Insurance allows individuals and organizations to transfer risk by paying premiums to an insurance company, which then reimburses the insured for covered losses. It works by pooling risks from a large number of similar individuals and entities - the few who suffer losses are paid from premiums paid by the many. Key concepts include risk as an uncertain possibility of loss, perils as events that can cause losses, and hazards as conditions increasing the likelihood or severity of losses. Insurance spreads risks but does not guarantee that perils will not occur - it only provides compensation if insured events happen.

1. Chapter – 1
Introduction to Insurance

2. Chapter 1 - Introduction to Insurance
Basics of Insurance –
• Each asset has a financial value and is procured to provide certain benefits. The
benefit can be in the form of direct income or comfort and convenience.
• Assets may be “tangible” or “intangible”. Human beings, house, furniture, vehicle,
property etc. are tangible assets. Liability, goodwill, fair deal, voice of a singer ,
employee’s honesty etc. are examples of intangible assets. Insurance covers both
tangible and intangible assets.
• Insurance is a system by which risk is transferred by a person, business or an
organization to an insurance company , which reimburse the insured for the
covered losses.
• A few insured who suffer losses are paid out of the premiums paid by the many.
Thus spreading of risks or pooling of risks is the basis of insurance operations.

3. Chapter 1 - Introduction to Insurance
Large number of people
with a similar risk of loss
are gathered.
Each pays a small
premium
Pooling of risk
That fund is then used
to compensate the
few members who
will suffer the
particular loss.

4. Risk:
• All assets are exposed to one or the other risk. The term “risk” refers to a situation of
uncertain possibility of loss or damage. An asset is likely to be lost, destroyed or
damaged due to certain accidental occurrences such as fire , floods, theft, earthquake
and so many other mis- happenings like these. These likely mis-happenings are called
“perils”
Hazard:
• Mere exposure to a peril need not cause a loss. Again , a loss need not be severe. The
condition or conditions which increase the probability of a loss or its severity , and
thus impact(s) the risk is known as hazard. When insurers make an assessment of the
risk, it is generally with reference to the hazards to which the assets is subject.
Risk Peril Hazard
Loss due to death Cancer Excessive Smoking
Loss or damage to factory Fire Explosive Material
Damage to car Car accident Careless driving
Loss of cargo at sea Storm Non-waterproof containers
Risk, Peril, Hazard – An Explanation :
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Insurance

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Insurance does not guarantee that the peril will not happen.
It can only provide compensation for the loss that comes as a result of the insured event
happening.
Chapter 1 – Introduction to Insurance

6. How insurance works?
Persons exposed to the same risk come together and agree that if anyone of them
suffers a loss the others will share the same.
Examples: If one farmer’s cow dies due to accident or sickness, all the farmers in the
village contribute to share the loss and help the farmer financially to
purchase another cow.
Different type of risks can be identified and a sufficiently large group of similar risks
can be formed. A fund can be created out of contributions by the members of this
group.
In practice this fund is managed by an Insurance company (insurer). The amount an
insurance company collects as expected contribution from the group members
(insured) in advance to create the fund is called Premium. From this fund, they pay to
the person who suffers a loss.
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Insurance

7. Success of this mechanism is based on :
I. Law of large numbers – Basically, the law of large numbers means that the larger
the number of units that are individually exposed to an event, the greater the
likelihood that the actual result of that exposure will equal the expected results.
For insurance companies, it means that the larger the size of sample (policy
holders) used in testing, the more accurate the predictions of the behaviour of
that sample and smaller the expected deviations in comparison of outcomes.
II. Principle of Equitable premium – In spite of the risks being similar, level of risks
may vary requiring high premium for higher risks. Human nature being what it is,
every risks holder would like to be a member of the pool and receive financial
consequences in the event of loss. However human nature also dictates that we
would all like to contribute as small a sum as possible. If the decision regarding
contribution is left to members themselves, there is a danger that
understandable reluctance to pay means that collection contributions are
insufficient to meet the losses. In order to over come this, equitable premium is
charged wherein the probable frequency and severity of loss for each applicant
is calculated with actuarial analysis and each applicant is charged accordingly. So
that there is no flat rate for all and the pricing is fare representing the risk for
that particular applicant.
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Insurance

8. Need for Insurance : The purpose of Insurance is to create a system through which a
fund is created. This fund is based on the pooling principle. The fund is utilized for
providing compensation to the few who suffer losses.
 An office manager may suffer loss due to fire in his house. He needs insurance for
his house and household goods.
 A shopkeeper may need insurance for his shop
 A family needs insurance on the life of its breadwinner.
 A teacher may need insurance for medical expenses.
 A farmer needs insurance for his crop.
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Insurance