design
Secondary
design
Tertiary
design
Structural robustness in design
23. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Black
Swan
Vulnerability
Cause
Damage
Index
• Significant collapse cases
• LPHC events and Black Swans
• Structural robustness in qualitative terms
• Structural robustness in civil engineering
design
• Collapse types
• Structural robustness and progressive
collapse definitions
• Measures against progressive collapse
• Quantification of robustness
• Robustness and optimization
• Member consequence factor
• Assessment of simple structures
• Assessment of complex structures
• References
Robustness
Collapse
resistance
Progressive
collapse
Photo Credit: Wikipedia Commons.
Member
consequence
factor
24. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
STRUCTURE
& LOADS
Collapse
Mechanism
NO SWAY
“IMPLOSION”
OF THE
STRUCTURE
“EXPLOSION”
OF THE
STRUCTURE
is a process in which
objects are destroyed by
collapsing on themselves
is a process
NOT CONFINED
SWAY
Bad VS Good collapse
25. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Initial load-bearing element failure that
triggers the rigid fall of a part of the
structure onto another and leads to a
sequential impacts on the rest of the
structure, that collapses on itself.
Characteristic feature is the force
redistribution into alternative paths,
impulsive loading due to sudden element
failure and force concentration in elements
to fail next.
Zipper Domino
Section Instability Mixed
Pancake
Initial cross-section cut and stress
concentration that cause the rupture of
further cross-sectional parts (fast fracture)
and failure progression throughout the
entire section.
Initial element rigid overturning and
falling over another element, that, by
means of transformation of potential into
kinetic energy, trigger the overturning of
the following element.
The destabilization of some load-carrying
elements in compression due to an initial
failure of stabilizing elements can trigger a
failure progression throughout the
structure.
Some collapses are less amenable to
generalization because the relative
importance of the contributing basic
categories of collapse can vary and
combine in progression of failures.
- DOMINO + PANCAKE
(e.g. A.P.Murrah Building, Building
during Izmit Earquake)
- ZIPPER + INSTABILITY
(e.g. cable-stayed bridges)
Reference: Betoncalendar, 2008 (adapted from “Structural integrity: robustness assessment and progressive collapse
susceptibility”, Luisa Giuliani, PhD Thesis, Sapienza University of Rome, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica)
Collapse types
26. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Initial load-bearing element failure that
triggers the rigid fall of a part of the
structure onto another and leads to a
sequential impacts on the rest of the
structure, that collapses on itself.
Characteristic feature is the force
redistribution into alternative paths,
impulsive loading due to sudden element
failure and force concentration in elements
to fail next.
Zipper Domino
Section Instability Mixed
Pancake
Initial cross-section cut and stress
concentration that cause the rupture of
further cross-sectional parts (fast fracture)
and failure progression throughout the
entire section.
Initial element rigid overturning and
falling over another element, that, by
means of transformation of potential into
kinetic energy, trigger the overturning of
the following element.
The destabilization of some load-carrying
elements in compression due to an initial
failure of stabilizing elements can trigger a
failure progression throughout the
structure.
Some collapses are less amenable to
generalization because the relative
importance of the contributing basic
categories of collapse can vary and
combine in progression of failures.
- DOMINO + PANCAKE
(e.g. A.P.Murrah Building, Building
during Izmit Earquake)
- ZIPPER + INSTABILITY
(e.g. cable-stayed bridges)
Reference: Betoncalendar, 2008 (adapted from “Structural integrity: robustness assessment and progressive collapse
susceptibility”, Luisa Giuliani, PhD Thesis, Sapienza University of Rome, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica)
Collapse types
Islamabad Earthquake 2005
Münsterland, 2005
Viaduct after earthquake
Izmit Earthquake
1999
Tanker S.S. Schenectady, 1941
27. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress collided with another aircraft during World War II and, although
sustaining large amount of structural damage, landed safely, due to the high redundancy of the
fuselage connections.
Design Strategy #1: Continuity (robust behavior-redundancy)
28. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
On July 1945 a B-25 bomber crashed into the Empire State Building, The impact of the plane
created a 5.5x6 m hole in the side of the tower. This crash caused extensive damage to the
masonry exterior and the interior steel structure of the building.
The 278 m building was rocked by the impact but resist the impact in consequence of the
intrinsic redundancy of its framed system.
Plane crash on the Empire
State Building, 1945
Design Strategy #1: Continuity (robust behavior-redundancy)
29. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Design Strategy #2: Segmentation (Compartmentalization)
A service-induced damage led to explosive decompression and loss of large portion of fuselage
skin when small fatigue crack suddenly linked together. The subsequent fracture was eventually
arrested by fuselage frame structure and the craft landed safely.
Aloha Boeing 737, April 1988
(compartmentalization by strengthening)
30. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Design Strategy #2: Segmentation (Compartmentalization)
The partial collapse, started in the roof and due design and execution errors, stoped at the two joints
which separated the collapsing section from the adjacent structures.
A higher continuity could have unlikely sustained the forces during collapse, since the construction
deficiencies affected also adjacent sections.
31. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Black
Swan
Vulnerability
Cause
Damage
Index
• Significant collapse cases
• LPHC events and Black Swans
• Structural robustness in qualitative terms
• Structural robustness in civil engineering
design
• Collapse types
• Structural robustness and progressive
collapse definitions
• Measures against progressive collapse
• Quantification of robustness
• Robustness and optimization
• Member consequence factor
• Assessment of simple structures
• Assessment of complex structures
• References
Robustness
Collapse
resistance
Progressive
collapse
Photo Credit: Wikipedia Commons.
Member
consequence
factor
32. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
References:
(EN 1991-1-7 2006): "Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures, Part 1-7: General actions – accidental actions." Comité
European de Normalization (CEN).
(Bontempi F, Giuliani L, Gkoumas K, 2007): "Handling the exceptions: robustness assessment of a complex structural
system.“, Invited Lecture, Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation (SEMC) 3, 1747-1752.
(Starossek U, 2009): “Progressive collapse of structures.” London: Thomas Telford Publishing, 2009.
Definitions:
1- "The ability of a structure to withstand events like fire, explosions,
impact or the consequences of human error without being damaged to an
extent disproportionate to the original cause." (EN 1991-1-7 2006)
2- "The robustness of a structure, intended as its ability not to suffer
disproportionate damages as a result of limited initial failure, is an
intrinsic requirement, inherent to the structural system organization."
(Bontempi F, Giuliani L, Gkoumas K, 2007)
3- “Robustness is defined as insensitivity to local failure." (Starossek U,
2009)
Structural Robustness
33. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
References:
(ASCE 7-05 2005): "Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures." American Society of Civil Engineers
(ASCE).
(GSA 2003): "Progressive collapse analysis and design guidelines for new federal office buildings and major
modernization projects." General Services Administration (GSA).
(UFC 4-010-01 2003): "DoD minimum antiterrorism standards for buildings." Department of Defense (DoD).
Progressive Collapse
Definitions:
1-"Progressive collapse is defined as the spread of an initial local failure
from element to element resulting, eventually, in the collapse of an entire
structure or a disproportionate large part of it." (ASCE 7-05 2005)
2- "A progressive collapse is a situation where local failure of a primary
structural component leads to the collapse of adjoining members which, in
turn, leads to additional collapse. Hence, the total collapse is
disproportionate to the original cause." (GSA 2003)
3-"Progressive collapse: a chain reaction failure of building members to an
extent disproportionate to the original localized damage." (UFC 4-010-01
2003)
34. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
References:
Arup (2011), Review of international research on structural robustness and disproportionate collapse, London,
Department for Communities and Local Government.
Starossek, U. and Haberland, M. (2010), “Disproportionate Collapse: Terminology and Procedures”, J. Perf. Constr.
Fac., 24(6), 519-528.
Observations:
− A progressive collapse is one which develops in a progressive manner akin to the collapse
of a row of dominos.
− A disproportionate collapse is one which is judged (by some measure defined by the
observer) to be disproportionate to the initial cause. This is merely a judgement made on
observations of the consequences of the damage which results from the initiating events.
− A collapse may be progressive in nature but not necessarily disproportionate in its extents,
for example if arrested after it progresses through a number of structural bays. Vice versa, a
collapse may be disproportionate but not necessarily progressive if, for example, the
collapse is limited in its extents to a single structural bay but the structural bays are large.
− The terms of disproportionate collapse and progressive collapse are often used
interchangeably because disproportionate collapse often occurs in a progressive manner
and progressive collapse can be disproportionate.
Progressive Collapse VS Disproportionate Collapse
35. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Robustness and collapse resistance in a dependability framework
Sgambi, L., Gkoumas, K. and Bontempi, F. (2012), “Genetic
algorithms for the dependability assurance in the design of a long-
span suspension bridge”, Comput-Aided Civ. Inf., 27(9), 655-675.
36. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Black
Swan
Vulnerability
Cause
Damage
Index
• Significant collapse cases
• LPHC events and Black Swans
• Structural robustness in qualitative terms
• Structural robustness in civil engineering
design
• Collapse types
• Structural robustness and progressive
collapse definitions
• Measures against progressive collapse
• Quantification of robustness
• Robustness and optimization
• Member consequence factor
• Assessment of simple structures
• Assessment of complex structures
• References
Robustness
Collapse
resistance
Progressive
collapse
Photo Credit: Wikipedia Commons.
Member
consequence
factor
37. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
The currently available design strategies and methods to
prevent disproportionate collapse are as follows:
− Prevent local failure of key elements (direct design)
− Specific local resistance
− Non-structural protective measures
− Presume local failure (direct design)
− Alternative load paths
− Isolation by segmentation
− Prescriptive design rules (indirect design)
Reference:
Starossek, U. 2008. Collapse resistance and robustness of bridges. IABMAS’08: 4th International Conference on
Bridge Maintenance, Safety, and Management Seoul, Korea, July 13-17, 2008
Measures against disproportionate collapse
38. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Reference:
Giuliani, L., 2012. Structural safety in case of extreme actions. International Journal of Lifecycle Performance Engineering
IJLCPE Special Issue on: "Performance and Robustness of Complex Structural Systems", Guest Editor Franco Bontempi, ISSN
(Online): 2043-8656 - ISSN (Print): 2043-8648.
Design strategies against progressive collapse
39. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Black
Swan
Vulnerability
Cause
Damage
Index
• Significant collapse cases
• LPHC events and Black Swans
• Structural robustness in qualitative terms
• Structural robustness in civil engineering
design
• Collapse types
• Structural robustness and progressive
collapse definitions
• Measures against progressive collapse
• Quantification of robustness
• Robustness and optimization
• Member consequence factor
• Assessment of simple structures
• Assessment of complex structures
• References
Robustness
Collapse
resistance
Progressive
collapse
Photo Credit: Wikipedia Commons.
Member
consequence
factor
40. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
RISK-BASED
[Faber, 2005]
R
I
inddir
dir
rob
R
R
+
=
direct risk
indirect riskDAMAGE-BASED
∑
=
=
n
1i
'
i
i
)K(tr
)K(tr
.Deg.Stiff
ithelement stiffness matrix
(integer state)
damaged
elements
ithelement stiffness
matrix (damaged state)
[Yan&Chang, 2006] [Biondini &
Frangopol, 2008]
1
0
∆Φ
∆Φ
ρ =Φ
∆ energy between intact
and damaged system
(backward pseudo-loads)
∆ energy between intact
and damaged system
(forward pseudo-loads)
Indirect
Risk
Direct
Risk
Indirect
Risk
Direct
Risk
Reference:
Olmati, P., Brando, F., Gkoumas, K. “Robustness assessment of a Steel Truss Bridge”, ASCE/SEI Structures Congress,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, May 2-4, 2013.
B
A Withstand actions, events
Withstand damages
Structural Robustness assessment
TOPOLOGY-BASED ENERGY-BASEDOther:
41. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
[Baker et al. 2008]
R
I
inddir
dir
rob
R
R
+
=
direct risk
indirect risk
Reference:
Baker J.W., Schubert M., Faber M.H., (2008). On the Assessment of Robustness, Journal of Structural Safety, Volume
30, Issue 3, pp. 253-267, DOI:10.1016/j.strusafe.2006.11.004
“A robust system is considered to be one where indirect
risks do not contribute significantly to the total system
risk”
Rdir˃˃Rind
Rdir: associati con il danni iniziali
Rind: associati con danni successivi
EXBD: Exposure before damage
D : Damage
D : No Damage
F : Probability of system failure
Cdir : Direct consequences
Cind: Indirect consequences
Risk Based Structural Robustness assessment
42. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
− ≥ 0
member-based design
− ≥ 0limit state design
Resistance (probabilistic) Solicitation (probabilistic)
Resistance (design values) Solicitation (design values)
(1 − ) − ≥ 0
Member consequence factor based design
0 ≤ ≤ 1
• Cf quantifies the influence that a loss of a structural element has on the load carrying capacity.
• Cf provides to the single structural member an additional load carrying capacity, in function of the
nominal design (not extreme) loads that can be used for contrasting unexpected and extreme loads.
• Essentially, if Cf tends to 1, the member is more likely to be important to the structural system;
instead if Cf tends to 0, the member is more likely to be unimportant to the structural system.
Member consequence factor and robustness assessment
0EγγRγγ kEMEk
1
Rd
1
MR ≥− ∑−−
0E)R(*)C1( kEdMEk
1
Rd
1
MRf ≥γγ−γγ− ∑−−
43. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
• The structure is subjected to a set of damage scenarios and the consequence of the
damages is evaluated by the member consequence factor ( ) that for
convenience can be easily expressed in percentage.
• For damage scenario is intended the failure of one or more structural elements.
• Robustness can be expressed as the complement to 100 of , intended as the
effective coefficient that affects directly the resistance.
• is evaluated by the maximum percentage difference of the structural stiffness
matrix eigenvalues of the damaged and undamaged configurations of the structure.
=
−
100
!"#
where, and are respectively the i-th eigenvalue of the structural stiffness
matrix in the undamaged and damaged configuration, and N is the total number of the
eigenvalues.
Member consequence factor and robustness assessment
44. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
• The corresponding robustness index ( ) is therefore defined as:
=1 -
• Values of Cf close to 100% mean that the failure of the structural member most
likely causes a global structural collapse.
• Low values of Cf do not necessarily mean that the structure survives after the failure
of the structural member: this is something that must be established by additional
analysis that considers the loss of the specific structural member.
• A value of Cf close to 0% means that the structure has a good structural
robustness.
The proposed method for computing the consequence factors, for different reasons,
should not be used for:
1. Structures that have high concentrated masses (especially non-structural masses) in
a particular zone; and,
2. Structures that have cable structural system (e.g., tensile structures, suspension
bridges).
Member consequence factor and robustness assessment
45. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Black
Swan
Vulnerability
Cause
Damage
Index
• Significant collapse cases
• LPHC events and Black Swans
• Structural robustness in qualitative terms
• Structural robustness in civil engineering
design
• Collapse types
• Structural robustness and progressive
collapse definitions
• Measures against progressive collapse
• Quantification of robustness
• Robustness and optimization
• Member consequence factor
• Assessment of simple structures
• Assessment of complex structures
• References
Robustness
Collapse
resistance
Progressive
collapse
Photo Credit: Wikipedia Commons.
Member
consequence
factor
46. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Cost of robustness measures ≤ Reduction of failure consequences
• The objective function for optimization may be very complex
and depend on the type of the structural system, robustness
measures, characteristics of failure consequences and
probabilities of occurrence and intensities of various hazards.
• If the total cost of robustness measures exceeds the reduction
in failure consequences, then the system may be considered as
robust but uneconomic. In such a situation, probabilistic
methods of risk assessment may be effectively used
Reference:
COST Action TU0601 Robustness of Structures STRUCTURAL ROBUSTNESS DESIGN FOR PRACTISING
ENGINEERS. EUROPEAN COOPERATION IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Editor T. D. Gerard Canisius.
Robustness in Optimization
47. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Reference:
Casciati, S. and Faravelli, L. (2008) Building a Robustness Index. Robustness of Structures COST Action TU0601,
1st Workshop, February 4-5, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
Robustness in Optimization
Example: Hierarchy of the failure modes (“weak beam/strong column”)
...develop the less catastrophic failure
modes first.
...ranking the failure modes in terms of
a hierarchy in such a way that the less
harmful ones are generated at lower
loading levels
Objective function:
Robustness term:
Pfi: probability of the i-th failure mode
m: number of failure modes
A robust structure requires the plastic moment of the column, MPc, being larger than the
one of the beam, MPb; that is, Z = MPc– MPb≥ 0
µc, σc, µb, σb: means and the standard deviations of the plastic moments of the columns and
of the beam, respectively.
To ensure robustness, the index I needs to be kept positive. The objective is, therefore, to
minimize FI=-I.
48. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Black
Swan
Vulnerability
Cause
Damage
Index
• Significant collapse cases
• LPHC events and Black Swans
• Structural robustness in qualitative terms
• Structural robustness in civil engineering
design
• Collapse types
• Structural robustness and progressive
collapse definitions
• Measures against progressive collapse
• Quantification of robustness
• Robustness and optimization
• Member consequence factor
• Assessment of simple structures
• Assessment of complex structures
• References
Robustness
Collapse
resistance
Progressive
collapse
Photo Credit: Wikipedia Commons.
Member
consequence
factor
49. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Stiffness matrix
Kun λi
un
Eigenvalues
Kdam λi
dam
Consequence factor
Robustness indexRscenario= 100 - Cf
scenario
N1i
un
i
dam
i
un
iscenario
f 100
)(
maxC
−=
λ
λ−λ
=
Structural Robustness assessment - overview
50. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
ka
kb
x
y
K%& =
10 0
0 10
C(!
1 = 0% C(*
1 = 30%
R1 = 70%
R1 = 100 − C(
1N: total eigenvalues number
i: single eigenvalue number
a and b: elements
a
b
N1i
un
i
dam
i
un
iscenario
f 100
)(
maxC
−=
λ
λ−λ
=
K./0
=
10 0
0 7
Scenario 1
Single damage – analytic calculation
51. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
• Single bay frame structure with a diagonal beam brace, composed in total of 5
members
• IPE 300, S235 steel, one meter length, pinned boundary conditions.
The evaluated scenarios consist in the removal of elements 1, 2 and 3 sequentially, so the
damage is cumulative: this means that the each scenario includes the damage from the
previous one.
Cumulative damage – numerical assessment
DSj = Σi=(1-j) di
52. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Cumulative damage – numerical assessment
• star-shaped structure – 8 members - pipe cross section - 20 centimeters outside
diameter - 20 millimeters thickness - S235 steel.
• members 1, 3, 5, and 7 are 0.5 meters long and members 2, 4, 6, and 8 are 0.7
meters long.
All the members are connected to each other by a fixed type connection. Also the boundary
conditions are of the fixed type and the structure is plane.
DSj = Σi=(1-j) di
53. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Black
Swan
Vulnerability
Cause
Damage
Index
• Significant collapse cases
• LPHC events and Black Swans
• Structural robustness in qualitative terms
• Structural robustness in civil engineering
design
• Collapse types
• Structural robustness and progressive
collapse definitions
• Measures against progressive collapse
• Quantification of robustness
• Robustness and optimization
• Member consequence factor
• Assessment of simple structures
• Assessment of complex structures
• References
Robustness
Collapse
resistance
Progressive
collapse
Photo Credit: Wikipedia Commons.
Member
consequence
factor
54. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
• Built 1967
• 3 spans, 1067 feet long
• 1977 – new wearing surface
• 1998 – curbs and railings replaced
I-35 West Bridge, Minneapolis, MN
55. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
North
Downtown
I-35 West Bridge, Minneapolis, MNPhotofromaircraftflyingoverhead.
• At 6:05 pm on August 1st 2007 Bridge Collapsed
• 13 People killed & approximately 145 Injured
56. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
I-35 W bridge
I-35 West Bridge, Minneapolis, MN
NTSB 2007
57. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Undamaged
Damaged
scenario
I-35 West Bridge, Minneapolis, MN – damage scenarios
58. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
I-35 West Bridge, Minneapolis, MN – damage scenarios
3D
2D
59. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
d1
d2d3
d4
d5
d7
d6
37
59
42 45
35 38
23
63
41
58 55
65 62
77
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Robustness%
Scenario
Cf max Robustness
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Scenario
Cf max Robustness
Damage scenario
d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7
DSj = di
I-35 West Bridge, Minneapolis, MN – single damage
60. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
d1
d2d3
d4
d5
d7
d6
83 87 88
53
60
86
64
17 13 12
47
40
14
36
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Robustness%
Scenario
Cf max Robustness
Damage scenario
d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7
I-35 West Bridge, Minneapolis, MN/ enhanced– single damage
DSj = di
61. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Black
Swan
Vulnerability
Cause
Damage
Index
• Significant collapse cases
• LPHC events and Black Swans
• Structural robustness in qualitative terms
• Structural robustness in civil engineering
design
• Collapse types
• Structural robustness and progressive
collapse definitions
• Measures against progressive collapse
• Quantification of robustness
• Robustness and optimization
• Member consequence factor
• Assessment of simple structures
• Assessment of complex structures
• References
Robustness
Collapse
resistance
Progressive
collapse
Photo Credit: Wikipedia Commons.
Member
consequence
factor
62. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
References
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the 2008 Structures Congress, April 24-26, 2008, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Bontempi, F. and Giuliani, L. (2008), “Nonlinear dynamic analysis for the structural robustness assessment of a complex structural
system”, Proceedings of the 2008 Structures Congress, April 24-26, 2008, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Bontempi, F., Giuliani, L. and Gkoumas, K. (2007), “Handling the exceptions: dependability of systems and structural robustness”, Invited
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63. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
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FHWA (2011), Framework for Improving Resilience of Bridge Design, Publication No IF-11-016.
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64. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
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65. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
Acknowledgements
- Luisa Giuliani, PhD. Associate Professor, DTU, Denmark.
- Francesca Brando, PhD. Senior Engineer, Thornton Tomasetti, NY.
- Pierluigi Olmati, PhD. Post-doc, Surrey University, UK.
66. Corso di Dottorato: Introduzione all'o mizzazione strutturale Roma, 21 Giugno 2014
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi, Ing. Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D.
“Structural robustness: definitions, examples and
consequence based assessment of structures”
Konstantinos Gkoumas, Ph.D., P.E.
Corso di Dottorato: introduzione all'ottimizzazione
strutturale
Prof.-Ing. Franco Bontempi
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica
Dottorato di Ricerca in Ingegneria delle Strutture
Rome, June 21 2014