Introduction
One of the key goals for the Windows Subsystem for Linux is to allow users to work with their
files as they would on Linux, while giving full interoperability with files the user already has on
their Windows machine. Unlike a virtual machine, where you have to use network shares or
other solutions to share files between the host and guest OS, WSL has direct access to all your
Windows drives to allow for easy interop.
Windows file systems differ substantially from Linux file systems, and this post looks into how
WSL bridges those two worlds.
File systems on Linux
Linux abstracts file systems operations through the Virtual File System (VFS), which provides
both an interface for user mode programs to interact with the file system (through system calls
such as open, read, chmod, stat, etc.) and an interface that file systems have to implement. This
allows multiple file systems to coexist, providing the same operations and semantics, with VFS
giving a single namespace view of all these file systems to the user.
File systems are mounted on different directories in this namespace. For example, on a typical
Linux system your hard drive may be mounted at the root, /, with directories such as /dev, /proc,
/sys, and /mnt/cdrom all mounting different file systems which may be on different devices.
Examples of file systems used on Linux include ext4, rfs, FAT, and others.
VFS implements the various system calls for file system operations by using a number of data
structures such as inodes, directory entries and files, and related callbacks that file systems must
implement.
Inodes
The inode is the central data structure used in VFS. It represents a file system object such as a
regular file, directory, symbolic link, etc. An inode contains information about the file type, size,
permissions, last modified time, and other attributes. For many common Linux disk file systems
such as ext4, the on-disk data structures used to represent file metadata directly correspond to the
inode structure used by the Linux kernel.
While an inode represents a file, it does not represent a file name. A single file may have
multiple names, or hard links, but only one inode.
File systems provide a lookup callback to VFS which is used to retrieve an inode for a particular
file, based on the parent inode and the child name. File systems must implement a number of
other inode operations such as chmod, stat, open, etc.
Directory entries
VFS uses a directory entry cache to represent your file system namespace. Directory entries only
exist in memory, and contain a pointer to the inode for the file. For example, if you have a path
like /home/user/foo, there is a directory entry for home, user, and foo, each with a pointer to an
inode. Directory entries are cached for fast lookup, but if an entry is not yet in the cache, the
inode lookup operation is used to retrieve the inode from the file system so a new directory entry
can be created.
File objects
When an inode is opened, .
The Unix file system uses a hierarchical structure with directories and files to organize data. It consists of three main file types: ordinary files containing data, directory files that act as containers for other files, and device files that represent physical devices. Files have attributes like permissions, ownership, and timestamps that provide metadata. Users can navigate this structure using commands like ls to list files, cd to change directories, and chmod to modify permissions on a file.
The document discusses file concepts and file systems. It defines a file as a contiguous logical address space that can contain data or program code. Files have attributes like name, size, permissions that are stored in a directory structure on disk. Common file operations are create, write, read, delete. Files can be accessed sequentially or directly via their block number. Disk space is managed through techniques like bit vectors, linked lists, grouping, and counting to track free blocks.
This document discusses file systems and file management. It begins by defining key file concepts like file attributes and operations. It then covers topics like access methods, directory structures, file sharing, protection, and file system implementation details. The objectives are to explain file system functions, describe interfaces, discuss design tradeoffs for components like access methods and directories, and explore file system protection.
The kernel manages system resources like disks, tapes, printers, and communication lines. The file system provides an organizing structure for data storage through files and directories arranged in a hierarchical tree structure with the root directory at the top. The shell acts as the interface between the user and the operating system by translating commands to actions by the kernel and programs. UNIX allows for multi-tasking of multiple processes running simultaneously and is multi-user, enabling multiple users to use the same system simultaneously.
File systems organize and store data on various storage media like hard drives. They consist of structures like directories and files to track allocated space, file names and locations. Key functions include managing free space, directories, and file storage locations. Common file systems include FAT, NTFS, disk, flash, tape, database, network and special purpose file systems. File systems use inodes, directories, block allocation maps and other metadata to organize and track files.
This document discusses file management and file systems. It describes the basic concepts of files including attributes, operations, access methods, and structures. It covers directory organization including tree structures and sharing files locally and remotely. The objectives are to explain file systems, interfaces, design tradeoffs regarding access methods, sharing, locking and directories, and protection.
The Unix file system uses a hierarchical structure with directories and files to organize data. It consists of three main file types: ordinary files containing data, directory files that act as containers for other files, and device files that represent physical devices. Files have attributes like permissions, ownership, and timestamps that provide metadata. Users can navigate this structure using commands like ls to list files, cd to change directories, and chmod to modify permissions on a file.
The document discusses file concepts and file systems. It defines a file as a contiguous logical address space that can contain data or program code. Files have attributes like name, size, permissions that are stored in a directory structure on disk. Common file operations are create, write, read, delete. Files can be accessed sequentially or directly via their block number. Disk space is managed through techniques like bit vectors, linked lists, grouping, and counting to track free blocks.
This document discusses file systems and file management. It begins by defining key file concepts like file attributes and operations. It then covers topics like access methods, directory structures, file sharing, protection, and file system implementation details. The objectives are to explain file system functions, describe interfaces, discuss design tradeoffs for components like access methods and directories, and explore file system protection.
The kernel manages system resources like disks, tapes, printers, and communication lines. The file system provides an organizing structure for data storage through files and directories arranged in a hierarchical tree structure with the root directory at the top. The shell acts as the interface between the user and the operating system by translating commands to actions by the kernel and programs. UNIX allows for multi-tasking of multiple processes running simultaneously and is multi-user, enabling multiple users to use the same system simultaneously.
File systems organize and store data on various storage media like hard drives. They consist of structures like directories and files to track allocated space, file names and locations. Key functions include managing free space, directories, and file storage locations. Common file systems include FAT, NTFS, disk, flash, tape, database, network and special purpose file systems. File systems use inodes, directories, block allocation maps and other metadata to organize and track files.
This document discusses file management and file systems. It describes the basic concepts of files including attributes, operations, access methods, and structures. It covers directory organization including tree structures and sharing files locally and remotely. The objectives are to explain file systems, interfaces, design tradeoffs regarding access methods, sharing, locking and directories, and protection.
The document discusses Linux file systems. It explains that a Linux file system is a structured collection of files stored on disk partitions. It manages files by arranging them in a hierarchical directory structure and storing metadata like file names, sizes, and timestamps. Common Linux file systems include Ext4, XFS, BTRFS, and others. File permissions in Linux assign read, write, and execute access separately for the file owner, group, and others.
1. File systems provide interfaces to access files in an organized, logical structure on storage devices like disks. They define file attributes, operations, access methods, and protection mechanisms.
2. Directory structures in file systems allow logical grouping and efficient searching of files. Common structures include single-level, two-level, and tree-structured directories which may also be acyclic graphs or general graphs.
3. File systems are mounted before being accessed, and can be locally mounted or remotely mounted over a network using file sharing protocols like NFS to allow access across systems.
This document discusses managing the Linux file system. It describes the Linux file system structure, including the main directories like /bin, /home, /etc. It also covers common file system tasks like navigating directories, managing files and directories by creating, deleting, copying and moving files. Additional topics covered include managing disk partitions by creating partitions with fdisk and formatting partitions with file systems using mkfs, mounting partitions, and checking file systems with fsck.
The document discusses various types of files in UNIX/Linux systems such as regular files, directory files, device files, FIFO files, and symbolic links. It describes how each file type is created and used. It also covers UNIX file attributes, inodes, and how the kernel manages file access through system calls like open, read, write, and close.
The document describes LOCUS, a distributed operating system developed at UCLA between 1980-1983. LOCUS provides network transparency and high availability through automatic replication of storage across nodes. It uses a single hierarchical directory structure and allows transparent access to files regardless of physical location. The system aims to guarantee cache consistency and allows for distributed process execution and dynamic reconfiguration.
Types of File Systems
How does the file system handle security?
Attacks on the file system
How does the file system ensure data integrity?
A file system is an abstraction to store, retrieve and update a set of files. The term also identifies the data structures specified by some of those abstractions, which are designed to organize multiple files as a single stream of bytes. responsible for organizing files and directories, and keeping track of which areas of the media belong to which file and which are not being used.
عمار عبد الكريم صاحب مبارك
AmmAr Abdualkareem sahib mobark
This document provides an overview of Linux fundamentals, including:
- The kernel acts as an interface between hardware and software, handling processes and resource allocation.
- The userland includes standard libraries that allow programs to communicate with the kernel.
- Files are organized in a hierarchy with directories like /home for user files, /etc for configurations, and /var for variable files.
- Commands like ls, grep, and find allow viewing and searching files, while pipes, redirection, and compression utilities manage file input/output.
This document provides an overview of file system topics. It begins with an introduction to file systems and their relationship to operating system architecture. It then discusses the Virtual File System (VFS) interface and key metadata components like super blocks, inodes, and directory entries. The document reviews common file system optimizations based on memory hierarchy and storage characteristics. Examples of specific file systems are given, including Ext4, NTFS, ZFS, NFS, and Google File System. The document concludes by soliciting any questions.
The document discusses the Linux file system hierarchy. At the top is the root path represented by '/'. Below that are directories like /bin, /boot, /dev, /etc, /home, /lib, /media, /mnt, /opt, /proc, /root, /sbin, /sys, /tmp, /usr, and /var. Each directory stores specific types of files, like /bin containing common commands, /home containing user files, /etc containing configuration files, and /var containing log and temporary files. The hierarchy organizes all the files and data stored on a Linux system.
The document provides an overview of file systems, including their purpose of organizing and storing information on storage devices. It discusses key aspects of file systems such as how they separate information into individual files and directories, use metadata to store attributes about files, allocate storage space in a granular manner (which can result in unused space), become fragmented over time, and use various utilities and structures to implement these functions while maintaining integrity of data and restricting access. File systems are a critical component of operating systems that allow for efficient organization, retrieval and updating of user data on different types of storage media and devices.
Learn about the File Concept in operating systems pptgeethasenthil2706
A file is the smallest unit of storage on a computer system. It provides a logical view of information stored on disks. A file contains a sequence of bits, bytes, or records that are defined by the file owner. Common file operations include opening, reading, writing, closing, and deleting files. The operating system tracks attributes like the file name, size, location, and access rights to manage file input/output requests from processes. File types help the operating system recognize different categories of files like text, source code, and binary files.
This chapter discusses file systems and their interfaces. It covers key concepts like files, directories, access methods, mounting file systems, file sharing, and protection. Directories provide structure and organization for files on a file system using tree or graph structures. File systems support operations like creating/deleting files, searching directories, and opening/closing files. They also implement features like file sharing across networks and access control using permissions.
The document discusses the UNIX operating system. It describes UNIX as a stable, multi-user, multi-tasking system used for servers, desktops and laptops. It also discusses the different components that make up the UNIX system, including the kernel, shell, and programs. It explains the directory structure and file hierarchy with the root directory at the top. It provides examples of different types of files and concludes by describing some basic date and time commands in UNIX.
The Virtual File System (VFS) provides a standardized interface for user programs to access different types of file systems. It uses various data structures like superblocks, inodes, dentries, and files to represent file system objects and metadata. System calls allow programs to interact with the operating system kernel to perform operations on these VFS objects. The VFS implements various caching mechanisms like the dentry cache to improve performance. It also supports features like namespaces and mounting/unmounting of different file systems.
From UNICS To Unix: A brief history: - Early on, in the 1960s and 1970s, every major
computer manufacturer supplied operating system as a proprietary software
File Input/output, Database Access, Data Analysis with PandasPrabu U
The presentation starts with File Input and Output. Then the concepts of Database Access is detailed. Atlast the concepts data analysis with Pandas is covered
PARALLEL FILE SYSTEM FOR LINUX CLUSTERSRaheemUnnisa1
The document discusses parallel file systems for Linux clusters. It describes how parallel file systems distribute data across multiple storage servers to enable high-performance access through simultaneous input/output operations. This allows each process on every node in a Linux cluster to perform I/O to and from a common storage target. Examples of parallel file systems for Linux clusters include PVFS, IBM GPFS, and Lustre. Parallel file systems enhance the performance of Linux clusters by optimizing the use of storage resources.
Linux uses a logical file system hierarchy standard to organize files across multiple directories and file systems. The root directory is at the top level and is represented by a forward slash. Key directories include /bin for executable commands, /lib for shared libraries, /etc for configuration files, and /var for dynamic data. Common file systems in Linux include ext2, ext3, ReiserFS, tmpfs, and proc.
- Linux originated as a clone of the UNIX operating system. Key developers included Linus Torvalds and developers from the GNU project.
- Linux is open source, multi-user, and can run on a variety of hardware. It includes components like the Linux kernel, shell, terminal emulator, and desktop environments.
- The document provides information on common Linux commands, files, users/groups, permissions, and startup scripts. It describes the Linux file system and compression/archiving utilities.
This very short document contains a range from 0 to -1 and the word "Solution" but provides no other context or explanation. It is unclear what problem or question this brief statement is providing a solution for.
phosphate group and deoxyribose The groups are .pdfanwarfoot
phosphate group and deoxyribose The groups are 1. Phosphate 2. Deoxyribose
sugar 3. Nitrogen base The phosphates and deoxyribose sugars make up the sides of the
\"ladder\" (alternating one after the other) and nitrogen bases are the \"rungs\" of the ladder.
Solution
phosphate group and deoxyribose The groups are 1. Phosphate 2. Deoxyribose
sugar 3. Nitrogen base The phosphates and deoxyribose sugars make up the sides of the
\"ladder\" (alternating one after the other) and nitrogen bases are the \"rungs\" of the ladder..
More Related Content
Similar to Introduction One of the key goals for the Windows Subsystem for Li.pdf
The document discusses Linux file systems. It explains that a Linux file system is a structured collection of files stored on disk partitions. It manages files by arranging them in a hierarchical directory structure and storing metadata like file names, sizes, and timestamps. Common Linux file systems include Ext4, XFS, BTRFS, and others. File permissions in Linux assign read, write, and execute access separately for the file owner, group, and others.
1. File systems provide interfaces to access files in an organized, logical structure on storage devices like disks. They define file attributes, operations, access methods, and protection mechanisms.
2. Directory structures in file systems allow logical grouping and efficient searching of files. Common structures include single-level, two-level, and tree-structured directories which may also be acyclic graphs or general graphs.
3. File systems are mounted before being accessed, and can be locally mounted or remotely mounted over a network using file sharing protocols like NFS to allow access across systems.
This document discusses managing the Linux file system. It describes the Linux file system structure, including the main directories like /bin, /home, /etc. It also covers common file system tasks like navigating directories, managing files and directories by creating, deleting, copying and moving files. Additional topics covered include managing disk partitions by creating partitions with fdisk and formatting partitions with file systems using mkfs, mounting partitions, and checking file systems with fsck.
The document discusses various types of files in UNIX/Linux systems such as regular files, directory files, device files, FIFO files, and symbolic links. It describes how each file type is created and used. It also covers UNIX file attributes, inodes, and how the kernel manages file access through system calls like open, read, write, and close.
The document describes LOCUS, a distributed operating system developed at UCLA between 1980-1983. LOCUS provides network transparency and high availability through automatic replication of storage across nodes. It uses a single hierarchical directory structure and allows transparent access to files regardless of physical location. The system aims to guarantee cache consistency and allows for distributed process execution and dynamic reconfiguration.
Types of File Systems
How does the file system handle security?
Attacks on the file system
How does the file system ensure data integrity?
A file system is an abstraction to store, retrieve and update a set of files. The term also identifies the data structures specified by some of those abstractions, which are designed to organize multiple files as a single stream of bytes. responsible for organizing files and directories, and keeping track of which areas of the media belong to which file and which are not being used.
عمار عبد الكريم صاحب مبارك
AmmAr Abdualkareem sahib mobark
This document provides an overview of Linux fundamentals, including:
- The kernel acts as an interface between hardware and software, handling processes and resource allocation.
- The userland includes standard libraries that allow programs to communicate with the kernel.
- Files are organized in a hierarchy with directories like /home for user files, /etc for configurations, and /var for variable files.
- Commands like ls, grep, and find allow viewing and searching files, while pipes, redirection, and compression utilities manage file input/output.
This document provides an overview of file system topics. It begins with an introduction to file systems and their relationship to operating system architecture. It then discusses the Virtual File System (VFS) interface and key metadata components like super blocks, inodes, and directory entries. The document reviews common file system optimizations based on memory hierarchy and storage characteristics. Examples of specific file systems are given, including Ext4, NTFS, ZFS, NFS, and Google File System. The document concludes by soliciting any questions.
The document discusses the Linux file system hierarchy. At the top is the root path represented by '/'. Below that are directories like /bin, /boot, /dev, /etc, /home, /lib, /media, /mnt, /opt, /proc, /root, /sbin, /sys, /tmp, /usr, and /var. Each directory stores specific types of files, like /bin containing common commands, /home containing user files, /etc containing configuration files, and /var containing log and temporary files. The hierarchy organizes all the files and data stored on a Linux system.
The document provides an overview of file systems, including their purpose of organizing and storing information on storage devices. It discusses key aspects of file systems such as how they separate information into individual files and directories, use metadata to store attributes about files, allocate storage space in a granular manner (which can result in unused space), become fragmented over time, and use various utilities and structures to implement these functions while maintaining integrity of data and restricting access. File systems are a critical component of operating systems that allow for efficient organization, retrieval and updating of user data on different types of storage media and devices.
Learn about the File Concept in operating systems pptgeethasenthil2706
A file is the smallest unit of storage on a computer system. It provides a logical view of information stored on disks. A file contains a sequence of bits, bytes, or records that are defined by the file owner. Common file operations include opening, reading, writing, closing, and deleting files. The operating system tracks attributes like the file name, size, location, and access rights to manage file input/output requests from processes. File types help the operating system recognize different categories of files like text, source code, and binary files.
This chapter discusses file systems and their interfaces. It covers key concepts like files, directories, access methods, mounting file systems, file sharing, and protection. Directories provide structure and organization for files on a file system using tree or graph structures. File systems support operations like creating/deleting files, searching directories, and opening/closing files. They also implement features like file sharing across networks and access control using permissions.
The document discusses the UNIX operating system. It describes UNIX as a stable, multi-user, multi-tasking system used for servers, desktops and laptops. It also discusses the different components that make up the UNIX system, including the kernel, shell, and programs. It explains the directory structure and file hierarchy with the root directory at the top. It provides examples of different types of files and concludes by describing some basic date and time commands in UNIX.
The Virtual File System (VFS) provides a standardized interface for user programs to access different types of file systems. It uses various data structures like superblocks, inodes, dentries, and files to represent file system objects and metadata. System calls allow programs to interact with the operating system kernel to perform operations on these VFS objects. The VFS implements various caching mechanisms like the dentry cache to improve performance. It also supports features like namespaces and mounting/unmounting of different file systems.
From UNICS To Unix: A brief history: - Early on, in the 1960s and 1970s, every major
computer manufacturer supplied operating system as a proprietary software
File Input/output, Database Access, Data Analysis with PandasPrabu U
The presentation starts with File Input and Output. Then the concepts of Database Access is detailed. Atlast the concepts data analysis with Pandas is covered
PARALLEL FILE SYSTEM FOR LINUX CLUSTERSRaheemUnnisa1
The document discusses parallel file systems for Linux clusters. It describes how parallel file systems distribute data across multiple storage servers to enable high-performance access through simultaneous input/output operations. This allows each process on every node in a Linux cluster to perform I/O to and from a common storage target. Examples of parallel file systems for Linux clusters include PVFS, IBM GPFS, and Lustre. Parallel file systems enhance the performance of Linux clusters by optimizing the use of storage resources.
Linux uses a logical file system hierarchy standard to organize files across multiple directories and file systems. The root directory is at the top level and is represented by a forward slash. Key directories include /bin for executable commands, /lib for shared libraries, /etc for configuration files, and /var for dynamic data. Common file systems in Linux include ext2, ext3, ReiserFS, tmpfs, and proc.
- Linux originated as a clone of the UNIX operating system. Key developers included Linus Torvalds and developers from the GNU project.
- Linux is open source, multi-user, and can run on a variety of hardware. It includes components like the Linux kernel, shell, terminal emulator, and desktop environments.
- The document provides information on common Linux commands, files, users/groups, permissions, and startup scripts. It describes the Linux file system and compression/archiving utilities.
Similar to Introduction One of the key goals for the Windows Subsystem for Li.pdf (20)
This very short document contains a range from 0 to -1 and the word "Solution" but provides no other context or explanation. It is unclear what problem or question this brief statement is providing a solution for.
phosphate group and deoxyribose The groups are .pdfanwarfoot
phosphate group and deoxyribose The groups are 1. Phosphate 2. Deoxyribose
sugar 3. Nitrogen base The phosphates and deoxyribose sugars make up the sides of the
\"ladder\" (alternating one after the other) and nitrogen bases are the \"rungs\" of the ladder.
Solution
phosphate group and deoxyribose The groups are 1. Phosphate 2. Deoxyribose
sugar 3. Nitrogen base The phosphates and deoxyribose sugars make up the sides of the
\"ladder\" (alternating one after the other) and nitrogen bases are the \"rungs\" of the ladder..
Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration in order to dilute the solute and equalize the solute concentrations on both sides of the membrane. The process of osmosis is important for many physiological processes in both plants and animals and is used in industrial applications such as desalination, reverse osmosis water purification, and separation of molecules by their molecular weight. Osmosis plays a key role in homeostasis of organisms by regulating water balance across biological membranes and the flow of nutrients and waste.
in case of solid oxygen the atoms of oxygen are s.pdfanwarfoot
in case of solid oxygen the atoms of oxygen are sharing elctrons and have a
covalent bond between them so there is a dipole dipole bond
Solution
in case of solid oxygen the atoms of oxygen are sharing elctrons and have a
covalent bond between them so there is a dipole dipole bond.
Yeast is a microorganism and doesnt itself rise.pdfanwarfoot
Yeast is a microorganism and doesn\'t itself rise. Yeast eats carbohydrate and makes
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - the gas in soda water - as a waste product and it is this gas that makes
the bread or cake \"rise\".
Solution
Yeast is a microorganism and doesn\'t itself rise. Yeast eats carbohydrate and makes
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - the gas in soda water - as a waste product and it is this gas that makes
the bread or cake \"rise\"..
First, lets analyze what each component of the .pdfanwarfoot
First, let\'s analyze what each component of the solution is (strong base/acid, weak
base/acid, salt?) HF: This is a weak acid (something you should probably know off the top of
your head, but if you look at Ka, it\'s a very small value which indicates that it is weak). NaOH:
A strong base (once again, something you should know off the top of your head. Virtually any
ionic compound with Na is strong). Since it\'s strong, we can assume that however much NaOH
we have will give us an equivalent amount of OH- ions. NaF: This is the salt for HF (as
previously mentioned, this is completely soluble in water and adds F- ions, which will affect the
equilibrium of HF). Like before, we can assume that however much NaF we have gives us the
same amount of F-, since all of it dissolves. Now, let\'s think about the reactions that are
happening. First, whenever you have an acid and a base, you have a neutralization reaction (I\'m
leaving Na out of all the following reactions since it is a spectator ion): HF(aq) + OH-(aq) ==>
F-(aq) + H2O(l) This means that the OH- we\'ve added will neutralize our initial amount of HF
into F- and water. Since we have more HF than OH-, all of the OH- will go towards neutralizing
the HF. Thus, 2.00M HF and 1.00M NaOH is essentially equivalent to 1.00M HF and 0 NaOH.
Now, all we have is HF and F-. Recall the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, which tells you how
to calculate pH based on the ratio of an acid and its salt. In the case of HF, it will be pH = pKa +
log([F-]/[HF]) You have [F-] in the form of [NaF], and you have [HF] which we just
determined. You can calculate pKa from the given Ka value. Thus, you should be able to
calculate pH.
Solution
First, let\'s analyze what each component of the solution is (strong base/acid, weak
base/acid, salt?) HF: This is a weak acid (something you should probably know off the top of
your head, but if you look at Ka, it\'s a very small value which indicates that it is weak). NaOH:
A strong base (once again, something you should know off the top of your head. Virtually any
ionic compound with Na is strong). Since it\'s strong, we can assume that however much NaOH
we have will give us an equivalent amount of OH- ions. NaF: This is the salt for HF (as
previously mentioned, this is completely soluble in water and adds F- ions, which will affect the
equilibrium of HF). Like before, we can assume that however much NaF we have gives us the
same amount of F-, since all of it dissolves. Now, let\'s think about the reactions that are
happening. First, whenever you have an acid and a base, you have a neutralization reaction (I\'m
leaving Na out of all the following reactions since it is a spectator ion): HF(aq) + OH-(aq) ==>
F-(aq) + H2O(l) This means that the OH- we\'ve added will neutralize our initial amount of HF
into F- and water. Since we have more HF than OH-, all of the OH- will go towards neutralizing
the HF. Thus, 2.00M HF and 1.00M NaOH is essentially equivalent to 1.00M HF and 0 NaOH.
Now,.
D) Not B) because Cl-Benzene bond develops a doub.pdfanwarfoot
D) Not B) because Cl-Benzene bond develops a double bond character due to
resonance
Solution
D) Not B) because Cl-Benzene bond develops a double bond character due to
resonance.
YesBecause (1,1) is missing, it is not reflexive though (3,3) (2,2.pdfanwarfoot
Yes
Because (1,1) is missing, it is not reflexive though (3,3) (2,2) are there
Solution
Yes
Because (1,1) is missing, it is not reflexive though (3,3) (2,2) are there.
We know that from Nernst Equation ,E o cell = E o – ( 0.059 n ) .pdfanwarfoot
We know that from Nernst Equation ,
E o cell = E o – ( 0.059 / n ) log ( [ products ] / [reactants ])
Given Eo cell = 0.17 V
Eo = 0.24 V
[products ] = [Cd 2+ ] = ?
[reactants ] = [ Ni 2+ ] = 1.0 M
N = no . of electrons transferred = 2
Solution
We know that from Nernst Equation ,
E o cell = E o – ( 0.059 / n ) log ( [ products ] / [reactants ])
Given Eo cell = 0.17 V
Eo = 0.24 V
[products ] = [Cd 2+ ] = ?
[reactants ] = [ Ni 2+ ] = 1.0 M
N = no . of electrons transferred = 2.
lower.. think about it.. take a straw draw a line.pdfanwarfoot
lower.. think about it.. take a straw draw a line on it and fill it with water, then look
at it from different angles
Solution
lower.. think about it.. take a straw draw a line on it and fill it with water, then look
at it from different angles.
From left to right iodocyclopropane; 1-bromo-3-m.pdfanwarfoot
From left to right: iodocyclopropane; 1-bromo-3-methylcyclopentane; 1-iodo-2,2-
dimethylpropane;
Solution
From left to right: iodocyclopropane; 1-bromo-3-methylcyclopentane; 1-iodo-2,2-
dimethylpropane;.
For inorganic compounds Chemical properties remai.pdfanwarfoot
For inorganic compounds Chemical properties remain same but colour or physical
appearance changes. CuSO4 .5H2O is blue and crystalline but CuSO4 anhydrous is
colourless.Colour change can be explained by theories of Co ordination compounds. In organic
compounds ; chemical properties also change as dehydration changes the chemical nature;
C2H5OH---> C2H4+H2O
Solution
For inorganic compounds Chemical properties remain same but colour or physical
appearance changes. CuSO4 .5H2O is blue and crystalline but CuSO4 anhydrous is
colourless.Colour change can be explained by theories of Co ordination compounds. In organic
compounds ; chemical properties also change as dehydration changes the chemical nature;
C2H5OH---> C2H4+H2O.
Over forty interstellar molecules have been found, ranging from simp.pdfanwarfoot
Over forty interstellar molecules have been found, ranging from simple OH radicals to molecules
with over a dozen different atoms, including a few polycyclic. Their significance lies in that
planets are formed from such nebulas( area of the cloud), so this tells us what may be found.
Solution
Over forty interstellar molecules have been found, ranging from simple OH radicals to molecules
with over a dozen different atoms, including a few polycyclic. Their significance lies in that
planets are formed from such nebulas( area of the cloud), so this tells us what may be found..
One of the four prominent symptoms of typhoid is coated tongue. Even.pdfanwarfoot
One of the four prominent symptoms of typhoid is coated tongue. Even before the onset of fever,
the tongue appears furred, with centrally coated and a red margin around. There are other illness
also which shows coated tongue, but with different appearance. In malaria, the tongue is
uniformly coated whereas in candidia thrush, a thick white layer of which patch is formed. In
typhoid, the patch is centrally located on the tongue surrounded by a red margin.
During the first week of typhoid, the dorsum of tongue is covered with a thin dirty white fur,
which occurs due to the toxins released by the pathogen. The coat gradually clears from the tip
and edges and completely disappears by the thid week of infection, leaving a glazed, dry or
smooth red tongue.
By observing the coat pattern, the Doctor would have diagnosed the fever well in advance.
Solution
One of the four prominent symptoms of typhoid is coated tongue. Even before the onset of fever,
the tongue appears furred, with centrally coated and a red margin around. There are other illness
also which shows coated tongue, but with different appearance. In malaria, the tongue is
uniformly coated whereas in candidia thrush, a thick white layer of which patch is formed. In
typhoid, the patch is centrally located on the tongue surrounded by a red margin.
During the first week of typhoid, the dorsum of tongue is covered with a thin dirty white fur,
which occurs due to the toxins released by the pathogen. The coat gradually clears from the tip
and edges and completely disappears by the thid week of infection, leaving a glazed, dry or
smooth red tongue.
By observing the coat pattern, the Doctor would have diagnosed the fever well in advance..
Meselson and Stahl in 1957 gave experimental evidence that each DNA .pdfanwarfoot
Meselson and Stahl in 1957 gave experimental evidence that each DNA strand served as a
template for new DNA synthesis, a process called semi-conservative replication. At that time,
there were three proposed models for DNA replication put forward by the scientific community
after DNA structure had been discovered- Semi-conservative, conservative and dispersive
replication.
Semi-conservative replication: In this model, the two strands of DNA unwind from each other,
and each acts as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand. This results in two
DNA molecules with one original strand and one new strand.
Conservative replication. In this model, DNA replication results in one molecule that consists of
both original DNA strands and another molecule that consists of two new strands with exactly
the same sequences as the original molecule.
Meselson and Stahl used the density gradient sedimentation experiment (done with the E.Coli
bacteria) to establish that DNA replicates using the semi-conservative model of replication as
follows:
Results of analysis:
Solution
Meselson and Stahl in 1957 gave experimental evidence that each DNA strand served as a
template for new DNA synthesis, a process called semi-conservative replication. At that time,
there were three proposed models for DNA replication put forward by the scientific community
after DNA structure had been discovered- Semi-conservative, conservative and dispersive
replication.
Semi-conservative replication: In this model, the two strands of DNA unwind from each other,
and each acts as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand. This results in two
DNA molecules with one original strand and one new strand.
Conservative replication. In this model, DNA replication results in one molecule that consists of
both original DNA strands and another molecule that consists of two new strands with exactly
the same sequences as the original molecule.
Meselson and Stahl used the density gradient sedimentation experiment (done with the E.Coli
bacteria) to establish that DNA replicates using the semi-conservative model of replication as
follows:
Results of analysis:.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Introduction One of the key goals for the Windows Subsystem for Li.pdf
1. Introduction
One of the key goals for the Windows Subsystem for Linux is to allow users to work with their
files as they would on Linux, while giving full interoperability with files the user already has on
their Windows machine. Unlike a virtual machine, where you have to use network shares or
other solutions to share files between the host and guest OS, WSL has direct access to all your
Windows drives to allow for easy interop.
Windows file systems differ substantially from Linux file systems, and this post looks into how
WSL bridges those two worlds.
File systems on Linux
Linux abstracts file systems operations through the Virtual File System (VFS), which provides
both an interface for user mode programs to interact with the file system (through system calls
such as open, read, chmod, stat, etc.) and an interface that file systems have to implement. This
allows multiple file systems to coexist, providing the same operations and semantics, with VFS
giving a single namespace view of all these file systems to the user.
File systems are mounted on different directories in this namespace. For example, on a typical
Linux system your hard drive may be mounted at the root, /, with directories such as /dev, /proc,
/sys, and /mnt/cdrom all mounting different file systems which may be on different devices.
Examples of file systems used on Linux include ext4, rfs, FAT, and others.
VFS implements the various system calls for file system operations by using a number of data
structures such as inodes, directory entries and files, and related callbacks that file systems must
implement.
Inodes
The inode is the central data structure used in VFS. It represents a file system object such as a
regular file, directory, symbolic link, etc. An inode contains information about the file type, size,
permissions, last modified time, and other attributes. For many common Linux disk file systems
such as ext4, the on-disk data structures used to represent file metadata directly correspond to the
inode structure used by the Linux kernel.
While an inode represents a file, it does not represent a file name. A single file may have
multiple names, or hard links, but only one inode.
File systems provide a lookup callback to VFS which is used to retrieve an inode for a particular
file, based on the parent inode and the child name. File systems must implement a number of
other inode operations such as chmod, stat, open, etc.
Directory entries
VFS uses a directory entry cache to represent your file system namespace. Directory entries only
exist in memory, and contain a pointer to the inode for the file. For example, if you have a path
2. like /home/user/foo, there is a directory entry for home, user, and foo, each with a pointer to an
inode. Directory entries are cached for fast lookup, but if an entry is not yet in the cache, the
inode lookup operation is used to retrieve the inode from the file system so a new directory entry
can be created.
File objects
When an inode is opened, a file object is created for that file which keeps track of things like the
file offset and whether the file was opened for read, write or both. File systems must provide a
number of file operations such as read, write, sync, etc.
File descriptors
Applications refer to file objects through file descriptors. These are numeric values, unique to a
process, that refer to any files the process has open. File descriptors can refer to other types of
objects that provide a file-like interface in Linux, including ttys, sockets, and pipes. Multiple file
descriptors can refer to the same file object, e.g. through use of the dup system call.
Special file types
Besides just regular files and directories, Linux supports a number of additional file types. These
include device files, FIFOs, sockets, and symbolic links.
Some of these files affect how paths are parsed. Symbolic links are special files that refer to a
different file or directory, and following them is handled seamlessly by VFS. If you open the
path /foo/bar/baz and bar is a symbolic link to /zed, then you will actually open /zed/baz instead.
Similarly, a directory may be used as a mount point for another file system. In this case, when a
path crosses this directory, all inode operations below the mount point go to the new file system.
Special and pseudo file systems
Linux uses a number of file systems that don’t read files from a disk. TmpFs is used as a
temporary, in-memory file system, whose contents will not be persisted. ProcFs and SysFs both
provide access to kernel information about processes, devices and drivers. These file systems do
not have a disk, network or other device associated with them, and instead are virtualized by the
kernel.
File systems on Windows
Windows generalizes all system resources into objects. These include not just files, but also
things like threads, shared memory sections, and timers, just to name a few. All requests to open
a file ultimately go through the Object Manager in the NT kernel, which routes the request
through the I/O Manager to the correct file system driver. The interface that file system drivers
implement in Windows is more generic and enforces fewer requirements. For example, there is
no common inode structure or anything similar, nor is there a directory entry; instead, file system
drivers such as ntfs.sys are responsible for resolving paths and opening file objects.
File systems in Windows are typically mounted on drive letters like C:, D:, etc., although they
3. can be mounted on directories in other file systems as well. These drive letters are actually a
construct of Win32, and not something that the Object Manager directly deals with. The Object
Manager keeps a namespace that looks similar to the Linux file system namespace, rooted in ,
with file system volumes represented by device objects with paths like
DeviceHarddiskVolume1.
When you open a file using a path like C:foobar, the Win32 CreateFile call translates this to
an NT path of the form DosDeviceC:foobar, where DosDeviceC: is actually a symbolic
link to, for example, DeviceHarddiskVolume4. Therefore, the real full path to the file is
actually DeviceHarddiskVolume4foobar. The object manager resolves each component of
the path, similar to how VFS would in Linux, until it encounters the device object. At this point,
it forwards the request to the I/O manager, which creates an I/O Request Packet (IRP) with the
remaining path, which it sends to the file system driver for the device.
File objects
When a file is opened, the object manager creates a file object for it. Instead of file descriptors,
the object manager provides handles to file objects. Handles can actually refer to any object
manager object, not just files.
When you call a system call like NtReadFile (typically through the Win32 ReadFile function),
the I/O manager again creates an IRP to send down to the file system driver for the file object to
perform the request.
Because there are no inodes or anything similar in NT, most operations on files in Windows
require a file object.
Reparse points
Windows only supports two file types: regular files and directories. Both files and directories
can be reparse points, which are special files that have a fixed header and a block of arbitrary
data. The header includes a tag that identifies the type of reparse point, which must be handled
by a file system filter driver, or for built-in reparse point types, the I/O manager itself.
Reparse points are used to implement symbolic links and mount points. In these cases, the tag
indicates that the reparse point is a symbolic link or mount, and the data associated with the
reparse point contains the link target, or volume name for mount points. Reparse points can also
be used for other functionality such as the placeholder files used by OneDrive in Windows 8.
Solution
Introduction
One of the key goals for the Windows Subsystem for Linux is to allow users to work with their
files as they would on Linux, while giving full interoperability with files the user already has on
4. their Windows machine. Unlike a virtual machine, where you have to use network shares or
other solutions to share files between the host and guest OS, WSL has direct access to all your
Windows drives to allow for easy interop.
Windows file systems differ substantially from Linux file systems, and this post looks into how
WSL bridges those two worlds.
File systems on Linux
Linux abstracts file systems operations through the Virtual File System (VFS), which provides
both an interface for user mode programs to interact with the file system (through system calls
such as open, read, chmod, stat, etc.) and an interface that file systems have to implement. This
allows multiple file systems to coexist, providing the same operations and semantics, with VFS
giving a single namespace view of all these file systems to the user.
File systems are mounted on different directories in this namespace. For example, on a typical
Linux system your hard drive may be mounted at the root, /, with directories such as /dev, /proc,
/sys, and /mnt/cdrom all mounting different file systems which may be on different devices.
Examples of file systems used on Linux include ext4, rfs, FAT, and others.
VFS implements the various system calls for file system operations by using a number of data
structures such as inodes, directory entries and files, and related callbacks that file systems must
implement.
Inodes
The inode is the central data structure used in VFS. It represents a file system object such as a
regular file, directory, symbolic link, etc. An inode contains information about the file type, size,
permissions, last modified time, and other attributes. For many common Linux disk file systems
such as ext4, the on-disk data structures used to represent file metadata directly correspond to the
inode structure used by the Linux kernel.
While an inode represents a file, it does not represent a file name. A single file may have
multiple names, or hard links, but only one inode.
File systems provide a lookup callback to VFS which is used to retrieve an inode for a particular
file, based on the parent inode and the child name. File systems must implement a number of
other inode operations such as chmod, stat, open, etc.
Directory entries
VFS uses a directory entry cache to represent your file system namespace. Directory entries only
exist in memory, and contain a pointer to the inode for the file. For example, if you have a path
like /home/user/foo, there is a directory entry for home, user, and foo, each with a pointer to an
inode. Directory entries are cached for fast lookup, but if an entry is not yet in the cache, the
inode lookup operation is used to retrieve the inode from the file system so a new directory entry
can be created.
5. File objects
When an inode is opened, a file object is created for that file which keeps track of things like the
file offset and whether the file was opened for read, write or both. File systems must provide a
number of file operations such as read, write, sync, etc.
File descriptors
Applications refer to file objects through file descriptors. These are numeric values, unique to a
process, that refer to any files the process has open. File descriptors can refer to other types of
objects that provide a file-like interface in Linux, including ttys, sockets, and pipes. Multiple file
descriptors can refer to the same file object, e.g. through use of the dup system call.
Special file types
Besides just regular files and directories, Linux supports a number of additional file types. These
include device files, FIFOs, sockets, and symbolic links.
Some of these files affect how paths are parsed. Symbolic links are special files that refer to a
different file or directory, and following them is handled seamlessly by VFS. If you open the
path /foo/bar/baz and bar is a symbolic link to /zed, then you will actually open /zed/baz instead.
Similarly, a directory may be used as a mount point for another file system. In this case, when a
path crosses this directory, all inode operations below the mount point go to the new file system.
Special and pseudo file systems
Linux uses a number of file systems that don’t read files from a disk. TmpFs is used as a
temporary, in-memory file system, whose contents will not be persisted. ProcFs and SysFs both
provide access to kernel information about processes, devices and drivers. These file systems do
not have a disk, network or other device associated with them, and instead are virtualized by the
kernel.
File systems on Windows
Windows generalizes all system resources into objects. These include not just files, but also
things like threads, shared memory sections, and timers, just to name a few. All requests to open
a file ultimately go through the Object Manager in the NT kernel, which routes the request
through the I/O Manager to the correct file system driver. The interface that file system drivers
implement in Windows is more generic and enforces fewer requirements. For example, there is
no common inode structure or anything similar, nor is there a directory entry; instead, file system
drivers such as ntfs.sys are responsible for resolving paths and opening file objects.
File systems in Windows are typically mounted on drive letters like C:, D:, etc., although they
can be mounted on directories in other file systems as well. These drive letters are actually a
construct of Win32, and not something that the Object Manager directly deals with. The Object
Manager keeps a namespace that looks similar to the Linux file system namespace, rooted in ,
with file system volumes represented by device objects with paths like
6. DeviceHarddiskVolume1.
When you open a file using a path like C:foobar, the Win32 CreateFile call translates this to
an NT path of the form DosDeviceC:foobar, where DosDeviceC: is actually a symbolic
link to, for example, DeviceHarddiskVolume4. Therefore, the real full path to the file is
actually DeviceHarddiskVolume4foobar. The object manager resolves each component of
the path, similar to how VFS would in Linux, until it encounters the device object. At this point,
it forwards the request to the I/O manager, which creates an I/O Request Packet (IRP) with the
remaining path, which it sends to the file system driver for the device.
File objects
When a file is opened, the object manager creates a file object for it. Instead of file descriptors,
the object manager provides handles to file objects. Handles can actually refer to any object
manager object, not just files.
When you call a system call like NtReadFile (typically through the Win32 ReadFile function),
the I/O manager again creates an IRP to send down to the file system driver for the file object to
perform the request.
Because there are no inodes or anything similar in NT, most operations on files in Windows
require a file object.
Reparse points
Windows only supports two file types: regular files and directories. Both files and directories
can be reparse points, which are special files that have a fixed header and a block of arbitrary
data. The header includes a tag that identifies the type of reparse point, which must be handled
by a file system filter driver, or for built-in reparse point types, the I/O manager itself.
Reparse points are used to implement symbolic links and mount points. In these cases, the tag
indicates that the reparse point is a symbolic link or mount, and the data associated with the
reparse point contains the link target, or volume name for mount points. Reparse points can also
be used for other functionality such as the placeholder files used by OneDrive in Windows 8.