The document provides an introduction to microprocessors and microcontrollers, outlining their architecture, applications, and key differences. It details various Intel microprocessors developed over the years, emphasizing their features, registers, and instruction sets. The text also highlights the distinction between microprocessors and microcontrollers in terms of functionality and integration.

1. Introduction To Microprocessor and
Microcontroller
1
By
V.Bharathi M.E.,M.B.A.,(Ph.D)
Asst.Prof -ECE
Kongunadu College of Engg & Tech,Thottiam,Trichy

2. Objective
 Introduction to microprocessor
 Applications of microprocessor
 Architecture
 Addressing mode and its types
 Instruction Set
 Peripherals in MP and MC
 Difference Between MP and MC
 Videos
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3. Introduction
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 Microprocessor (µP) is the “brain” of a
computer that has been implemented on
one semiconductor chip.
 Processor means a device that processes
whatever(binary numbers, 0’s and 1’s)
 To process means to manipulate. It
describes all manipulation.
 Micro-> extremely small

4. Definition of a Microprocessor.
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 A microprocessor is multi programmable
clock driven register based semiconductor
device that is used to fetch , process
&execute a data within fraction of
seconds .

5. Applications
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 Calculators
 Accounting system
 Games machine
 Traffic light Control
 Multi user, multi-function environments
 Military applications
 Communication systems

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7. 6 August 20177

8. Advanced safety vehicle (ASV)
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9. DIFFERENT PROCESSORS
AVAILABLE
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10. Development of Intel
Microprocessors
 8086 -1979
 286 -1982
 386 -1985
 486 -1989
 Pentium -1993
 Pentium Pro -1995
 Pentium MMX -1997
 Pentium II -1997
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11. Development of Intel
Microprocessors
 Pentium II Celeron -1998
 Pentium II Zeon -1998
 Pentium III -1999
 Pentium III Zeon -1999
 Pentium IV -2000
 Pentium IV Zeon -2001
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12. 8-bit Microprocessors
 Introduced in 1972.
 It was first 8-bit μP.
 Its clock speed was 500 KHz.
 Could execute 50,000 instructions per second
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13. Intel 8080
 Introduced in 1974.
 It was also 8-bit μP.
 Its clock speed was 2 MHz.
 It had 6,000 transistors
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14. Intel 8085
 Introduced in 1976.
 It was also 8-bit μP.
 Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
 Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus is 16-bit.
 It had 6,500 transistors.
 Could execute 7,69,230 instructions per second.
 It could access 64 KB of memory.
 It had 246 instructions

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15. 16-bit Microprocessors
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16. Introduction to
INTEL8086
Features of 8086
 Introduced in 1978.
 It was first 16-bit μP.
 Its clock speed is 4.77
MHz, 8 MHz and 10
MHz, depending on the
version.
 Its data bus is 16-bit and
address bus is 20-bit.
 It had 29,000 transistors.
 Could execute 2.5
million instructions per
second.
 It could access 1 MB of
memory.
 It had 22,000
instructions.
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17. Basic Microprocessors System
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18. Clock pulse
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19. BUS CONCEPT
 BUS: Group of conducting lines that carries data , address
& control signals.
 CLASSIFICATION OF BUSES:
DATA BUS: group of conducting lines that carries data.
ADDRESS BUS: group of conducting lines that carries
address.
CONTROL BUS: group of conducting lines that carries
control signals {RD,WR etc}
CPU BUS: group of conducting lines that directly
connected to μP
SYSTEM BUS: Group of conducting lines that carries data ,
address & control signals in a μP system.
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20. 8086 Internal Architecture
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1.Fetch
2.Decode
3.Execute

21. Registers organization 0f 8086
 8086 has powerful set of registers, It includes
1. General purpose Register.
2. Segment Register.
3. Flag Register.
4.Pointer and Index Register.
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22. General purpose register
 All the general registers of the 8086 microprocessor can be
used for arithmetic and logical operations.The 16 – bit
general registers are
1.Accumulator(AX) = (AL,AH)
2.Base Register(BX) = (BL,BH)
3.Count Register(CX) = (CL,CH)
4. Data Register (DX) = (DL,DH)
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All registers can be
used as 16 bit
registers or two
8- bit registers

23. General Purpose Registers
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15 8 7 0

24. General Purpose Registers
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25. 6 August 201725
 AX is used as 16 bit Accumulator(ACC)
 Where as register AL is used as 8 bit Accumulator(ACC)
 They can also used as counters or used for storing off set
address.

26. Segment Registers
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27. ?
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28. Flag Registers
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29. Architecture of 8086
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30. Architecture of 8086
 Architecture is internally divided into two separate
functional units.
1. Bus interface unit (BIU)
2. Execution unit (EU)
 These two functional units can work simultaneously to
increase the system speed
 Throughput- is a measure of number of instructions executed
per unit time
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31. Functions of Bus interface unit
(BIU)
 Sends out addresses for memory locations
 Fetches Instructions from memory
 Reads/Writes data to memory
 Sends out addresses for I/O ports
 Reads/Writes data to Input/output ports
 Supports for instructions queuing
 Provides the address relocation facility
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32. Instruction queue
 To speed up the program execution, the BIU unit fetches six
instruction bytes ahead of time from the memory
 These prefetced instruction bytes are held for the execution
unit in a group of six registers.
 With the help of the queue it is possible to fetch next
instruction when current instruction is in execution
 BIU fetches next instruction when previous instruction is in
execution
 <Refer next slide>
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33. 6 August 201733
1.Fetch
2.Decode
3.Execute

34. Execution Unit
 The execution unit of 8086 tells the BIU from where to
fetch instructions or data, decodes instruction and execute
instructions.
 It contains
1. Control Circuitry
2. Instruction decoder
3.Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
4. Flag register
5. General purpose registers
6. Pointers and instruction registers
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35. Pointer Register
 Stack Pointer (SP)
It is a 16- bit register pointing to program stack
 Base Pointer (BP)
It is a 16 bit register pointing to data in the stack segment.
BP register is usually used for base index or register indirect
addressing mode
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36. Index register
 Source Index(SI)
It is a 16 bit register .SI is used for indexed ,based indexed
and register indirect addressing mode
• Destination Index(DI)
It is a 16 bit register, DI is used for indexed ,based indexed
and register indirect addressing mode
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37. SUBROUTINE & SUBROUTINE
HANDILING INSTRUCTIONS
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39. INTERRUPTS &INTERRUPT
SERVICE ROUTINE(ISR)
 INTERRUPT & ISR ?
 ‘Interrupts’ is to break the sequence of operation.
While the CPU is executing a program, on‘interrupt’ breaks
the normal sequence of execution of instructions, diverts its
execution to some other program called Interrupt Service
Routine (ISR)
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43.  Maskable Interrupt: An Interrupt that can be disabled or
ignored by the instructions of CPU are called as Maskable
Interrupt.
 Non-Maskable Interrupt: An interrupt that cannot be
disabled or ignored by the instructions of CPU are called as
Non-Maskable Interrupt.
 Software interrupts are machine instructions that amount
to a call to the designated interrupt subroutine, usually
identified by interrupt number.
 Ex: INT0 -INT255
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46. Setup & Hold Time
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47.  Setup time
The time before the rising edge of the clock,
while the data must be valid and constant
 Hold time
The time after the rising edge of the clock during
which the data must remain valid and constant
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48. MICRO CONTROLLER
 An IC which process and also controls the devices such as
Keyboard
Speaker
Display
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49. PHERIPERALS IN 8086
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50. I/O PORTS
I/O Ports Is Used For Input /Output Data
Communication
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52. INTERRUPT
 Disturbing main function is called interrupt
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53. 6 August 201753

54. FLAG
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 Intimation of work completed


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56. ANALOG TO DIGITAL
CONVERSION
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58. TIMER /COUNTER
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59. Difference between MP & MC
Microprocessor Microcontroller
 CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM,
I/O, timer are separate
 Designer can decide on the
amount of ROM, RAM and I/O
ports
 Expansive
 General-purpose
 Multitasking
 CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer
are all on a single chip
 Fix amount of on-chip ROM,
RAM, I/O ports
 Not Expansive
 Special Purpose
 Single Task at a time
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60. Difference
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61. Recap
 MP-Microprocessor
 MC-Microcontroller
 SI-Source Index
 DI-Destination Index
 SP-Stack Pointer
 Mov-Move Data
 Add – Add the data
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62. Thank you
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