This document discusses the basics of computer networks and the evolution of networking technologies over time. It covers topics like the definition of a computer network, different types of nodes and communication links, the emergence of blogs, the transition from analog to digital transmission, the development of broadband and Ethernet, wireless innovations like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, and future directions in ubiquitous computing. The overall document examines how computer networks and connectivity have advanced significantly in recent decades to support new applications and provide faster, more ubiquitous access to information and services.

1. C o m p u t e r
N e t w o r k s
B a s i c s
As s is t. Prof. D r. Blerta Prevalla Etemi

2. Introduction to
Computer Networks
• Definition: A computer network comprises independent
systems connected via telecommunication links for
resource and information sharing.
• Node Diversity: Ranges from PDAs to supercomputers,
collectively referred to as nodes, hosts, or end systems.
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3. Communication Links in
Networks
•Variation in Links: Communication links vary in physical
characteristics, error rate, and transmission speed.
•Telecommunications Evolution: Over 40 years,
telecommunications facilities have undergone significant
changes.
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4. Emergence and Impact
of Blogs
• Definition of Blogs: Web-based publications sharing
periodic articles, opinions, or cultural essays.
• Evolutionary Impact: Blogs democratized information
sharing, expanding audience reach significantly compared
to traditional newsletters.
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5. Evolution from Analog to
Digital Transmission
• Initial Transmission Method: Switched, dial-up telephone
lines transmitting data.
• Challenge with Analog Signals: Modems required for
converting digital (binary) signals to analog for transmission
due to analog limitations.
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6. Transition to Broadband
Technology
• Introduction of Broadband: Replacing analog phone lines
with technologies like DSL and cable modems for faster,
'always-on' connections.
• Bandwidth Enhancement: Broadband technologies offer
greater bandwidth for efficient data transmission.
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7. Ethernet Evolution
• Development and Upgrades: Ethernet evolved from 10
Mbps to 1 Gbps and later to 10 Gbps to support multimedia
applications and faster data transmission.
• Importance of Speed: Higher speeds critical for handling
data-intensive tasks.
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8. Need for High-Speed
Communications
Demand for Speed: High-speed networks crucial for
applications like video streaming and medical imaging.
• Comparative Transmission Time: Highlights the
difference in time taken for data transfer across various
network speeds.
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9. Wireless Networking
Innovations
Wireless Technologies: Radio, microwave, and
infrared signals revolutionized networking.
• Mobility and Access: Wireless communication allowing
data access from anywhere, fostering the concept of
mobile computing.
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10. Wi-Fi and Metropolitan
Wireless Access
Wi-Fi and Its Range: Wi-Fi networks within a limited
range, enabling internet access within hotspots.
• Urban Wireless Zones: Metropolitan wireless access
networks in cities providing extensive internet access.
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11. Bluetooth and Local
Device Communication
Bluetooth's Role: Facilitating communication between
nearby devices like computer peripherals, mobile phones,
and digital devices.
• Short Range Communication: Limited distance for effective
communication between devices.
•
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12. Wide-Area Wireless
Access
Introduction to Wide-Area Wireless Networks:
Technologies like 3G offering long-distance voice and data
communication services.
• Future Speed Enhancement: Plans for increased
speeds to meet growing demands.
•
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13. Future of Wireless
Communications
Rapid Advancements: Plans to introduce even faster
wireless networks to support data-intensive applications.
• Meeting Future Needs: Anticipating faster transmission
speeds to fulfill growing data requirements.
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14. Digital to Analog
Conversion (Modem
Function)
Modem Functionality: Explains how a modem converts
digital data into an analog signal using frequency
modulation for transmission.
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15. Calculation for Minimum
Transmission Speed
Scenario Analysis: Calculating minimum transmission
speed for sending an uncompressed image under 1
second.
• Pixel Data and Transmission Rate: Factors influencing
the required transmission speed.
•
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16. Ubiquitous Computing
Introduction
Ubiquitous Computing Concept: Embedding computers
into everyday objects for seamless and efficient systems.
• Integration into Environment: Aim to integrate
computing invisibly into the surroundings.
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17. Evolution of Computing
Models
Contrasting Computing Eras: From mainframe to
personal computing to ubiquitous computing, explaining the
shift in computing paradigms.
• Role of Multiple Computers: Highlighting the role of
multiple computers working together for a single user.
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18. Ubiquitous Computing
Objectives
Invisibility of Computing Systems: Objective to make
computers nearly invisible, seamlessly integrated into daily
life
• Seamless Services: Focus on providing efficient services without
direct user intervention.
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19. Integration of Computers
in Daily Life
Embedding Computers: Computers integrated into
appliances, clothing, and the environment to offer
convenient services.
• Subtle Integration: Aim for unobtrusive integration of
computing into daily life.
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20. Research Areas in
Ubiquitous Computing
Key Research Domains: Wearable computing, smart
homes, and seamless integration of computing into
everyday life.
Technological Challenges: Addressing challenges for
smooth integration.
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21. Impact of Ubiquitous
Computing
Transformation in Interaction: How ubiquitous computing
could revolutionize human interaction with technology.
• Technological Evolution: Envisioning a future where
computing becomes an integral part of life.
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22. Seamless Computing
Services
Effortless Computing Experience: Explaining the goal of
providing computing services with minimal user
intervention.
• Intuitive Interaction: Aiming for natural and intuitive
interactions with computing systems.
•
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23. Invisible Computing
Systems
Objective of Invisibility: How ubiquitous computing aims
to render computing systems almost invisible.
• Integrated Services: Providing computing services
without disrupting daily life activities.
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24. Envisioned Benefits of
Ubiquitous Computing
Advantages of Integration: Seamless and efficient
services integrated into daily life.
• Enhanced Convenience: Making technology usage effortless and
natural.
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25. Challenges in Ubiquitous
Computing
Addressing Concerns: Privacy, technological integration,
and usability challenges to be tackled.
• Overcoming Barriers: Achieving seamless integration
without compromising user privacy.
•
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26. Adoption of Ubiquitous
Computing
Gradual Implementation: Discussion on the gradual
adoption and integration of ubiquitous computing into
society.
• Future Prospects: Paving the way for a more interconnected and
efficient future.
• Realizing the Vision of Ubiquitous Computing
• Importance of Research: Further research and development
necessary to overcome technical challenges.
• Integration Strategies: Strategies to seamlessly integrate computing
into daily life.
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