APA 6 edition presentation for students, teachers and researchers who are trying to prepared their project in accordance to APA 6.

1. Introduction to APA 6th ed.
By
Imran Ghaffar Sulehri
Senior Librarian
Pakistan Institute of Fashion and Design (PIFD)
PhD Scholar, PU

2. Acknowledgement
This presentations has been prepared with the consultation of
various resources, websites and APA manual 6th edition, So I
acknowledge all the resources.

3. Different Writing Styles
For Research Work Following Major Formatting Style
are Recommended in the Academic World
APA (American Psychological Association) is used by Education,
Psychology, Sciences and Social Sciences
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is used by the literature and
Humanities
Chicago/Turabian style is generally used by Business, History, and
the Fine Arts while for book writing it is preferable
IEEE (Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers) used in technical
fields especially Computer Sciences,
Harvard Mostly Students of Harvard University

4. Introduction to American Psychological Association
(APA)
Full Name “Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association”
Adoption as writing style in journals’ publishing 1923
In 1929, APA committee developed 7 page writer’s guide and
published it in “Psychological Bulletin”
In 1944, 32 pages extended guide published in the same journal
First Edition of APA was published in 1952 which is considered as
the base of APA writing style
Subsequent editions released 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th released
1974, 1983, 1994, 2001, 2009/10, and 2019 respectively

5. Introduction to APA (Title)
OR
Title Page (1)
It should be concise and summarize the main idea of the manuscript
It should identify the variables under investigation, their relationship
or theoretical issue
Avoid to use abbreviations, Quotation marks etc.
Recommended 12 words
Upper case/ Lower case letters, Center aligned, Position at upper
hall of the page

6. Introduction to APA (Title)
OR
Title Page (2)
Author(s)’ Name (first, middle, last) and Affiliation (Maximum 2) (in next line)
If Author has no affiliation, State City and State of residence
Center aligned, 12 Font Size

7. Margins & Spacing
Use standard size paper (A4=8.5*11)
1 inch upper and lower margins
1 inch margin from right side
1.5 inch margin from left side
Double line spacing among text lines
Each paragraph will be 0.5 indent
No new sentence will start with Numeric Numbers (65 % of people)
Whole document will be left aligned
Use professional keys for spacing and page breaking etc.

8. Level of Headings (1)
There are five levels of headings according to APA
1st Level:
Centered, Bold, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading* (*For Title also recommended)
2nd Level:
Left, Bold, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
3rd Level:
0.5 Indented, bold, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a
period (Full stop).

9. Level of Headings (2)
4th Level:
0.5 Indented, bold, italic, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a
period. Start sentence right after the full stop from the same line
5th Level:
0.5 Indented, italic, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.
Start sentence right after the full stop from the same line
 Do not label Headings with Numbers or Letters
 Font Size of all Headings will be 12

10. In Text Citations, Quotations etc. (1)
One Work by One Author
o Kessler (2003) narrated that during last year…...world.
o During last year the pandemic spread (Kessler, 2003).
One Work by Multiple Authors
o Kessler and John (2015) prescribe the various…… features.
o Different factors affect the whole phenomenon (Kesller & John, 2015)
o Kessler, John, Khan and Miller (2018) expressed about the matter
of…..law.
o Performance linked with knowledge (Kessler, John, Khan & Miller, 2018)

11. In Text Citations, Quotations etc. (2)
One Work by 6 or More Authors
o Kessler et al. (2009) extracted the results that component (Kessler et
al., 2009).
Work with No Identified Author
o Groups (Readily identified through abbreviation) as Author
o Higher Education Commission Pakistan (HEC, 2015) provided the
list of top ranked universities. Subsequent citation (HEC, 2015)
o Groups (No abbreviation) as Author
o University of Pittsburg (2005) demonstrates that there are 20% black
students in USA
 Classical Works
o (Qur’an 5:3-4)

12. In Text Citations, Quotations etc. (3)
Personal Communications (PC)
Include Letter, Memos, Electronic Communication (emails,
messages from non-archived discussion groups or electronic bulletin), Personal
Interviews, Telephonic Conversation etc.
Not included in Reference List. Cite PC in text only.
For citation give Initials and Surname of Communicator, Exact
date A.Q. Khan (personal communication, April 18, 2005)
(S.M. Mand, personal communication, September 28, 2009)
Whole text of the document will have 12 Font size and Time New Roman Style

13. In Text Citations, Quotations etc. (4)
Quotations
If giving word to word from another’s work or even from your own
previous work or any quotation, provide author, year and page
number or paragraph number (in case of electronic source)
“The only thing that you absolutely have to know, is the location of
the library” (Einstein, 1880, p. 112). OR (Einstein ca. 1879-1955, pp.58-61).
If quotation comprises 40 or more words, give it into “Block” in the
new line and omit quotation marks
Block intend 0.5 from left margin
Before starting a research project carefully view the all aspects
of the phenomenon and try to locate relevant resources
available in the previous published literature for writing and
clarification of the topic and area. (John, 2012, p. 6)

14. Table
Number all Tables with Arabic numerals
Table caption may be give in new line and Italicize it
Font size will be 12 & Time new Roman
Heading/ Variable/ Frequency row will be in upper line and lower
line while last line of the table will also be under line

15. Figure
Number all Figures with Arabic numerals
Figure No. and caption will be give in the same line
The word “Figure” and “Arabic No” will be Italicize while caption
will remain in normal font

16. References/ Bibliography
Give Reference/ Bibliography list at the end of the page of document
Arrange it alphabetically
First line of each reference will start from left side and the rest of the
lines will be indented 0.5

17. Examples of References (1)
Research Article
Author(s) inverted and initials. (Year). Title. Journal Name Italic. Vol. & Issue in parenthesis Italic.
Pages.
John, M. & Mayer, L. (2006). Emotional intelligence and the world: Challenges and
opportunities. Journal of computer Science. 2(2), 86-98.
Book
Author(s) inverted and initials. (Year). Title. Location: Publisher.
Efland, A. D. (1990). History of art education. New York: Columbia University.
Book Chapter
Author(s) of Chapter inverted and initials. (Year). Title of chapter or entry. Compiler or Editor
(Ed/Comp), Title of the book italic , Location: Publisher.
White, P.K., Miller, T. & Webber, S. (2010). Information literacy for adults. Max, P.
(ed.), Handbook for educators (pp. 106-145), London: Themes & Hudson.

18. Examples of References (2)
Corporate Author OR Special Reports
Name of Corporate Body as Author. (Year). Title italic. Retrieved from: www.
Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Health, Heart,
Lungs and Blood. (2003). Managing asthma: A guide for schools.
Retrieved from http://www.hd.gov
Thesis
Author inverted and initials. (Year). Title of the thesis italic. (Doctoral dissertation/
OR master’s thesis). Name of the Institute, Location.
John, M. & Mayer, L. (2006). Research productivity of teachers (Doctoral
dissertation/ Master’s thesis). University of the Punjab, Lahore.

19. Examples of References (3)
Audiovisual Material
Motion Picture
Name of Producer inverted and initials (Producer). & Name of Director inverted and initials.
(Year). Title of motion picture italic [Motion picture]. Country of Origin. Studio.
Chopra, V. V. (Producer), & Hirani, R. (director). (2009). 3 Idiots
[ Motion picture]. India: Chopra house.
Photograph
[Photograph of Muhammad Muslim]. (ca. 1945-1980). Museum
Pictures (Independent section and archives, Lahore Museum,
Lahore, Pakistan.

20. Thanks