Ruby on Rails is a web framework built on Ruby that aims to make web development simpler and more enjoyable. It was extracted from the Basecamp project management tool. Rails emphasizes conventions over configurations, separating concerns into models, views, and controllers, and following patterns that reduce repetition. Developers can get started with Rails by downloading the Ruby language and using resources like books, screencasts, and online communities to learn more. Popular hosting providers that support Rails include Heroku, Slicehost, and Dreamhost.