Geology
Internal structure of the Earth
Rock cycle
weathering
• Physical
• Chemical
• biological
Hydrological cycle
Physical waethering
Spheroidal weathering (onion like)
Break down
Exfoliation
Sheet weathering
Frost wedging
Columnar jointing in basalts
Chemical weathering
Chemical weathering
Calcite leaching in Belum
caves (AP, India)
Biological weathering
Hardness scale
Igneous rocks
• Volcanic
• Plutonic
Volcano - Mount Etna
Volcanic eruption
Plate tectonics
Forms/ structures of Igneous rocks
(Horst and graben) Sill
Amygdales
Volcanic tuff
Fossil wood
Foliation and lineation
lineation
Schist
Size chart for sediments
Engineering failures
landslides
Tunnels failure
Tigra Dam failure
• (also spelled "Tig Dam") creates a freshwater reservoir on the Sank
River, about 23 km from Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India[1] It plays a
crucial role in supplying water to the city.
• View from the Dam
• right side view
• The dam is 24 metres high at its crest, and 1341 m long.
• The reservoir has a capacity of 4.8 million cubic metres
• A dam constructed on this site in 1915 failed on the afternoon of
19 August 1917,
• due to infiltration into its sandstone foundations. A
• bout 10,000 people were killed downstream.[3]
• A subsequent structure failed in 1999
St. Francis Dam
• The dam was designed and built between 1924 and 1926
• by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power,
• The department was under the direction of its general
manager and chief engineer, William Mulholland.
• At 11:57 p.m. on March 12, 1928, the dam catastrophically
failed, and the resulting flood took the lives of what is
estimated to be at least 431 people.[2][3]
• The collapse of the St. Francis Dam is considered to be one
of the worst American civil engineering disasters of the
20th century and remains the second-greatest loss of life in
California's history
Who is the culprit?
• According to their theories, water from the
reservoir had permeated far back into the
schist formation of the eastern abutment. This
lubricated the rock and it slowly began to
move, exerting a tremendous amount of
weight against the dam.
Before dam failure
After failure
Conglomerate
Geology in Engineering
Committee member John Burland, an
engineer, promoted soil extraction as
the best way to save the tower.
In Pisa the tilted one is back in
business after an 11-year effort
to keep it from collapsing
The Leaning Tower Straightens Up
www.smithsonianmag.si.edu
Engineers use knowledge of
geology to design, protect and
correct structures
Folds
Chevron fold
Asymmetrical
Closed folds
Drag folds

Introduction to Engineering geology