Introduction to economic system
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This document discusses the production line process for manufacturing cars. It begins with the production line where parts like computer components and keyboards are assembled. It then discusses distribution of the finished cars to consumers who will consume and use the goods and services.
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Teachers work 40 hours a week to teach children skills like reading, writing, math, and more. They must have a college degree and teaching license to teach different grades and help students learn right from wrong. There are about 1.5 million elementary teachers and 1.1 million secondary teachers in the United States who work to educate students and prepare them for their future.
Business cycles 2
Business cycles are short-run fluctuations in aggregate economic activity around its long-run growth path. They consist of peaks, contractions or recessions, troughs, and recoveries and expansions. Key macroeconomic variables like production, consumption, investment, employment, money supply, stock prices, and interest rates behave differently in the business cycle, either moving pro-cyclically, counter-cyclically, or with no clear pattern. The interaction between the multiplier and accelerator effects shape the overall business cycle as initial changes trigger further rounds of spending.
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NITI Aayog is the Indian government's policy think tank established in 2015 to replace the Planning Commission. It aims to involve states more in economic policymaking. Headquartered in New Delhi, NITI Aayog is chaired by the Prime Minister and comprises state leaders and outside experts. Its role is to provide strategic policy and technical advice to central and state governments to foster sustainable development.
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The document discusses business cycles and fluctuations in economic activity. It defines business cycles as irregular expansions and contractions in overall economic output, income, employment, etc. that typically last 2-10 years. The four phases of a business cycle are identified as recovery, prosperity, recession, and depression. Various theories of business cycles are mentioned, along with indicators used to track cycles. Methods for controlling business cycles, like monetary policy, fiscal policy, and automatic stabilizers, are also summarized.
India’s demonetization disaster
The document summarizes the negative impacts of India's demonetization policy announced in November 2016. It notes the policy led to a mad scramble to exchange old banknotes and caused severe economic disruption across India by grinding the economy to a halt. Key sectors like agriculture, fishing, and small businesses were badly impacted. Over 82 people died in cash queues. The demonetization appears to have been a miscalculation without proper planning, cost-benefit analysis or consideration of alternatives. The long-term effects on the economy and those reliant on cash could be prolonged.
Economic systems
This document provides an overview of different economic systems, including traditional, market, socialist (command), mixed, and Islamic systems. It describes the key features of each system. A traditional system is based on bartering, while a market system uses money and is based on supply and demand. Socialist/command economies give the government control over economic activities. Mixed economies combine government and private control. Islamic economies aim to reduce inequality through principles like discouraging wealth hoarding and taxing wealth. The document asks what type of system Bangladesh uses, suggesting it has characteristics of a mixed economy.
demonitazion
This document discusses the impacts of India's 2016 demonetization policy, which removed Rs 500 and Rs 1000 banknotes from circulation. It provides two case studies showing differing impacts: Amul dairy cooperative adapted well to cashless payments, with no employment impacts, while textiles company Raymond saw a 30% sales drop and may lay off 10,000 workers due to its cash-reliant industry. It also discusses inflation falling due to reduced spending, mixed effects on GDP, financial markets seeing initial drops, and economists viewing long-term benefits despite short-term disruptions.
8 business cycles
The document discusses business cycles, which are alternate periods of economic prosperity and depression in capitalist economies. It provides details on the typical phases of a business cycle, including depression, recovery, prosperity, boom, and recession. Various theories of business cycles are also mentioned, such as the monetary, psychological, overproduction, innovation, and multiplier-accelerator theories. The document concludes with methods that can be used to control fluctuations in business cycles, such as monetary policy, fiscal policy, and automatic stabilizers.
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Teachers work 40 hours a week to teach children skills like reading, writing, math, and more. They must have a college degree and teaching license to teach different grades and help students learn right from wrong. There are about 1.5 million elementary teachers and 1.1 million secondary teachers in the United States who work to educate students and prepare them for their future.
Business cycles 2
Business cycles are short-run fluctuations in aggregate economic activity around its long-run growth path. They consist of peaks, contractions or recessions, troughs, and recoveries and expansions. Key macroeconomic variables like production, consumption, investment, employment, money supply, stock prices, and interest rates behave differently in the business cycle, either moving pro-cyclically, counter-cyclically, or with no clear pattern. The interaction between the multiplier and accelerator effects shape the overall business cycle as initial changes trigger further rounds of spending.
Niti aayog
NITI Aayog is the Indian government's policy think tank established in 2015 to replace the Planning Commission. It aims to involve states more in economic policymaking. Headquartered in New Delhi, NITI Aayog is chaired by the Prime Minister and comprises state leaders and outside experts. Its role is to provide strategic policy and technical advice to central and state governments to foster sustainable development.
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The document discusses business cycles and fluctuations in economic activity. It defines business cycles as irregular expansions and contractions in overall economic output, income, employment, etc. that typically last 2-10 years. The four phases of a business cycle are identified as recovery, prosperity, recession, and depression. Various theories of business cycles are mentioned, along with indicators used to track cycles. Methods for controlling business cycles, like monetary policy, fiscal policy, and automatic stabilizers, are also summarized.
India’s demonetization disaster
The document summarizes the negative impacts of India's demonetization policy announced in November 2016. It notes the policy led to a mad scramble to exchange old banknotes and caused severe economic disruption across India by grinding the economy to a halt. Key sectors like agriculture, fishing, and small businesses were badly impacted. Over 82 people died in cash queues. The demonetization appears to have been a miscalculation without proper planning, cost-benefit analysis or consideration of alternatives. The long-term effects on the economy and those reliant on cash could be prolonged.
Economic systems
This document provides an overview of different economic systems, including traditional, market, socialist (command), mixed, and Islamic systems. It describes the key features of each system. A traditional system is based on bartering, while a market system uses money and is based on supply and demand. Socialist/command economies give the government control over economic activities. Mixed economies combine government and private control. Islamic economies aim to reduce inequality through principles like discouraging wealth hoarding and taxing wealth. The document asks what type of system Bangladesh uses, suggesting it has characteristics of a mixed economy.
demonitazion
This document discusses the impacts of India's 2016 demonetization policy, which removed Rs 500 and Rs 1000 banknotes from circulation. It provides two case studies showing differing impacts: Amul dairy cooperative adapted well to cashless payments, with no employment impacts, while textiles company Raymond saw a 30% sales drop and may lay off 10,000 workers due to its cash-reliant industry. It also discusses inflation falling due to reduced spending, mixed effects on GDP, financial markets seeing initial drops, and economists viewing long-term benefits despite short-term disruptions.
8 business cycles
The document discusses business cycles, which are alternate periods of economic prosperity and depression in capitalist economies. It provides details on the typical phases of a business cycle, including depression, recovery, prosperity, boom, and recession. Various theories of business cycles are also mentioned, such as the monetary, psychological, overproduction, innovation, and multiplier-accelerator theories. The document concludes with methods that can be used to control fluctuations in business cycles, such as monetary policy, fiscal policy, and automatic stabilizers.
India Demonitization Nov 2016- PROS & CONS
This document summarizes the impacts and debates around India's demonetization policy announced in November 2016. It discusses both the perceived benefits such as curbing black money and terrorism financing, as well as significant short-term costs including inconvenience, job losses, and impact on farmers and daily wage earners. While the policy aims for long-term goals of a cashless economy and banking sector reforms, the document argues the implementation faced hurdles due to India's scale and lack of digital infrastructure, and that other enforcement measures could have been pursued instead of or in addition to note ban.
Demonitization and its tax impacts
The document provides information on the impacts of demonetization in India. It discusses how demonetization aims to tackle black money, eliminate fake currency, and lower cash transactions. It outlines tax impacts for honest taxpayers versus dishonest taxpayers. It details the process of depositing cash in banks, potential inquiries by tax departments, and requirements to explain cash sources. It also covers proposed penalties for unexplained cash deposits, impacts of benami transactions, and details of the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana tax amnesty scheme.
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Niti aayog and planning commission
The Planning Commission of India, established in 1950, has been replaced by the new National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog). NITI Aayog will serve as a think tank and advisory body to the government, unlike the Planning Commission which formulated five-year plans and allocated resources. The new body includes leaders from India's 29 states and 7 union territories and will have a CEO and experts who report directly to Prime Minister Narendra Modi as chairman. Critics argue this marks a power shift from the Planning Commission model to greater state involvement in a cooperative federalism approach.
Business cycles
Business cycles show periodic fluctuations in economic activity, measured by indicators like production, employment, and income. There are four phases of a business cycle: expansion, peak, contraction/recession, and trough. Expansions involve growth while contractions involve declines. Business cycles are caused by factors like changes in investment levels, consumer and business expectations, and technological innovations. Theories like Keynes' emphasize how fluctuations in investment can drive cycles, while real business cycle theory sees cycles arising from supply-side shocks. Cycles affect the economy through impacts on areas like growth, inflation, and unemployment. Policy tools can help control the amplitude of cycles.
Demonetization After effects
Indian Government demonetized its high value currency of Rs.500/- and Rs.1000/-. It affected Indian economy to a great extent. Take an insight of the chain of events from November 08 2016. See the effects of demonetization on Indian economy and common man
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The document summarizes key concepts about foreign exchange rates and their determinants. In the 1980s, the strong dollar made US goods expensive abroad, hurting competitiveness. By the 2000s, as the dollar weakened, US goods became cheaper and competitiveness increased. Exchange rates are determined by supply and demand in the market. In the long run, factors like relative price levels and productivity affect exchange rates, while in the short run, interest rates and expected future exchange rates drive exchange rate movements through interest rate parity.
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The document discusses business cycles, unemployment, inflation, and the Philippine experience. It covers theories of business cycles and the different phases. It also defines unemployment and inflation, and discusses the government's policies in response to the Philippine recession in the 1980s to promote economic recovery.
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The document discusses the foreign exchange market and its evolution from the gold standard to fixed exchange rates to the current floating exchange rate system. It provides details on the Bretton Woods Agreement which established fixed exchange rates between currencies from 1944 to 1971. It then describes how the US dollar became overvalued leading countries to abandon fixed rates and transition to a floating exchange rate system.
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This document provides an overview of balance of payments (BOP) accounting. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world. It notes that BOP has three main components: the current account balance, capital account balance, and the overall BOP. The current account tracks goods/services exports and imports, while the capital account tracks financial flows. The document also discusses factors that can cause BOP disequilibriums and monetary/non-monetary policy tools to correct imbalances, such as devaluation, export promotion, and tariffs.
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1. It discusses the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) which promotes IP protection worldwide and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
2. The major types of IP are outlined as functional/technical inventions protected by patents, artistic works protected by copyright, and symbols/logos protected by trademarks.
3. The rights provided by patents, copyright, and trademarks are territorial in nature and regulated by country-specific laws, though international treaties allow cross-border cooperation on IP issues.
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Demonitization and its tax impacts
The document provides information on the impacts of demonetization in India. It discusses how demonetization aims to tackle black money, eliminate fake currency, and lower cash transactions. It outlines tax impacts for honest taxpayers versus dishonest taxpayers. It details the process of depositing cash in banks, potential inquiries by tax departments, and requirements to explain cash sources. It also covers proposed penalties for unexplained cash deposits, impacts of benami transactions, and details of the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana tax amnesty scheme.
NATIONAL INCOME====by sumit mukherjee
National income is defined as the value of all final goods and services produced by the normal residents of a country in a year. It is measured to understand the size and performance of a country's economy, trace economic growth trends, know the structure of the national income, and help formulate development plans and policies. National income is calculated using the production, income, and expenditure methods and aggregates at current and constant prices. It is important but does not fully reflect human development or income distribution.
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The Planning Commission of India, established in 1950, has been replaced by the new National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog). NITI Aayog will serve as a think tank and advisory body to the government, unlike the Planning Commission which formulated five-year plans and allocated resources. The new body includes leaders from India's 29 states and 7 union territories and will have a CEO and experts who report directly to Prime Minister Narendra Modi as chairman. Critics argue this marks a power shift from the Planning Commission model to greater state involvement in a cooperative federalism approach.
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Business cycles show periodic fluctuations in economic activity, measured by indicators like production, employment, and income. There are four phases of a business cycle: expansion, peak, contraction/recession, and trough. Expansions involve growth while contractions involve declines. Business cycles are caused by factors like changes in investment levels, consumer and business expectations, and technological innovations. Theories like Keynes' emphasize how fluctuations in investment can drive cycles, while real business cycle theory sees cycles arising from supply-side shocks. Cycles affect the economy through impacts on areas like growth, inflation, and unemployment. Policy tools can help control the amplitude of cycles.
Demonetization After effects
Indian Government demonetized its high value currency of Rs.500/- and Rs.1000/-. It affected Indian economy to a great extent. Take an insight of the chain of events from November 08 2016. See the effects of demonetization on Indian economy and common man
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The document summarizes key concepts about foreign exchange rates and their determinants. In the 1980s, the strong dollar made US goods expensive abroad, hurting competitiveness. By the 2000s, as the dollar weakened, US goods became cheaper and competitiveness increased. Exchange rates are determined by supply and demand in the market. In the long run, factors like relative price levels and productivity affect exchange rates, while in the short run, interest rates and expected future exchange rates drive exchange rate movements through interest rate parity.
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The document discusses business cycles, unemployment, inflation, and the Philippine experience. It covers theories of business cycles and the different phases. It also defines unemployment and inflation, and discusses the government's policies in response to the Philippine recession in the 1980s to promote economic recovery.
The Foreign Exchange Market
The document discusses the foreign exchange market and its evolution from the gold standard to fixed exchange rates to the current floating exchange rate system. It provides details on the Bretton Woods Agreement which established fixed exchange rates between currencies from 1944 to 1971. It then describes how the US dollar became overvalued leading countries to abandon fixed rates and transition to a floating exchange rate system.
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This document provides an overview of balance of payments (BOP) accounting. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world. It notes that BOP has three main components: the current account balance, capital account balance, and the overall BOP. The current account tracks goods/services exports and imports, while the capital account tracks financial flows. The document also discusses factors that can cause BOP disequilibriums and monetary/non-monetary policy tools to correct imbalances, such as devaluation, export promotion, and tariffs.
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Foreign exchange refers to the exchange of one country's currency for another. The foreign exchange market allows currencies to be traded globally, 24 hours a day. Major participants include banks, brokers, and authorized dealers. Exchange rates are determined by supply and demand in the foreign exchange market. They can be fixed by governments or allowed to float based on market forces. Factors like economic performance, interest rates, trade balances, and political events influence exchange rate movements. Risks from exchange rate fluctuations must be managed through techniques like setting loss limits and controlling overall currency exposure.
Demonitization-Impact on various sectors in India
Demonetization has been a bold step of our present Government. The real result of it on our nation will be seen in coming year. But here is my study on immediate effects of demonetization on various sectors. I hope it helps..
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National Income of India is estimated and published annually by the Central Statistical Organization of India. It refers to the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a year. National income estimates in India have evolved over time from non-scientific personal estimates pre-independence to regular annual estimates by CSO post-independence using scientific methods like product method and income method. There are significant inter-state variations in per capita income across Indian states, with developed states like Goa, Haryana and Maharashtra having much higher per capita incomes than less developed states like Bihar, Jharkhand and Assam.
Intellectual Property Rights
This document provides an overview of intellectual property (IP) including the types of IP (patents, trademarks, copyright), governing bodies and laws, and key concepts around IP rights.
1. It discusses the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) which promotes IP protection worldwide and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
2. The major types of IP are outlined as functional/technical inventions protected by patents, artistic works protected by copyright, and symbols/logos protected by trademarks.
3. The rights provided by patents, copyright, and trademarks are territorial in nature and regulated by country-specific laws, though international treaties allow cross-border cooperation on IP issues.
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The document outlines three levels of student behavior and procedures for each level at a middle school. Level one behaviors are minor issues that don't require administrator involvement, such as refusing directions or inappropriate language. Level two behaviors significantly violate others' rights or are chronic level one issues, like talking back or refusing directions regularly. Level three behaviors violate district policy or law, like making threats or fighting. Consequences increase with each level, ranging from informing students to administrative actions like detention or suspension.
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Why Stay in School Part 3
An employer believes that high school dropouts may struggle to complete tasks for a job and work hard due to finding high school difficult and being scared of hard work. They also think that dropouts have not learned communication, integrity, teamwork, interpersonal, and work ethic skills needed to perform well that are taught in high school.
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The document discusses the relationship between education level and income. It finds that those with higher levels of education tend to earn more over their career. Professional degrees that require extensive education lead to careers like doctors and lawyers that earn high salaries. Many of the fastest growing occupations require college degrees and pay over $70,000 annually in fields like healthcare, computer science, and engineering. Earning a college degree can lead to hundreds of thousands of dollars more in income over a typical 30-year career compared to only a high school diploma.
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An employer believes that high school dropouts may struggle to complete tasks for a job and work hard due to finding high school difficult and being scared of hard work. They also think that dropouts have not learned communication, integrity, teamwork, interpersonal, and work ethic skills needed to perform well that are taught in high school.
Why Stay in School Part 3
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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