Pharmacognosy is the study of crude drugs from natural sources including plants, animals, and minerals. It involves a systematic study of the crude drug including its description, biological source, geographical source, morphology, microscopic characteristics, chemical constituents, pharmacological actions, and other details. The subject has played a role in the development of other disciplines like botany, plant chemistry, and pharmaceutical sciences. Crude drugs can be organized, consisting of plant or animal tissues and cells, or unorganized, obtained from extraction processes and described based on physical properties. Unorganized crude drugs include dried juices, dried lattices, dried extracts, and oleo-gum resins. Pharmacognosy provides a link between various medical systems by
Sources of crude drug, classification, organized and unorganized drugs.Megha Shah
Organized and unorganized drugs are classified based on whether they are direct parts of plants or animals (organized) or derived through extraction or processing (unorganized). Organized drugs include plant parts like leaves, roots, fruits, and flowers. Unorganized drugs are prepared from plants through incision, drying, or extraction and do not contain cellular tissues, like latex, gums, resins, and plant exudates. Crude drugs can also come from animal sources like hormones and enzymes, as well as microbial, mineral, marine, plant tissue culture, semisynthetic, and recombinant DNA sources.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicinal plants and natural products. The document traces the historical development of pharmacognosy from ancient civilizations like Babylon, Egypt, India, Greece and China. It discusses how modern pharmacognosy emerged in the 20th century due to discoveries like penicillin. The current status and future scope of pharmacognosy is highlighted, including the importance of natural products in drug development and alternative medicine systems like Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, homeopathy and traditional Chinese medicine.
The document discusses alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing plant compounds. It defines alkaloids and explains that they are difficult to define precisely due to overlapping properties with other amines. It then covers the distribution of various alkaloids in different plant parts, their chemical properties, pharmacological actions, classification based on ring structure, extraction methods, and chemical tests to identify alkaloids.
Pharmacognosy is "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources".
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicinal plants and natural products. The term was introduced in 1815 and comes from Greek roots meaning "drug" and "knowledge." It involves the study of plants as potential drug sources from pre-historic use through various civilizations like Chinese, Babylonian, Egyptian, Indian, and Greek. Modern pharmacognosy has broad applications in medicine, agriculture, cosmetics, and other industries and offers career opportunities in academia, private industry, and government.
This document provides an overview of pharmacognosy, including its definition, historical development, and modern applications. It discusses how pharmacognosy is the study of crude drugs from natural sources like plants, animals, and minerals. Over time, the field has advanced from early empirical use of natural remedies to the systematic isolation and characterization of active pharmaceutical ingredients using analytical techniques. Pharmacognosy continues to contribute to drug discovery and development through the study of natural products.
Adulteration it is a practice of substituting the original crude drug partially or fully with other substances which is either free from or inferior in therapeutic and chemical properties or addition of low grade or spoiled drugs or entirely different drug similar to that of original drug substituted with an intention of enhancement of profits.
adulteration may be defined as mixing or substituting the original drug material with other spurious, inferior, defective, spoiled, useless other parts of same or different plant or harmful substances or drug which do not confirm with the official standards
This document discusses various methods for evaluating drugs, including organoleptic (sensory), microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological methods. Organoleptic evaluation examines visual characteristics like color, texture, and morphology. Microscopic evaluation analyzes histological features under a microscope. Physical evaluation measures properties such as moisture content, melting point, and viscosity. Chemical evaluation identifies active constituents through tests, constants, and instrumentation. Biological evaluation is used when other methods cannot fully assess a drug's activity, instead examining its effects on living systems.
Sources of crude drug, classification, organized and unorganized drugs.Megha Shah
Organized and unorganized drugs are classified based on whether they are direct parts of plants or animals (organized) or derived through extraction or processing (unorganized). Organized drugs include plant parts like leaves, roots, fruits, and flowers. Unorganized drugs are prepared from plants through incision, drying, or extraction and do not contain cellular tissues, like latex, gums, resins, and plant exudates. Crude drugs can also come from animal sources like hormones and enzymes, as well as microbial, mineral, marine, plant tissue culture, semisynthetic, and recombinant DNA sources.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicinal plants and natural products. The document traces the historical development of pharmacognosy from ancient civilizations like Babylon, Egypt, India, Greece and China. It discusses how modern pharmacognosy emerged in the 20th century due to discoveries like penicillin. The current status and future scope of pharmacognosy is highlighted, including the importance of natural products in drug development and alternative medicine systems like Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, homeopathy and traditional Chinese medicine.
The document discusses alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing plant compounds. It defines alkaloids and explains that they are difficult to define precisely due to overlapping properties with other amines. It then covers the distribution of various alkaloids in different plant parts, their chemical properties, pharmacological actions, classification based on ring structure, extraction methods, and chemical tests to identify alkaloids.
Pharmacognosy is "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources".
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicinal plants and natural products. The term was introduced in 1815 and comes from Greek roots meaning "drug" and "knowledge." It involves the study of plants as potential drug sources from pre-historic use through various civilizations like Chinese, Babylonian, Egyptian, Indian, and Greek. Modern pharmacognosy has broad applications in medicine, agriculture, cosmetics, and other industries and offers career opportunities in academia, private industry, and government.
This document provides an overview of pharmacognosy, including its definition, historical development, and modern applications. It discusses how pharmacognosy is the study of crude drugs from natural sources like plants, animals, and minerals. Over time, the field has advanced from early empirical use of natural remedies to the systematic isolation and characterization of active pharmaceutical ingredients using analytical techniques. Pharmacognosy continues to contribute to drug discovery and development through the study of natural products.
Adulteration it is a practice of substituting the original crude drug partially or fully with other substances which is either free from or inferior in therapeutic and chemical properties or addition of low grade or spoiled drugs or entirely different drug similar to that of original drug substituted with an intention of enhancement of profits.
adulteration may be defined as mixing or substituting the original drug material with other spurious, inferior, defective, spoiled, useless other parts of same or different plant or harmful substances or drug which do not confirm with the official standards
This document discusses various methods for evaluating drugs, including organoleptic (sensory), microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological methods. Organoleptic evaluation examines visual characteristics like color, texture, and morphology. Microscopic evaluation analyzes histological features under a microscope. Physical evaluation measures properties such as moisture content, melting point, and viscosity. Chemical evaluation identifies active constituents through tests, constants, and instrumentation. Biological evaluation is used when other methods cannot fully assess a drug's activity, instead examining its effects on living systems.
The importance of medicinal plants in the treatment of a variety of human ailments man has been dependent on the higher plants as a source of food and medicine.
Alkaloids: Introduction, Property and classification OP VERMA
Alkaloids are major secondary metabolites reported in higher plants. In this PPT I have covered Introduction, Property, Clarification and identification tests.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources. It deals with the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs from natural origins, as well as the search for new drugs. The history of pharmacognosy dates back to ancient civilizations in China, India, Egypt and Greece where plants were used medicinally before the beginning of the Christian era. Modern pharmacognosy developed between 1934-1960 due to events like the discovery of penicillin and isolation of compounds like reserpine. Today, pharmacognosy plays an important role in drug development through the isolation of active constituents, elucidation of their structures, and use of natural products as precursors for drug synthesis. Its future prospects
History and Scope of Pharmacognosy [Autosaved].pptxSushmithaBA
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicinal uses of crude drugs obtained from natural sources like plants and minerals. It involves the isolation of phytochemicals from plants, investigating biosynthetic pathways and structures of natural products, and developing herbal formulations. The history of pharmacognosy dates back to ancient civilizations in Egypt, India, and Greece where medicinal uses of plants were documented. Key figures who contributed to early pharmacognosy include Dioscorides, who wrote one of the first herbals, and Seydler, who coined the term pharmacognosy.
This presentation is for students of B Pharmacy second year for Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry subject's introduction and classification of drugs of natural origin.
This document outlines the key technical terms and areas of study involved in the pharmacognostic evaluation of crude drugs. It discusses official title, synonyms, biological source, geographical distribution, cultivation and collection, macroscopy and microscopy, chemical constituents and chemical tests, therapeutic and pharmaceutical uses, substitutes and adulterants, and storage and preservation. The purpose of pharmacognostic studies is to properly identify and characterize crude drugs through examination of their origin, appearance, microscopic features, chemical properties, constituents, uses, potential substitutes or adulterants, and appropriate storage conditions.
Crude drugs: A general view of their origin, distributions, cultivation, collection, drying and
storage, commerce and quality control.
a) Classification of drugs.
b) Preparation of drugs for commercial market
c) Evaluation of crude drugs.
d) Drug adulteration.
This document discusses the adulteration of crude drugs. It defines adulteration as the debasement or substitution of the original drug with inferior or harmful substances. There are two main types of adulteration - deliberate (intentional) and accidental (in-deliberate). Several methods of deliberate adulteration are described, including substitution with inferior varieties, use of artificially manufactured substitutes, substitution with exhausted drugs, addition of worthless materials, and addition of synthetic principles. Reasons for adulteration include scarcity and high price of drugs. The document provides examples for each type and method of adulteration.
The document discusses different types and methods of drug adulteration. It defines adulteration as substituting an original drug with inferior or harmful substances. Common reasons for adulteration include scarcity and high prices of drugs. Methods include substitution with inferior varieties, artificially manufactured substitutes, exhausted drugs, superficially similar but cheaper natural substances, addition of worthless materials, synthetic principles, and vegetative matter from the same plant. The effects of adulteration and factors affecting stored products are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of herbal drug technology and the Indian system of medicine. It discusses herbs as raw materials, including their definition and uses. It also covers biodynamic agriculture principles and Good Agricultural Practices for cultivating medicinal plants. The document discusses various processing steps for herbal raw materials. It provides details on the Ayurveda and Siddha systems of traditional Indian medicine, including their basic principles and approaches to treatment. Pest control methods for medicinal plants are also summarized, including the use of biopesticides derived from plants.
Pharmacognosy is the study of drugs derived from natural sources. It involves the identification, characterization, cultivation, extraction, preparation, quality control, and assessment of bioactive compounds from natural sources. Some key areas of pharmacognosy include the isolation of phytochemicals, studying structure-activity relationships of compounds, obtaining drugs through partial synthesis of natural products, using natural products as models for synthesizing new drugs, and investigating biosynthetic pathways. Developments in fields like microbiology, analytical chemistry, and related sciences have contributed to the growth of pharmacognosy as an applied science.
Volatile oils can be extracted through three main methods: distillation, solvent extraction, and mechanical expression. Distillation involves boiling or steaming plant material to separate the oils, while solvent extraction soaks plants in solvents like alcohol. Mechanical expression ruptures oil cells without heat, as used for citrus peels.
Pharmacognosy studies drugs from natural sources including plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms. It aims to acquire knowledge about natural drugs from collection to extraction and identification of active chemical constituents. Pharmacognosy provides important information used in drug formulation, determining drug actions, prices, and isolating phytochemicals. It also studies biosynthetic pathways and plays a role in partial drug synthesis, using natural products as models for new drugs, and investigating drugs for various therapeutic uses. Pharmacognosy is an important link between pharmaceuticals and basic sciences as well as between allopathic and herbal medicine systems.
The document provides information about a presentation on alkaloids. It discusses that alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds found mainly in plants. They have a complex molecular structure and show significant pharmacological activity. Alkaloids are classified based on whether the nitrogen is part of a ring or not. They exhibit diverse physical and chemical properties and are tested using various chemical reagents like Mayer's reagent. Alkaloids have many uses as analgesics, antihypertensives, and in treating other medical conditions due to their pharmacological activities. Examples of alkaloid-containing plants discussed include Lobelia, which has expectorant properties.
This document summarizes the morphology and microscopic characteristics of Belladonna. Belladonna is an herb that comes from the Atropa belladonna and Atropa acuminata plants. It has leaves that are green to brownish green in color and flowers that are purple to yellowish brown. Microscopically, it has epidermal cells with sinuous walls and striated cuticle, anisocytic stomata, and glandular and non-glandular trichomes. Its main alkaloids are hyoscyamine and atropine. It is used as a parasympatholytic drug to reduce secretions and spasms.
Adulteration of herbal drugs involves substituting or mixing the original drug with inferior substitutes to increase profits. This can be done intentionally through addition of low-grade drugs, or unintentionally through improper collection, storage, or mixing. Adulteration poses many risks like reducing the potency of the drug, introducing harmful adulterants, and causing side effects ranging from mild reactions to death. It is important to select high quality herbal materials and carefully control the drying and storage process to avoid accidental adulteration.
The document discusses biodynamic agriculture, which is a form of organic farming developed by Rudolf Steiner. It treats soil, plants, and livestock as an interconnected ecological system. Biodynamic farming uses techniques like composting, crop rotation, and integrating natural pest predators. The document also provides guidelines for good agricultural practices in cultivating medicinal plants, covering topics from seed sourcing to harvesting, processing, packaging, and storage. It discusses integrated pest management using mechanical, biological, and chemical methods, with an emphasis on biopesticides that control pests naturally without toxic residues.
This document provides an introduction to the subject of pharmacognosy. It defines pharmacognosy as the study of crude drugs from plant, animal, and marine sources. The document outlines the history and development of pharmacognosy over time with contributions from scientists since ancient times. It describes the scope of pharmacognosy, including understanding drug actions, formulating products, isolating phytochemicals, and more. The types of crude drugs are categorized as organized (containing tissues) or unorganized. Sources of crude drugs are discussed, including various plant parts, animals, marine organisms, and tissue culture techniques.
This document provides an introduction to pharmacognosy, including definitions, history and sources of drugs from natural origins such as plants, animals and marine sources. It discusses the classification of crude drugs based on various parameters as well as the quality control of natural crude drugs through organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological evaluation methods. The topics covered include the scope of pharmacognosy, historical developments, sources of drugs from plants, animals and microbes, and the systematic study of crude drugs.
This document provides an overview of the textbook "Textbook of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry" by Biren N. Shah and A.K. Seth. It discusses the preface, contents, and organization of the textbook. The textbook is organized into 10 parts covering topics such as the introduction to pharmacognosy, pharmaceutical botany, cultivation and utilization of herbal drugs, analytical pharmacognosy, biogenesis of phytopharmaceuticals, pharmacognostical study of crude drugs, extraction and isolation of herbal drugs, medicinal plant biotechnology, and a miscellaneous section. It is intended to provide comprehensive information on modern pharmacognosy and phytochemistry.
The importance of medicinal plants in the treatment of a variety of human ailments man has been dependent on the higher plants as a source of food and medicine.
Alkaloids: Introduction, Property and classification OP VERMA
Alkaloids are major secondary metabolites reported in higher plants. In this PPT I have covered Introduction, Property, Clarification and identification tests.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources. It deals with the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs from natural origins, as well as the search for new drugs. The history of pharmacognosy dates back to ancient civilizations in China, India, Egypt and Greece where plants were used medicinally before the beginning of the Christian era. Modern pharmacognosy developed between 1934-1960 due to events like the discovery of penicillin and isolation of compounds like reserpine. Today, pharmacognosy plays an important role in drug development through the isolation of active constituents, elucidation of their structures, and use of natural products as precursors for drug synthesis. Its future prospects
History and Scope of Pharmacognosy [Autosaved].pptxSushmithaBA
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicinal uses of crude drugs obtained from natural sources like plants and minerals. It involves the isolation of phytochemicals from plants, investigating biosynthetic pathways and structures of natural products, and developing herbal formulations. The history of pharmacognosy dates back to ancient civilizations in Egypt, India, and Greece where medicinal uses of plants were documented. Key figures who contributed to early pharmacognosy include Dioscorides, who wrote one of the first herbals, and Seydler, who coined the term pharmacognosy.
This presentation is for students of B Pharmacy second year for Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry subject's introduction and classification of drugs of natural origin.
This document outlines the key technical terms and areas of study involved in the pharmacognostic evaluation of crude drugs. It discusses official title, synonyms, biological source, geographical distribution, cultivation and collection, macroscopy and microscopy, chemical constituents and chemical tests, therapeutic and pharmaceutical uses, substitutes and adulterants, and storage and preservation. The purpose of pharmacognostic studies is to properly identify and characterize crude drugs through examination of their origin, appearance, microscopic features, chemical properties, constituents, uses, potential substitutes or adulterants, and appropriate storage conditions.
Crude drugs: A general view of their origin, distributions, cultivation, collection, drying and
storage, commerce and quality control.
a) Classification of drugs.
b) Preparation of drugs for commercial market
c) Evaluation of crude drugs.
d) Drug adulteration.
This document discusses the adulteration of crude drugs. It defines adulteration as the debasement or substitution of the original drug with inferior or harmful substances. There are two main types of adulteration - deliberate (intentional) and accidental (in-deliberate). Several methods of deliberate adulteration are described, including substitution with inferior varieties, use of artificially manufactured substitutes, substitution with exhausted drugs, addition of worthless materials, and addition of synthetic principles. Reasons for adulteration include scarcity and high price of drugs. The document provides examples for each type and method of adulteration.
The document discusses different types and methods of drug adulteration. It defines adulteration as substituting an original drug with inferior or harmful substances. Common reasons for adulteration include scarcity and high prices of drugs. Methods include substitution with inferior varieties, artificially manufactured substitutes, exhausted drugs, superficially similar but cheaper natural substances, addition of worthless materials, synthetic principles, and vegetative matter from the same plant. The effects of adulteration and factors affecting stored products are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of herbal drug technology and the Indian system of medicine. It discusses herbs as raw materials, including their definition and uses. It also covers biodynamic agriculture principles and Good Agricultural Practices for cultivating medicinal plants. The document discusses various processing steps for herbal raw materials. It provides details on the Ayurveda and Siddha systems of traditional Indian medicine, including their basic principles and approaches to treatment. Pest control methods for medicinal plants are also summarized, including the use of biopesticides derived from plants.
Pharmacognosy is the study of drugs derived from natural sources. It involves the identification, characterization, cultivation, extraction, preparation, quality control, and assessment of bioactive compounds from natural sources. Some key areas of pharmacognosy include the isolation of phytochemicals, studying structure-activity relationships of compounds, obtaining drugs through partial synthesis of natural products, using natural products as models for synthesizing new drugs, and investigating biosynthetic pathways. Developments in fields like microbiology, analytical chemistry, and related sciences have contributed to the growth of pharmacognosy as an applied science.
Volatile oils can be extracted through three main methods: distillation, solvent extraction, and mechanical expression. Distillation involves boiling or steaming plant material to separate the oils, while solvent extraction soaks plants in solvents like alcohol. Mechanical expression ruptures oil cells without heat, as used for citrus peels.
Pharmacognosy studies drugs from natural sources including plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms. It aims to acquire knowledge about natural drugs from collection to extraction and identification of active chemical constituents. Pharmacognosy provides important information used in drug formulation, determining drug actions, prices, and isolating phytochemicals. It also studies biosynthetic pathways and plays a role in partial drug synthesis, using natural products as models for new drugs, and investigating drugs for various therapeutic uses. Pharmacognosy is an important link between pharmaceuticals and basic sciences as well as between allopathic and herbal medicine systems.
The document provides information about a presentation on alkaloids. It discusses that alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds found mainly in plants. They have a complex molecular structure and show significant pharmacological activity. Alkaloids are classified based on whether the nitrogen is part of a ring or not. They exhibit diverse physical and chemical properties and are tested using various chemical reagents like Mayer's reagent. Alkaloids have many uses as analgesics, antihypertensives, and in treating other medical conditions due to their pharmacological activities. Examples of alkaloid-containing plants discussed include Lobelia, which has expectorant properties.
This document summarizes the morphology and microscopic characteristics of Belladonna. Belladonna is an herb that comes from the Atropa belladonna and Atropa acuminata plants. It has leaves that are green to brownish green in color and flowers that are purple to yellowish brown. Microscopically, it has epidermal cells with sinuous walls and striated cuticle, anisocytic stomata, and glandular and non-glandular trichomes. Its main alkaloids are hyoscyamine and atropine. It is used as a parasympatholytic drug to reduce secretions and spasms.
Adulteration of herbal drugs involves substituting or mixing the original drug with inferior substitutes to increase profits. This can be done intentionally through addition of low-grade drugs, or unintentionally through improper collection, storage, or mixing. Adulteration poses many risks like reducing the potency of the drug, introducing harmful adulterants, and causing side effects ranging from mild reactions to death. It is important to select high quality herbal materials and carefully control the drying and storage process to avoid accidental adulteration.
The document discusses biodynamic agriculture, which is a form of organic farming developed by Rudolf Steiner. It treats soil, plants, and livestock as an interconnected ecological system. Biodynamic farming uses techniques like composting, crop rotation, and integrating natural pest predators. The document also provides guidelines for good agricultural practices in cultivating medicinal plants, covering topics from seed sourcing to harvesting, processing, packaging, and storage. It discusses integrated pest management using mechanical, biological, and chemical methods, with an emphasis on biopesticides that control pests naturally without toxic residues.
This document provides an introduction to the subject of pharmacognosy. It defines pharmacognosy as the study of crude drugs from plant, animal, and marine sources. The document outlines the history and development of pharmacognosy over time with contributions from scientists since ancient times. It describes the scope of pharmacognosy, including understanding drug actions, formulating products, isolating phytochemicals, and more. The types of crude drugs are categorized as organized (containing tissues) or unorganized. Sources of crude drugs are discussed, including various plant parts, animals, marine organisms, and tissue culture techniques.
This document provides an introduction to pharmacognosy, including definitions, history and sources of drugs from natural origins such as plants, animals and marine sources. It discusses the classification of crude drugs based on various parameters as well as the quality control of natural crude drugs through organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological evaluation methods. The topics covered include the scope of pharmacognosy, historical developments, sources of drugs from plants, animals and microbes, and the systematic study of crude drugs.
This document provides an overview of the textbook "Textbook of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry" by Biren N. Shah and A.K. Seth. It discusses the preface, contents, and organization of the textbook. The textbook is organized into 10 parts covering topics such as the introduction to pharmacognosy, pharmaceutical botany, cultivation and utilization of herbal drugs, analytical pharmacognosy, biogenesis of phytopharmaceuticals, pharmacognostical study of crude drugs, extraction and isolation of herbal drugs, medicinal plant biotechnology, and a miscellaneous section. It is intended to provide comprehensive information on modern pharmacognosy and phytochemistry.
This document outlines the scope of pharmacognosy, which is defined as the scientific study of crude drugs from plant, animal, and mineral sources. Pharmacognosy has broad applications including isolation and analysis of phytochemicals, structure-activity relationship studies, development of drugs from natural products, use of natural products as models for new drugs, cultivation and processing of medicinal plants, and investigation of biosynthetic pathways. Pharmacognosy provides important links between pharmaceutical science and basic sciences as well as between modern and traditional medicine systems.
Bpharm 2 y_4s_405t_pharmacognosy & phytochemistry-iNop Pirom
Pharmacognosy is the study of crude drugs from plants, animals, and minerals. Most crude drugs used in medicine are obtained from plants and include parts like leaves, roots, bark, and seeds. Crude drugs may consist of entire plants or animals or their extracts. Organized drugs are direct plant parts containing cellular tissue, while unorganized drugs do not contain tissue and are prepared through processes like drying or extraction. Pharmacognosy studies these natural substances and their chemical constituents for medical uses as well as in cosmetics, textiles, and food industries. The field has broad applications in academia, private industry, and government agencies.
This chapter discusses various methods for classifying crude drugs, including alphabetical, taxonomic, morphological, pharmacological, chemical, chemotaxonomic, and serotaxonomic classification. The alphabetical classification method arranges crude drugs in alphabetical order by their Latin, English, or local names and is the simplest approach. However, it does not consider the biological relationships between drugs. The taxonomic classification method classifies drugs according to their taxonomic ranks, from kingdom to species, providing information on their biological relationships but it can be complex. Other classification methods organize drugs based on their morphology, pharmacological effects, chemical constituents, or time of collection. Each method has its own strengths and weaknesses.
This document provides an introduction to the field of pharmacognosy. It defines pharmacognosy as the study of drugs from natural sources, including their composition, characteristics, and uses. The document outlines the history of pharmacognosy from ancient Greek physicians to modern studies of plant and animal extracts. It also discusses the scope of pharmacognosy, key terms, classification systems for natural drugs, and sources of medicinal compounds.
Antibacterial activity of naturally obtained plant that gives a antibacterial activity and some anti malarial activity functions also.This plant majorly seen in hills areas.
This document provides an introduction to the field of pharmacology. It discusses that pharmacology is the study of how drugs act on living organisms. The main branches of pharmacology described are pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacotherapeutics, clinical pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmacometrics. Sources of drugs include plants, animals, minerals, microorganisms, and chemicals synthesized in the laboratory. The composition of drugs can include inorganic compounds, alkaloids, glycosides, oils, tannins, gums, resins, antibiotics and hormones. Drugs have three names - a chemical name, approved name, and trade name.
Pharmacognosy and its scope its tells about pharmacognosy and its scopeAliRiaz92
Pharmacognosy deals with biological, biochemical, and economic aspects of natural drugs and their constituents from sources like plants, animals, minerals, and microbes. It plays a crucial role in developing other sciences and forms an important link between pharmacology and medicinal chemistry. Herbal medicine has a long history across many ancient civilizations. Proper collection, drying, packaging, and storage of herbal drugs is important to maintain their quality and prevent degradation. Pharmacognosy classifies drugs in various ways including by their taxonomy, morphology, chemical constituents, and pharmacological effects.
Dr.Lavanya.S.A - standardization of herbal drugsDr.Lavanya .S.A
The document discusses the standardization of herbal drugs. It begins by introducing the growth of herbal medicine and the need for standardization. It then defines herbs, herbal drugs, and what standardization of herbal drugs refers to. The document outlines some of the key procedures for standardizing herbal drugs, including authentication, physical and chemical analysis, and microbiological and residue testing. It also discusses identifying crude drugs through systematic study, microscopic identification of features like stomata and veins, and various quantitative studies that can be done on crude drugs. Overall, the document provides an overview of the importance and processes involved in standardizing herbal medicines.
Pharmacology is the study of drug action and pharmacognosy is the study of drugs from natural sources. The major divisions of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics, which studies how drugs affect the body, and pharmacokinetics, which studies how the body affects drugs. Drugs can come from plant, animal, microbial, or synthetic sources. Common routes of drug administration include oral, sublingual, rectal, intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous. The ideal properties of a drug include effectiveness, safety, minimal side effects, and ease of administration.
Introduction, history, scope and present status of Pharmacognosy.pptxGayatriPatra14
Pharmacognosy is the systematic study of drugs from natural sources like plants, animals, and minerals. It involves studying the name, habitat, properties, constituents, uses, and adulterants of natural drugs. Pharmacognosy provides knowledge about biologically active compounds in herbal medicines and their interactions and safety. Recent research has led to isolation of novel compounds from marine organisms and microbes with biological activities, furthering drug discovery efforts. Pharmacognosy plays an important role in connecting various sciences like botany, chemistry, pharmacology and different medical systems.
The document provides an overview of pharmacognosy, including its definition, history, and applications. Pharmacognosy is defined as the study of drugs from natural sources, especially plants and animals. The history discusses early records of medicinal plants in Egypt and India and contributions from Hippocrates, Aristotle, Theophrastus, and Dioscorides. Modern pharmacognosy applies various analytical techniques to study plant structures and isolate bioactive compounds. Key applications include plant extraction, biomarker development, herbal nanomedicines, and investigating phytochemical mechanisms of aging. The scope covers areas like isolation, structure-activity relationships, and cultivation of medicinal plants.
This document provides an introduction to pharmacognosy. It defines pharmacognosy as the systematic study of crude drugs from natural sources like plants, animals, and minerals. The document discusses the history and development of pharmacognosy from the 18th century to modern times. It also outlines the scope of pharmacognosy, including its role in new drug discovery, traditional medicine, and integrating natural products with modern medicine systems. Finally, it provides an overview of the key areas of modern pharmacognosy, such as ethnopharmacology, phytotherapy, phytochemistry, and marine pharmacognosy.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicinal uses of naturally occurring drugs, including their history, sources, distribution, cultivation methods, active constituents, uses, tests, preservation, and potential adulterants. It covers topics like the official and common names of drugs, their biological sources, geographical origins, methods of cultivation and processing, morphological and microscopic features, chemical constituents and tests, pharmacological actions, commercial varieties and possible substituents or adulterants. Quality control of crude drugs also falls within the scope of pharmacognosy.
75%-90% of the population in developing nations rely on herbal medicine as their only health care.
Medicinal herbs are sold alongside vegetables in village markets.
Practitioners of herbal medicine undergo extensive training to learn the plants, their uses, and preparation of remedies.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
WHO guidelines provide criteria for assessing quality, safety, and efficacy of herbal medicines. Key steps include authentication of plant materials, testing for contaminants like heavy metals and microbes, and ensuring consistency of finished products through identification of active constituents. Quality is evaluated through parameters like microbial limits, extractive values, and chromatography. Safety assessment considers traditional use and toxicology studies. Efficacy depends on intended use and documentation of traditional experience or medical history. Proper identification, manufacturing, and stability testing help ensure herbal medicines meet quality standards.
This document summarizes a student project on the phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of Acalypha fruticosa. The student investigated the plant's traditional use as medicine, extracted compounds from its leaves, conducted phytochemical analysis to identify alkaloids and other compounds, and tested the extract against several bacteria and a fungus using the disc diffusion method. The extract showed antimicrobial activity. The student concluded the plant may be a potential source of antimicrobial drugs and its extracts could be used to destroy pathogenic organisms and treat diseases.
This document discusses three methods for calculating pediatric drug doses based on a child's age or physical characteristics compared to an adult dose. The first method uses Young's rule, Dilling's rule, or Fried's rule to calculate a dose based on the child's age. The second method is Clarke's rule for calculating based on body weight. The third method calculates dose based on body surface area, using a child's measurement compared to an average adult surface area.
Polymers are high molecular weight compounds formed by linking together smaller molecules called monomers. There are several ways to classify polymers, including by source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), method of polymerization (addition, condensation), and degradability (biodegradable, non-biodegradable). Biodegradable polymers are important for controlled drug delivery systems as they can release drugs through diffusion, swelling, or erosion over time. Common biodegradable polymers used in drug delivery include lactic acid, glycolic acid, polyanhydrides, and polycaprolactone.
This document provides an overview of patents, intellectual property, and the patent application process. It defines a patent and explains that it gives the owner legal rights to exclude others from making, using, selling, or importing an invention for a limited time (usually 20 years). It outlines the conditions an invention must meet to be patentable, including novelty, non-obviousness, and usefulness. It also describes essential elements of a patent like claims, descriptions, drawings, and fees. Guidelines are provided for conducting patent searches and properly documenting research in a laboratory notebook to support patent applications.
This document discusses the theory of justice. It defines justice as people receiving the rights they deserve based on ethics, law, and fairness. The document outlines different conceptions and types of justice, including equal justice, social justice, and economic justice. It emphasizes the importance of justice in achieving equality and satisfaction between members of society. In conclusion, it states that a just society protects individuals' reasonable interests and duties through legal, political, social, and economic justice.
INTRODUCTIONS
ADVANTAGES OF GRDDS
DISADVATAGES OF GRDDS
FACTORS CONTROLLING GASTRIC RETENTION OF DOSAGE FORMS
APPROACHWS FOR GRDDS
APPLICATIONS OF GASTROADHESIVE SYSTEM
I. The document discusses quality control tests that are performed on tablets to ensure they meet standards for safety, efficacy and other quality parameters. It describes tests like hardness testing, friability testing, thickness measurement, disintegration testing and dissolution testing.
II. Official tests discussed include weight variation testing, disintegration testing, dissolution testing and drug content uniformity. Unofficial tests include thickness measurement, hardness testing and friability testing.
III. The document provides details on the procedures, equipment and apparatus used for these various quality control tests performed on tablets.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
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these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
1. Karnataka college of pharmacy B. pharm prepared by: Abdullah malk
Unit 1
Introduction to pharmacognosy:
Definition:
pharmacognosy may be defined as branch of bioscience which treat in details
medicinal and related products of crude or primary type obtained from plant
animal and mineral origins.
In short its an objective study of crude of drugs from natural sources treated
scientifically and it encompasses the knowledge of the history, distribution,
cultivation, collection, processing from market and preservation the study of
the sensory physical chemical and structural characters and uses of crude
drugs.
Pharmacognosy also includes study other materials used in pharmacy such as
suspending disintegrating and flavouring agent filtering aids etc.
And substances like antibiotics, allergens, hallucinogenic and poisonous
plants immunizing agent’s pesticides raw materials for production of oral
contraceptive etc.
Pharmacognosy is scientific and systematic study of crude drugs which
includes plants animal and minerals.
Scheme for pharmacognostic studies of a crude drug:
A systematic study of a crude drug under pharmacognostic scheme involves
its description on the following lines:
1. Official title synonyms or vernacular names if any
2. Biological source and family
3. Geographical source or habitat
4. History and introduction of crude drug
5. Cultivation, collection, processing for market and commerce in crude drug
6. Morphological and macroscopically characters
7. Microscopic or histological studies
8. Chemical constituent and qualitative chemical tests
2. Karnataka college of pharmacy B. pharm prepared by: Abdullah malk
9. Pharmacological action, therapeutic and other pharmaceutical uses and
pharmaceutical preparation or formulation.
10.Commercial varieties, substitutes and adulterants
11.Quality control of crude drugs and phytopharmaceuticals derived from them.
History:
In the nineteenth century the term (materia medica) was used for the subject
now known as pharmacognosy.
While studying sarsaparilla it was seydler a germen scientist who coined the
term pharmacognosy. In 1815 in the title of the work “analecta
pharmacognostica”.
Pharmacognosy is derived from two Greek words viz pharmakon (a drug) and
Gignosco (to acquire the knowledge of.
The progress achieved in botanical studies during 19th
century had a direct
influence on pharmacognosy.
Plant classified was further developed by Bentham and Hooker (1862-1863)
A.W Eichler (1883), Engler and prandtl (1887-1898).
In 1865 G. Mendel’s important observation on plants hybrids were published
the introduction of microscope as an important analytical tool was a landmark
advancement in botanical research especially due to the development of
several techniques.
Clearing mounting and staining of the preparations. The anatomical atlas crude
drugs were published by berg in 1865 later in century voehl tschirch and
others reported the anatomical characters of several powdered drugs and
food article was common.
Anatomical atlas of powdered vegetable drugs was compiled in 1904 by
greenish and Collin.
Development:
Pharmacognosy as an applied science has played a crucial role in in the
development of different disciplines of science.
A pharmacognosist should possess a sound knowledge of the term used to
describes the vegetable and animal drugs as covered under botany and
zoology respectively.
3. Karnataka college of pharmacy B. pharm prepared by: Abdullah malk
The knowledge of plant taxonomy plant breeding plant pathology and plant
genetics is helpful in the development of cultivation technology and plant
genetics is helpful in the development of cultivation technology for medicinal
and aromatic plants.
Plants chemistry photochemistry has undergone significant development in
recent years as a distinct discipline.
Its concerned with enormous variety of substance that are synthesised and
accumulated by plants and structural elucidation of the substances.
The technology involving extraction, purification, and characterisation of
pharmaceutical from natural sources is significant contribution to the
advancement of natural and physical science.
The knowledge of chemotaxonomy biogenetic pathways for formation of
medicinally active primary and secondary metabolites plant tissue culture and
other related fields is essential for complete understanding of pharmacognosy.
The basic knowledge of biochemistry and chemical engineering is essential for
development of collection processing and storage technology of crude drugs.
Scope:
The subject involves the fundamentals of Pharmacognosy like scope,
classification of crude drugs, their identification and evaluation, phytochemicals
present in them and their medicinal properties.
It’s an important link between pharmacology and medicinal chemistry. As
result of rapid development of phytochemistry and pharmacological testing
methods in recent years’ new plants drugs are finding their way into medicine
as purified phytochemical rather than in the form traditional galenical
preparation.
The knowledge of pharmacology is essential for understanding action of drug
on animal and human system.
Pharmacognosy is the infrastructure on which depends evolution of novel
medicines as its seen the several crude drugs are utilized for preparation of
galenicals or sources of therapeutically significant substances that cannot be
synthesised economically.
Further the crude drugs also provide essential intermediate for final synthesis of
action compound.
Photopharmaceutical are synthetic drugs derived from phytochemicals have to
ultimately incorporated in suitable dosage form which involves the knowledge
4. Karnataka college of pharmacy B. pharm prepared by: Abdullah malk
of the dispensing preparative pharmacy pharmaceutical technology and
analysis.
In the nutshell pharmacognosy is important bridge between pharmaceutical and
basic sciences.
Pharmacognosy is a vital link between ayurvedic and allopathic systems of
medicine.
It provides a system wherein the active principle of crude drugs derived from
natural origin can could be dispensed, formulated and manufactured in dosage
forms acceptable to allopathic system medicine.
The three important necessities of life food clothing and shelter and host of
other useful products are supplied to him by plant kingdom.
Nature has provided complete store house of the remedies to cure all ailments
of mankind.
The knowledge of drugs has accumulated over thousands of years as a result of
man’s inquisitive nature so that today we possess many effective means of
ensuring health-care.
Organised and unorganised drugs:
Organised drugs:
Organised drug obtained from direct plant or animals e.g. cell structure
The term indicates there are organs od plants or animals and are made up of cell
or definite structure these drugs are named as flowers, seeds, fruits, insects etc.
they are solid in nature.
Botanical or zoological terminology can be used to describe the drugs.
Microscopic character is one of the important criteria for the identification of
organised drugs.
E.g. digitalis, cinchona, clove, fennel, jalap, ephedra, cochineal.
Unorganised drugs:
Underground part of the plant maybe either root or it may be an underground or
sub-aerial modification of stem.
The functional performed by modified stem or root are basically different but
taking into consideration their occurrence as underground parts of the plants
irrespectively of their functions they can put together for sake of convenience
and study.
5. Karnataka college of pharmacy B. pharm prepared by: Abdullah malk
Unorganised crude drug derived from parts of plant or animal by some process
of extraction and followed by purification, if necessary.
E.g. oils, gums and balsams.
Such terminology is inadequate to describe them but one has to look for their
physical characters such as solubility in various solvents, density, optical
rotation, refractive index, etc. whichever is applicable.
Chemical testes and physical standards are confirmatory tests.
E.g. aloe, agar, colophony, opium, castor oil, pees wax, pepsin, etc.
Unorganised crude drugs described by their physical
characters given below:
A. Dried juice:
The juice is obtained from fleshy leaves (aloes) or from stems of the trees
(Kino).
In all cases incisions are made to respective part of the plant and juice coming
out is collected and dried.
B. Dried lattices:
The latex is product contained in special secretory tissue of certain plants its
usually white aqueous suspension wherein microscopically small particle of oils
globules is suspended.
The natural suspension of natural consistency may contain protein, sugar,
minerals and alkaloidal salt is true solution whereas gums, starch and resin in
the suspended form.
E.g. of commercial importance lattices are rubber and chicle gum, while
pharmaceutically important lattices are opium, papain, ficin and gutta percha.
C. Dried extracts:
The extract convert from crude drug differ from galenical extracts.
The extract pharmacognostic origin consists of extracting the parts of the plant
with water.
Followed concentration with pharmaceutical preparation known as extracts are
prepared by using alcohol or hydro-alcoholic solutions and adjusting the
product to standard strength.
Agar, sodium alginate and catechu are few extracts of plants origin while
gelatine is the extract from animal source.
D. Oleo-gum and resin:
They are combination of volatile oils, gum, and resin.
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Sometimes they also contain others substances like enzymes E.g. myrrh and
asafoetida.
The resins are found in different part of plants or animals:
1. External glands: Indian hemp (cannabis).
2. In the heart wood of certain wood: guaiacum and red sanders.
3. Internal glands of plants: male form.
4. Glands on surface of insects: shellac.
Internal cavity producing resin in plant maybe unicellular as in ginger,
capsicum, jalap or multicellular as in clove.
The cavity producing resins may be schizogenous or schizolysigenous
according to the mode of their origin.
Resins are usually formed by plant as their normal physiological product while
in some cases they are pathological products and are produced when plants are
injured.
E.Oleo-resins:
When the natural plant resin is accompanied with volatile oils in homogenous
form they are known as oleo-resins.
Canada balsam and copaiba are suitable example of oleo-resins.
One should compare these with prepared oleo-resins which are prepared by
producing drug contain volatile oil and resin together.
E.g. capsicum, podophyllum and ginger oleo-resin.
F.Gums and mucilage:
Gums are translucent and amorphous substances produced by plants.
Gums are usually pathological products and are produced when the plant is
growing under unfavourable conditions or is injured.
They are abnormal products of plant metabolism; they are produced by the
process known as Gummosis.
Gums are soluble or partially soluble in water they are insoluble in alcohol and
in most of organic solvents.
They form viscous adhesive solution with water other by swelling due to
absorption.
Aqueous solution of gums is usually laevo rotatory.
Gums are plant hydrocollidal and maybe anionic or non-ionic polysaccharide.
On hydrolysis acidic hydrolysis or prolonged boiling with water.
Gums yield sugar and uronic acid or aldobionic acid.
Pharmaceutically important gums are gums acacia, tragacanth, gum karaya,
gum ghatti and guar gum.
7. Karnataka college of pharmacy B. pharm prepared by: Abdullah malk
Mucilage’s:
Are also plants products similar to gums and are regarded to be the normal
product of plant metabolism.
mucilage is produced inside the cell of the plant.
Mucilage form slimy masses with water but not dissolve.
Mucilage are ester of sulphuric acid wherein ester group is a polysaccharide
complex.
Various examples along with method formation of
mucilage are given below:
1. From cell wall of seed epidermis Isabgol
2. From endodermis Fenugreek
3. From leaf epidermis Senna
4. From bark Cinnamon ,slipper-elm
5. From special secretion cells Squill
6. From algae Agar , chondrus.
Difference between organised and unorganised drug:
Organised crude drug Unorganised crude drug
a) As the term indicate these organs of
plants or animals and are made up of
cells or definite structure these drugs
are named as flowers , seeds ,fruits
,insects etc.
a. These are derived from parts of plants
or animals by some process of
extraction and followed by
purification if necessary.
E.g. juice , extract , resin etc…
b) They are solid in nature b. These are solid, semisolid or liquid in
nature.
E.g. oils , gums and balsams.
c) Botanical or zoological terminology
can be used to describe these drugs.
c. Such terminology are inadequate to
describe them but one has to look for
their physical characters such as
solubility in various solvents, density ,
optical rotation, refractive index etc.
whichever is applicable.
d) Microscopic characters are one of the
important criteria for the identification
of organised drugs.
d. Chemical tests and physical standards
are confirmatory tests.
E.g. digitalis , cinchona ,clove ,fennel ,jalap ,
ephedra , cochineal etc.
E.g. Aloe , agar, colophony ,opium , castor oil
, bees-wax , pepsin etc…
8. Karnataka college of pharmacy B. pharm prepared by: Abdullah malk
Classification of drugs:
The term crude drug generally applies to the products from plant and animals’
origin found in raw form.
However, the term also applied to inclusion of pharmaceutical products from
minerals kingdom original form and not necessarily only of organic origin such
as kaolin, bentonite etc.
The term crude drug referred in relation to the natural product that has been
advanced in value or improved in condition by any process or treatment beyond
that which is essential for its proper packing and preventation from
deterioration.
Crude drug is further grouped as organised (cellular) or unorganised (acellular)
according to the whether they contain a regular organised cellular structure or
therefore made up of cells.
Unorganised drugs are a diverse group of solid and liquid materials which not
consist of parts of plants and are obtained from natural sources by a variety of
extraction procedure.
Inpharmacognosythecrudedrugsmaybeclassifiedaccording to:
I. Their alphabetical status.
II. The taxonomy of plants and animals from which they are derived.
III. Their morphology.
IV. The chemical nature of their active constituents.
V. Chemo taxonomical status.
VI. Their pharmacological action and therapeutic application.
It should be noted that none of these systems give a total profile of natural drugs
and have their own limitation.
Alphabeticalclassification:
The crude drugs are arranged according to their alphabetical order of their latein
and English name.
Some of the pharmacopoeias and reference book which classify crude drugs
according to this term are as follow:
1) Indian pharmacopeia
2) British pharmacopeia
3) British herbal pharmacopeia
4) United states pharmacopeia and national formulary.
5) British pharmaceutical codex
9. Karnataka college of pharmacy B. pharm prepared by: Abdullah malk
6) European pharmacopeia (Latin title)
7) Encyclopaedia of common natural ingredients used in drug and cosmetics
E.g. acacia, benzoin, cinchona, dill, ergot, fennel, gentian, hyoscyamus,
ipecacuanha, jalap, kurchi, quorice, myrrh, nux-vomica, opium, podophyllum,
quassia, rauwolfia, senna, uncaria, gambier, asaka, wool fat, yellow bees-wax,
zedoary.
Morphological classification:
The crude drug is grouped according to the part of the plant or animals
represented into organised and unorganised drugs.
The organised drugs divided into parts of plant like leave, flowers, fruit, seeds,
woods, barks and subterranean parts like roots and rhizomes.
The unorganised drug is derided latex, gums, extract, etc.
Some of example of crude drugs under this type of classification are as follows:
Seeds Nux-vomica ,strophanthus , isabgol , castor
leaves Senna , digitalis, vasaka, eucalyptus
barks Cinchona , kurchi , cinnamon , qualillaia
woods Quassia, sandalwood, sassafras, red sanders
roots Rauwolfia ,lpecacuanha , aconite , jalap.
rhizomes Turmeric ,ginger , valerian, podophyllum
followers Clove, pyrethrum , Artemisia , saffron
fruits Colocynth , fennel , bael
entire drugs Ephedra , ergot , cantharides , belladonna
dried latices Opium , gutta-percha , papain.
Resin and
resin
combinations
Balsam of tolu , myrrh , asafoetida , benzoin
Dried juice Aloes , kino , red gum
gums Acacia, tragacanth ,ghatti gum , guar gum.
Dried
extracts
Gelatine ,catechu , agar , curare .
This system of classification is more convenient for practical study especially
when the chemical nature of drugs is not clearly understood.
Taxonomical(biological)classification:
10. Karnataka college of pharmacy B. pharm prepared by: Abdullah malk
The drugs are classified according to the plants or animals from which they are
obtained in phyla, orders, families, genera, species, subspecies etc.
This method of classification is passed on the consideration of natural
relationship or phylogeny among plants or animals.
The crude drugs of plants begin are classified on the basis of one of the
accepted systems of botanical classification.
A large number of plant families have certain distinguishing characteristics that
permit crude drugs from these families to be studied at one time.
Thus drugs obtained from plants having alternate leaves cymose flower and
fruit that are berries or capsules (hysocyamus, datura, belladonna, and
straamonium) are considered with other members of solanaceae.
In case of animals all arthropods are grouped, as are all mammals fish and other
phylogenetic types.
This system of classification is criticized for its failure to recognise the
organised and unorganised nature of the crudes drug.
At first sight the classification looks appealing but many drugs are bot entire
plants represent part of the plant that have been processed systematically.
Further the system fails to take into an account chemical nature of active
constituents and therapeutic significance of crude drugs.
The taxonomical classification for few crude drugs derived from dicot plants is
as follows:
Phylum Spermatophyta
Division Angiospermate
Class Dicotyledons
Order Rosales
Family Leguminosae
Sub-family Papilionaceae
Genus Glycyrrhiza, astragalus, myroxylon.
Species Glycyrrhiza glabra, astragalus gummifer, myroxylon, balsamum
Phylum Spermatophyta
Division Angiospermate
Class Dicotyledons
Sub-class Sympetalae
Order Tubiflorae
Family Solanaceae
Genus Atropa, hyoscyamus, datura
Species Hyoscyamus niger, datura, stramonium, atropa, belladonna.
Phylum Thallophyta
Class Ascomycetes
Order Clavicipitales
11. Karnataka college of pharmacy B. pharm prepared by: Abdullah malk
Family Clavicipitaceae
Genus Claviceps
Species Claviceps purpurea
Chemicalclassificationofdrugs:
The crude drugs are divided into different groups according to the chemical
nature of their most important constituent.
Since the pharmacological activity and therapeutic significance of the crude
drugs are based on the nature of their chemical constituent it will appear that
chemical classification of crude drugs is the preferred method of study.
The crude drugs contain alkaloids are grouped together regardless of their
morphology and taxonomical relationship.
Few examples of drugs chemical classification are as follows:
Glycosides Digitalis, Senna, Cascara, Liquorice.
Alkaloids Nux-vomica, ergot, cinchona, datura
Tannins Myrobalan, pale catechu, ashoka
Volatile oils Peppermint, clove, eucalyptus, garlic
Lipids Castor oil, bees wax, lanolin, cod liver oil, kokum
butter
Carbohydrate and
derived product
resins and resin
Acacia, agar, guar gum, pectin, honey, ispaghula
Combinations Colophony, jalap, balsam of tolu
Vitamins and
hormones
Yeast, shark liver oil, oxytocin, insulin
Protein and
enzymes
Casein, gelatin, papain, trypsin
The crude drug belong to different morphological or taxonomical categories
may be brought together, provided there is some similarity in the chemical
nature of active principle
Pharmacological(therapeutic)classification:
This system of classification involves the grouping of the crude drugs according
to pharmacological action of their chief active constituent or their therapeutic
uses.
Regardless of morphology, taxonomical status or chemical relationship, the
drug are grouped together provided they exhibit similar pharmacological action.
12. Karnataka college of pharmacy B. pharm prepared by: Abdullah malk
Thus cascara, castor oil, Senna, jalap, colocynth is grouped together as
purgative or laxatives because of their common pharmacological action.
Similarly, gentian, cinchona, Nux-vomica and swertia are grouped as bitters.
The drug different in mechanism of action but with same pharmacological
effect are grouped together.
E.g. bulk-purgative, irritant purgative, emollient purgative, etc.
Some of drugs could be classified under two pharmacological heading since
they exhibit two different actions.
For instance, cinchona is classified both as antimalarial and bitter tonic.
Andoutlineforpharmacologicalclassificationofdrugsareas follows:
1) Drugsactingongastricintestinaltract
Bitters Gentian, quassia, cinchina
Carminatives Dill, menthe, cardamom
Emetics ipecacuanha
Anti-amoebics Kurchi, ipecacuanha,
Bulk-laxative Agar, ispaghula, banana
Purgatives Senna, castor oil
Peptic ulcer treatment Derivatives of glycyrrhetinic acid, raw banana
2) Drugactingonrespiratorysystem
Expectorants Liquorice, ipecacuanha, vasaka
Antiexpectorants Stramonium leaves (atropine)
Antitussives Opium, (codeine, noscapine)
bronchodilators Ephedra, tea(theophylline)
3) Drugactingoncardiovascularsystem
Cardio tonics Digitalis, squill, strophanthus
Cardiac depressants Cinchona (quinidine) veratrum
Vasco-constrictors Ergot (ergotamine) ephedra
antihypertensive Rauwolfia
4) Drugactingonautonomicnervoussystem
Adrenergic ephedra
Cholinergic Physostigma, pilocarpus
anticholinergics Belladonna, datura
13. Karnataka college of pharmacy B. pharm prepared by: Abdullah malk
5) Drugactingoncentralnervoussystem
Central analgesics Opium ( morphine)
CNS stimulants Coffee (caffeine)
Analeptics Nux-vomica, lobelia, camphor
CNS depressants Hyoscyamus, belladonna, opium( morphine ND CODEINE)
Hallucinogenic Cannabis, poppy, latex
6) Antispasmodics
Smooth muscle relaxants Opium (papaverine), datura, hyoscyamus
Skeletal muscle relaxants curare
7) Anticancer…. Vinca, podophyllum, camptotheca, taxus
8) Antrheumatics …. Aconite, colchicum, guggul
9) Anthelmintic …. Quassia, male fern, vidang.
10) Immune-modulatoryagent …. Ashwagandha, tulsi, ginseng, asparagus,
picrorrhiza kurroa
They modulate immune response and principally include immunosuppressive
agents and also biological response modifiers which act by immune stimulation.
11) Drugsactingonskinandmucusmembrane…. Olive oil, wool fat, bees
wax, rachis oils, sesame oils, balsam of tolu, balsam of Peru.
12) Astringents …. Cinchina, Artemisia
13) Immunisingagent …. Vaccines, sera, toxoids, antitoxins
14) Drugsactingchemotherapeutically… antibiotics
15) Localanaesthetics …. Coca.
Chemotaxonomicclassification:
The expanding knowledge of phytochemical screening has revealed the
existence of close relationship between constituents of plants and their
taxonomical status.
The chemotaxonomy has brought the plant chemist back to systematic botany in
view of the fact that certain compounds have been found to characterise certain
groupings.
14. Karnataka college of pharmacy B. pharm prepared by: Abdullah malk
Chemotaxonomy establish the relationship between position of the plants and
attempts to utilise chemical fact for more exact understanding of the biological
evolution and relationships
The characters more often studied in chemotaxonomy are secondary
metabolites of pharmaceutical significance such as alkaloid glycoside and
flavonoids etc.
The knowledge of chemotaxonomy could serve as basis of classification of
crude drugs.
The location of bebeerine alkaloid in hydrastis, beriberi’s and argemone
distribution of rutin ranuculaceous alkaloid and flavonoids in species of higher
plants are chemo taxonomical significance.
DNA hyperdization amino acid sequencing in protein and serotaxonomy are
also gaining significance in the method of classification.