This document discusses reading and the reading process. It provides definitions of reading from various experts, which describe reading as a complex, interactive process between the reader and text. The document outlines old and new views of reading, including bottom-up, top-down, and interactive reading models. Factors that influence reading ability and required reading skills like visual discrimination and interpretation are also examined.

1. GED 211
(Developmental Reading)
An Introduction…
By: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed.
University of Mindanao
Tagum Campus, Tagum City
1st Term/2nd Semester/A.Y. 2015 - 2016

2. Reading opens the gate of
understanding others. – Anon.
In this lesson GED 211 students shall be able to:
A. Understand the meaning and nature of reading;
B. Differentiate old and new views in reading and models
of reading strategies;
C. Redefine Reading Comprehension as the heart of the
reading process through getting the main idea of the text;
D. Analyze the factors that influence the acquisition of
reading ability; and
E. Acquire the basic reading skills that the reading process
require.
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.

3. Meaning and Nature of
Reading: Old and New Views
What is Reading?
A subtle and complex process that involves
sensation, perception, comprehension,
application, and integration.
The magic key to the world of enlightenment
and enjoyment. It is the basic tool for
learning in all subject areas.
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.

4. Meaning and Nature of
Reading: Old and New Views
What is Reading?
 Efficient reading is an active dialogue
between author and reader. The efficient
reader is ready to evaluate, challenge, and
criticize reading materials. The man who
reads well is the man who leads.
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.

5. It can be one of man’s ingredients for blending
his inner psychological world with the outer
social world, and emerging into a new world of
thought, imagination and reality.
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Meaning and Nature of
Reading: Old and New Views
What is Reading?

6. This can be a language process. It requires
cognitive responses to print in association with
the knowledge of the structure, gained through
sociological experiences within one’s
environment. (Diane J. Sawyer and Sally Lipa,
Syracuse University, 1975).
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Meaning and Nature of
Reading: Old and New Views
What is Reading?

7. It enables man to ponder the mysteries of the
world, explore accumulated knowledge, and
contemplate the unknown…
From this search, he begins to uncover
some answers to questions. He is
stimulated to raise more questions, and
to continue his pursuit for deeper
understanding.
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Meaning and Nature of
Reading: Old and New Views
What is Reading?

8. A multifaceted, complex skill made of a
number of psychological, physical, and social
elements. Efficient reading is an active
dialogue between author and reader.
- (Dubin, 1982).
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
What is Reading?
Meaning and Nature of
Reading: Old and New Views

9. What is Reading?
This can be a long-distance discussion
between a reader and an author. There is an
essential interaction between language and
thought in reading…
The writer encodes thought as language, and
the reader decodes language to thought.
(Goodman, 1968).
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Meaning and Nature of
Reading: Old and New Views

10. What is Reading?
Reading is an interactive and interpretive
process. No text can be considered separate
from the reader. There must be a successful
interaction between the reader and the
discourse to be proceeded.
- (Williamson, 1988).
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Meaning and Nature of
Reading: Old and New Views

11. Conclusion…
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Meaning and Nature of
Reading: Old and New Views
The schema theory states that schema
are the knowledge stored in our memory;
schemata are organized summaries of past
experiences which we involved in interpreting
new information; without prior knowledge or
familiarity with a topic, it will be difficult to
understand a new idea, make guesses,
inferences, and draw conclusions.

12. Conclusion…
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Meaning and Nature of
Reading: Old and New Views
In the past, reading was viewed as getting
meaning from the printed page.
It was considered as the receptive phase of
written communication.

13. Modern trends in reading emphasizes the
following views as shown in the Figure 1.
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Meaning and Nature of
Reading: Old and New Views

14. READING
is analytic, interactive
and strategic
involves affective or
emotional satisfiers
involves cognitive skills in
analyzing, comparing,
evaluating, and
interpreting
is a meta – cognitive activity of sampling,
predicting, testing and conforming: taking
corrective action when failures in
comprehension are found
involves associative
involves perceptual
learning of objects, letters
and shapes
Fig. 1
“New
View of
Reading
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Meaning and Nature of
Reading: Old and New Views

15. Reading Comprehension is now viewed
as follows:
Comprehension
The dynamic,
interactive process
of constructing
meaning
Means of combining the reader’s background
experience or prior knowledge with the new text
information within the context of the reading
situation
An interaction
between the
reader and the text
An active, constructive
process before, during, and
after reading
Fig. 2 “Comprehension
Redefined”
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.

16. A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.

17. A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Jerry: “I’m so
bored, what is
in reading that
we need to
study it?“Oh,
those clouds
promise heavy
rain, I think we
should have to
go now…”
Teacher: “Yes, that’s
right Dan. but wait
guys, Rebecca is right,
these reading experts
suggest three (3) models
of reading strategies
needed for careful
reading and
retention…”
Rebecca: “It’s interesting to
note teacher that reading
allows us to widen our
horizon. Indeed, it’s very
important that we’ve
discussed it. Sir, are there
any strategies for us to be
guided in the reading
process?”
Dan: “You are not
listening, are you?
We’ve just discussed
the different views of
these reading
experts…As far as I
remember: It is the
basic tool for learning
in all subject areas.

18. Bottom – Up
Fig. 3 “Shows the schematic diagram of reading strategies”
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Models of
Reading
Strategies
Top - Down
Interactive

19. What is Reading?
Reading is an interactive and interpretive
process. No text can be considered separate
from the reader. There must be a successful
interaction between the reader and the
discourse to be proceeded.
- (Williamson, 1988).
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Meaning and Nature of
Reading: Old and New Views

20. Models of Reading Strategies
Bottom – Up
(Text – based)
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
A reading that begins with letters
on a page that reader must
distinguish and organize as words,
sentences, and meaningful
paragraphs.

21. Models of Reading Strategies
Top – Down
(Reader –
based)
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
A reading that begins with the
reader’s mind set to hypothesize
and predict from paragraphs,
stories, and poems to be read,
based on past experiences with
language and the world.

22. Models of Reading Strategies
Interactive
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Reader reads back and
forth/simultaneously, attends to
both what is in his mind and
what‘s on the page and attends to
specific letters and words.

23. Afraid or
Nervous
typhoons
(e.g. Vinta, Yolanda,
Zoraida)
broken – hearted
(e.g. boyfriend/girlfriend)
dark places
kidnappers/ hold uppers
earthquakes
snakes
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Activity 1
Task 1. Prepare a word map for each word. Write situations when these
feelings occur. Look at the examples.

24. A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Activity 1
Task 2. Do the same with the following words. Choose at least two (2)
words below.
brave curious angry ashamed
happy annoyed sexy unsure
disappointed humiliated excited irritable
Task 3. Share your word maps with your classmates. Find out if the
situations are similar.

25. A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Activity 1
Task 4. Read and do form groups of five and discuss how and when you
feel those words found in your word map. Then fill in the space in the
chart under Familiar and New Activities. Fill in also the blanks in the
sentences below.
Familiar Activities New Activities
When I __________________________________, I feel _______
(familiar activity)
When I __________________________________, I feel _______
(new activity)

26. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE
ACQUISITION OF READING ABILITY
Fig. 4 “Factors that influence
Acquisition of Reading Ability”
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Factors
that
influence
Acquisition
of Reading
Ability
MotivationIntelligence
Interest
Language
Facility
Auditory
Discrimination
Visual
Discrimination
Motor – Ocular
Coordination
{
{
Home Background
1. Was read to/by
parents/elders
2. Adequate reading
materials
3. Good health and
nutrition, vitality
Teaching Strategies on:
1. Vocabulary
2. Comprehension
3. Literary Appreciation
4. Study Skills
Attitudes of/toward
1. Parents
2. Siblings
3. Teachers
4. Peers

27. Required Reading Skills
Reading
Requires
Abilities related to
visual
discrimination
Interpretation Abilities
Association Skills
Skills Related to eye
movement
Fig. 5 “Basic requirements for
an effective reading process”
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.

28. Required Reading Skills
Skills Related to
eye movement
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Relates to the ability to move the
eyes in a conventional manner.
That is, for English, from left to
right, back left and down a line, left
to right again, and so forth.
“Skilled readers see items move in
irregular sweeps, pause
momentarily, and sometimes
move backward.”
– Charles W. Kreidler
David Eskey of the University of
California called this movements
“saccades”

29. Required Reading Skills
Visual
Discrimination
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Ability to perceive the
characteristic differences and
similarities among letters of the
alphabet, words, sentences, and
their variations.

30. Required Reading Skills
Association
Skills
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Mental link between visual marks
such as letters and written words.
The ability of a person to recall
sound and meaning immediately
when he sees groups of letters or
words.

31. Required Reading Skills
Interpretation
Abilities
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
The ability to construe, process,
deduce meaning from word
clusters, word patterns or
collocations, and arrangements.

32. Questions so far?
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.

33. What is reading?
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Recapitulation!
Reading experts define reading in many ways. Their
views about reading may be summarized as follows:
1. A subtle and complex process.
2. A magic key to the world of enlightenment and enjoyment.
3. Process of getting and making meaning from printed words.
4. Active dialogue between author and reader.
5. A man’s deepest pleasures.
6. Opportunity of a man to ponder the mysteries of the world.
7. A language process & a psycholinguistic guessing
8.A multifaceted, complex skill.

34. What is reading?
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Recapitulation!
Reading experts define reading in many ways. Their
views about reading may be summarized as follows:
9. A long-distance discussion between a reader and an author.
10. An interactive and interpretive process.
11. Depends largely on whether the reader – selected schemata.
12. It is an active process, reader to author.
Three (3) Models of Reading Strategies
1. Bottom - Up 2. Top - Down 3. Interactive

35. A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Recapitulation!
A New View of Reading
1. Involves perceptual learning objects, letters, & shapes
2. Involves associations; affective or emotional satisfiers
3. Involves cognitive skills in analyzing, comparing,
evaluating, and interpreting.
4. Is analytic, interactive and strategic
5. Meta-cognitive activity of sampling, predicting, testing,
and conforming: taking corrective action when failures in
comprehension found.

36. A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Recapitulation!
A New View of Comprehension
1. Active, constructive process before, during & after reading.
2. An interaction between the reader, and the text.
3. The dynamic interactive process of constructing meaning
out from the text being read.
4. Means of combining the reader’s background experience
or (schema) prior knowledge with the text information within
the context of the reading situation.

37. A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Recapitulation!
Factors that influence
the acquisition of Reading ability
Intelligence
Motor – Ocular
Coordination
Interest
Visual
Discrimination
Language Facility
Auditory
Discrimination
Motivation
Attitude
Formal exposure
to linguistic
environment
(School)
Informal exposure
to linguistic
environment
(Home)

38. A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Recapitulation!
Basic requirements for the reading
1. Skills related to eye movement
2. Abilities related to visual
discrimination
3. Association Skills
4. Interpretation Abilities

39. Whatever the motivation, whatever the
purpose, reading implies comprehension.
An individual must understand what he
read if he is to accomplish any purpose
except to waste time.
---------------
For reading opens the gate of
understanding others.
A presentation by: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed. University of Mindanao Tagum Campus, Tagum City Phils.
Points to ponder!

40. Thank you for listening!
God bless us!
Nothing follows…
By: Prof. Larcyneil P. Pascual, MA. Ed.
University of Mindanao
Tagum Campus, Tagum City
2nd Term/1st Semester/A.Y. 2014 - 2015