Commercial law, also known as business law or corporate law, is the body of law that applies to the rights, relations, and conduct of persons and businesses engaged in commerce, merchandising, trade, and sales.[1] It is often considered to be a branch of civil law and deals with issues of both private law and public law. Commercial law includes within its compass such titles as principal and agent; carriage by land and sea; merchant shipping; guarantee; marine, fire, life, and accident insurance; bills of exchange, negotiable instruments, contracts and partnership.[2] It can also be understood to regulate corporate contracts, hiring practices, and the manufacture and sales of consumer goods. Many countries have adopted civil codes that contain comprehensive statements of their commercial law.In the United States, commercial law is the province of both the United States Congress, under its power to regulate interstate commerce, and the states, under their police power. Efforts have been made to create a unified body of commercial law in the United States; the most successful of these attempts has resulted in the general adoption of the Uniform Commercial Code, which has been adopted in all 50 states (with some modification by state legislatures), the District of Columbia, and the U.S. territories.

1. Introduction to business law

2. 1: What is Law ?
• The law is a set of legal rules that governs the way
members of a society act towards one another.
• Law is “ that portion of the established habit and thought
of mankind which has gained distinct and formal
recognition in the shape of uniform rules backed by the
authority and power of the Government”.
• – Woodrow Wilson
• Laws are required in society to regulate the behaviour of
the individual, to correspond with what is acceptable to the
majority of individuals,
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3. NEED FOR LAW
• Without law, life and business would become a matter of
survival, not only of the fittest but also of the most
ruthless.
• Laws are required in society to regulate the behaviour of
the individual, to correspond with what is acceptable to the
majority of individuals,
• Law is the potential tool of social change. In fact law and
society are complementary. No society can exist without
law. It is essential for up keeping of peace in the society.
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4. BRANCHES OF LAW
• CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
• ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
• CRIMINAL LAW
• CIVIL LAW
• COMMERCIAL LAW
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5. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
 Is the law which regulates the structure of the
principal organs of the government and their
relationships to one another and determines
their principal functions
 The rules consist both of legal rules and of
usages, commonly called conventions, which
without being enacted are accepted as binding
by all concerned with the government
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6. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
• It is the law that governs the executive branch
of the government.
• It is as old as the executive.
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7. CRIMINAL LAWS
• Are the laws which wrong doers are punished
• At the same time, civil laws are those laws
with which the private rights of an individual
are enforced
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8. MERCANTILE LAWS
It deals with the rights and obligations of
Commercial persons emerging from
commercial transactions in respect of
commercial property.
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9. SCOPE OF BUSINESS LAW
The scope of the business law has enormously widened
due to the increasing complexities of the modern
business world.
It usually covers topics of contracts, bailment, Agency,
sale of goods, partnerships, companies, negotiable
instruments, insurance, pollution control etc.
These and other topics are covered by legislations
enacted by Central and State Governments.
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10. SOURCES OF BUSINESS LAW
1. Statutory law
2. Case law
3. Natural law
4. English mercantile law
5. Customs and usage
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11. Legal Positivism
• Law is the supreme will of the State that
applies only to the citizens of that nation at
that time.
• Law, and therefore rights and ethics, are not
universal. The morality of a law, or whether
the law is “bad or good,” is irrelevant.
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12. Legal Realism
Jurisprudence that holds law is not simply a
result of the written law, but a product of the
views of judicial decision makers, as well as
social, economic, and contextual influences.
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13. Stare Decisis
Stare decisis is a Latin phrase meaning “to
stand on decided cases.”
– Makes the law stable and predictable.
– Increases judicial efficiency by relieving courts of
having to reinvent legal principles for each case
brought before them.
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14. Stare Decisis and Precedent
• Stare decisis is “judge made law” based on
precedent.
• Precedents are judicial decisions that give rise to
legal principles that can be applied in future cases
based upon similar facts.
• Precedents and other forms of positive law, such as
statutes, constitutions, and regulations, are referred
to as binding authority and must be followed.
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15. Cases of “First Impression”
In cases of “first impression” where there is no
precedent, the court may refer to
– positive law,
– public policy, and
– widely held social values in order to craft the best
new precedent.
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16. Legal Reasoning
• Method used by judges to reach a decision.
• Many courts and attorneys frame decisions
and briefs using the IRAC format: Issue, Rule,
Application (Analysis), and Conclusion.
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17. Civil vs. Criminal
• Civil law defines the rights between
individuals or individuals and governments.
• Criminal law defines an individual’s obligations
to society as a whole.
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18. Criminal offence Versus Civil Liability.
• Crime is an offence prohibited by law e-g;
tress passing, theft, Murder etc.
• Civil liability arises out of breach of obligations
e-g; breach of agreement

19. Substantive vs. Procedural
• Substantive law defines or creates the rights
and obligations of persons and
governments.
• Procedural law provides the steps one must
follow in order to avail oneself of one’s legal
rights or enforce another’s legal obligations.
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20. Reading &
Understanding Case Law
Legal cases are identified by a “legal citation” (or
a “cite”) as the example below:
Federal Express Corp. v. Federal Espresso,
Inc., 201 F.3d 168 (2nd Cir. 2000).
Title: First Party is Plaintiff, second party is
Defendant. The parties are either italicized or
underlined.
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21. Reading &
Understanding Case Law [2]
Legal cases are identified by a “legal citation” (or
a “cite”) as the example below:
Federal Express Corp. v. Federal Espresso,
Inc., 201 F.3d 168 (2nd Cir. 2000).
Case is found in volume 201 of the 3rd
Federal Supplement, page 168.
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22. Reading &
Understanding Case Law [3]
Legal cases are identified by a “legal citation” (or
a “cite”) as the example below:
Federal Express Corp. v. Federal Espresso,
Inc., 201 F.3d 168 (2nd Cir. 2000).
Case was decided by the Second Circuit
Court of Appeals in 2000.
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23. Business Persons
and the Law
• Laws regulate all areas of business.
• Factors business owners must consider:
– Is contract enforceable?
– Contract for goods vs. services?
– What happens if someone breaches the
contract?
– Dispute Resolution?
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24. Parties
 Parties in Criminal Litigation
State Versus Accused
 Parties in Civil Litigation
Plaintiff Versus Defendant

25. Civil Criminal
Person
commencing the
action:
Plaintiff Government
Outcomes: · Damages
· Specific performance
· Imprisonment
· Fines
Standard of proof: On the balance of
probabilities
Beyond a reasonable
doubt
Burden of proof: Plaintiff Prosecutor
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26. Sources of Law
Formal
Sources
Material Sources
Historical
Sources
Legal
Sources
Legislation Precedent Customs Agreement