C is a widely used programming language developed in the 1970s. It allows direct manipulation of bits, bytes and addresses for low-level programming tasks like operating systems development. The C standard library contains many pre-existing functions that programmers can use rather than reinventing functionality, making development more efficient. Key advantages of C include portability across hardware, support for various data types, and flexibility between high-level and low-level programming.

1. 2/12/2010
t
y
Keep your notebook with you.
C
Write important point and questions that comes in your mind
Solve Mind band exercise.
Programming
C
Rewind when not clear
Language
Ask Questions by call or SMS or by mail
By:
Keep Watching Keep Learning
Yogendra Pal
yogendra@learnbywatch.com
THIS IS INTRODUCTION
Dedicated to My mother and Father
2
Computer Computer…
• Electronic Device • Two very important for a programmer
• Store, Manipulate and Transmit data. – Numeric
• Data can be – Character
– Numeric • Scientific and Engineering Applications
– Character (Name, Address etc.) – Numeric
– Graphics data (Charts, Photographs, Videos) • Business applications
– Sound (Music, Speech etc.) – Numeric and Character
3 4
Memory Memory…
• Every information is stored in binary code. • Bit is the smallest unit of information storage.
• Binary code is the sequence of 0s and 1s. • Bit consists a single binary digit (0 or 1).
• 0 and 1 are called bits. • We can interpreted 0 and 1 as:
• 0 represents OFF and 1 represents ON. – 0 : False : Off
• 8 bits makes 1 byte. – 1 : True : On
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
• Character takes one byte to store.
5 6
1

2. 2/12/2010
Memory… Machine needs instructions
•
o
1 bit consists 0 or 1.
•
•
8 bits makes a byte.
210 (1024) byte make a Kilobyte or KB.
I
• 210 (1024) Kilobyte make a Megabyte or MB.
• 210 (1024) Megabyte make a Gigabyte or GB.
• 210 (1024) Gigabyte make a Terabyte or TB.
Bit < Byte < KB < MB < GB < TB
ć
7 8
Programming Language Machine Language
• Machine Language • Strings of numbers giving machine specific
• Assembly Language instructions.
• High-Level Language • Also known as Machine code.
Example:
+1300042774
+1400593419
+1200274027
9 10
Machine Language… Assembly Language
• Very Few programs are written in machine • English-like abbreviations representing
language because:- elementary computer operations.
– It is very difficult to work with machine language. • Simpler than machine language.
– Program written for one type of computer will not Example:
run on other type of computer (Each type of LOAD BASEPAY
ADD OVERPAY
computer has it’s own instruction set).
STORE GROSSPAY
• Translate in machine code before execute.
• Translation is done by assembler.
11 12
2

3. 2/12/2010
High-level Languages High level languages…
• Codes similar to everyday English (Easy to • The program written in high level language is
understand). known as source code or source program.
• Use mathematical notations. • The compiled source code results in machine-
• Example language.
– grossPay = basePay + overTimePay
• Machine language code is also known as
• Translate in machine code before execute.
object code or object program.
• Translation is done by compiler or
interpreter.
13 14
Compiler vs. Interpreter Program
• Interpreter reads the source code one line at a • Using programming language we create
time convert it into machine code. instructions or set of instructions.
• Compiler reads the entire program and • This set of instructions is also knows as
converts it into machine code. computer program or software program or
• machine code is a code that the computer can just program.
run directly. • Example programs or softwares:
• machine code also known as object code or – Word processing program
binary code. – Computer Games or video games
15 16
History of C C: A Middle Level Language
• Evolved by Dennis Ritchie in 1970 at Bell • Best elements of high level language and
Telephone Laboratories from two previous control and flexibility of assembly language.
programming languages, BCPL and B.
• C allows the direct manipulation of bits, bytes
• Used to develop UNIX. and addresses.
• Used to write modern operating systems. • C has several built in data types.
• Hardware independent (portable).
• Permits type conversion.
• Standard created in 1989, updated in 1999.
• No run time error checking.
BCPL B C
Martin Richards Ken Thompson Dennis Ritchie • Well suited for system-level programming.
17 18
3

4. 2/12/2010
The C Standard Library C Standard Library…
• C programs consist of pieces/modules called • Avoid re-inventing the wheel
functions. – If a premade function exists, generally best to use it
– A programmer can create his own functions. rather than write your own
• Advantage: the programmer knows exactly how it works – Library functions carefully written, efficient, and
• Disadvantage: time consuming portable
– Programmers will often use the C library
functions.
• Use these as building blocks
19 20
Other High-level Languages Structured Programming
• Other high-level languages • Disciplined approach to writing programs.
– FORTRAN • Functions are the building blocks of programs.
• Used for scientific and engineering applications
• Allow you to code separate tasks in a program,
– COBOL
make your program modular.
• Used to manipulate large amounts of data
– Pascal • Clear, easy to test and debug and easy to
• Intended for academic use modify.
• C is a structured programming language.
21 22
Library and Linking Program Development
• Library : Collection of functions. • Edit : Program is created in the editor and
stored on disk.
• Linker : Combines the called function object • Preprocess: Preprocess program processes the code
code with the code you written. • Compile : Compiler creates object code and stores it
on disk.
• Link : Linker links the object code with the
libraries.
• Load : Loader loads program in memory.
• Execute : CPU takes each insruction and executes it.
23 24
4

5. 2/12/2010
Form of C program Mind Bend
• The main() function must present in program. • Write 4 different data types.
• Keywords can not used as a variable name or a • What is meant by a computer program?
function name. • Differentiate bit & byte?
• Case sensitive language. • What is a machine language? How it is
different from High level language?
– else  ELSE 
• What are the advantages of high level
• It may have many functions. language? Give some examples of high level
language.
25 26
To get complete benefit solve all the quiz on
Mind Bend www.learnbywatch.com
• Differentiate Compiler and Interpreter. For any problem in this tutorial mail me at
yogendra@learnbywatch.com
• What is source program? with the subject “C”
• What is object program? For Other information mail at
• Who develop the C language and where? info@learnbywatch.com
• Can we use uppercase in C program?
Keep Watching Keep Learning
• Computer is an __________ device.
NEXT IS C BASICS
• Binary code is the sequence of _ & _.
27
5