![Social Movements
• A protest group is, by definition, a collectivity of
actors who want to achieve their shared goal or
goals by influencing decisions of target.
• What is the difference between a protest group
and a social movement
o Size
o Structure
o Longevity
• But what is really size, structure and longevity?
[Karl-Dieter Opp: Theories of Political Protest and Social Movements,
Routledge, 2009]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/berntzentorino2012day1-120515172433-phpapp02/75/InternetPart12-Berntzen-Day-1-61-2048.jpg)
![Social Movement Theory
• During the last two decades, there has been a growing
consensus that social movements can be explained
from three factors: This theory identifies three factors that
must be present.
• Political opportunities
• Mobilizing structures
• Framing processes
[McAdam, D., McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1996). Introduction: Opportunities,
mobilizing structures, and framing processes - toward a synthetic, comparative
perspective on social movements. In D. McAdam, J. D. McCarthy & M. N. Zald
(Eds.), Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements (pp. 1-20): Cambridge
University Press.]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/berntzentorino2012day1-120515172433-phpapp02/75/InternetPart12-Berntzen-Day-1-62-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byDaria S
#InternetPart12 Berntzen Day 1
This document discusses digital society and social networks. It provides an overview of the speaker's background and research interests in areas like digital society, eDemocracy, and public sector innovation. It then covers content about Web 2.0 tools, how they enable collaboration and sharing. Examples are given of popular social media platforms and statistics on Norwegian social media users. The document also discusses studies of how politicians, municipalities, and social movements have utilized social media for communication and campaigns.
More Related Content
Similar to #InternetPart12 Berntzen Day 1
#InternetPart12 Berntzen Day 1
- 1. Digital Society andSocial Networks Guest Lecture, University of Torino, 14.05.2012 Lasse Berntzen Vestfold University College Tonsberg, Norway lasse.berntzen@hive.no
- 2. About me • AssociateProfessor at Faculty of Business and Social Science, Vestfold University College, Norway • Research interests: • Digital Society • eDemocracy, eParticipation, eDemocracy • Public Sector Innovation • Research projects: • Webcasting of local council meetings • ePetitions (elektronisk innbyggerinitiativ) (Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development) • Candidate blogs (Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development) • Digital Planning Dialog (Research Council of Norway) • eGovMon (Research Council of Norway) • Consultative (EEA) • eGovMoNet (European Union Commision) • Net-EUCen (European Union Commision) • Also: External expert for Council of Europe and EU
- 3. Content • Mostly basedon contemporary research literature and observations, but also based on: o Two research projects • Candidate blogs • eGovMon (Facebook use by Municipalities) o Collaboration with Vestfold County municipalities • Larvik, Andebu, Lardal,Tjøme
- 4. Social Media • FromWikipedia, the free encyclopedia • Social media are media for social interaction, using highly accessible and scalable publishing techniques. • Social media uses web-based technologies to turn communication into interactive dialogues. • Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein also define social media as "a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, which allows the creation and exchange of user-generated content."… • A common thread running through all definitions of social media is a blending of technology and social interaction for the co-creation of value.
- 5. Web 2.0 What isWeb 2.0 or “Social Media” about? • Collaboration • Sharing • Interoperability (e.g. through RSS) • User-centered design • Fun
- 6. Tag Cloud (from Wikipedia)
- 7. Web 2.0 • Primarilytools for individuals • But not only..
- 8. The Web 2.0world • Twitter (Social networks, messaging) • Facebook, LinkedIn, Plaxo (Social networks, messaging) • Blogs (sharing) • YouTube (sharing videos) • Flicr (sharing photographs) • Wiki (Collaboration, sharing)
- 9. Users of Web2.0 • (Some sort of timeline) • Individuals • Organizations/Social Movements • Politicians • Business • Government
- 10. Norwegian users Application Users Facebook 2.627.700 blog.no 1.016 Biip.no 446.849 LinkedIn 585.847 Origo 277.199 Twitter 276.084 Numbers are from Halogen.no http://www.halogen.no/tjenester/losninger/sosiale- medier/norske-brukere-i-sosiale-medier/ (Updated April 18th 2012)
- 11. New groups ofusers • National TV 2010: • The older are taking over Facebook
- 13. Studying WEB 2.0 Some observations from own research
- 14. Why is Web2.0 interesting? • Web 2.0 has regular users • What web sites have regular users? • NOT MANY! • Most web sites have only sporadic users, e.g. personal or municipal web sites. • Information on demand
- 15. Regular users • Newspaperweb sites attract regular users • Social media also attract regular users • Some users access such web sites several times a day..
- 16. Steps in utilizingsocial media
- 17. Politicians • More than individuals.. • Politicians have embraced the internet • Obama campaign, fundraising • Norwegian prime minister • What they use: o Blogs o Facebook o Twitter o YouTube
- 18. Prime minister on Facebook
- 19. Prime minister on Facebook
- 20. Opposition leader on Facebook
- 21. Opposition leader on Facebook
- 22. Not only onnational level
- 23. Blog • Web Log • Website or part of website • Maintained by individual or group • Regular entries • Reverse chronological order • Interactive (allows readers to comment)
- 24. Why blogging • Unfiltered opinions • No discrimination • Immediate dissemination • Possible interaction with voters
- 25. Blogging project • Municipalelections 2007 • Context: Revitalization of democracy through directly elected mayors • Vestfold county: 5 municipalities was selected as participants • 32 candidates for mayor
- 26. Candidate blog • Examples: •Candidate blog • Aggregatio n
- 27. Results/numbers • 31 out of 32 candidates used blogs • 395 articles during the pre-election period • 153 comments from readers (strict rules!) • 4261 unique IP adresses • 75000 page accesses to individual blogs • 25000 page accesses to summaries
- 28. Candidate blog • Another canditate blog, where candidate responds to external event.
- 29. How to publishin several channels
- 30. What we learned •Dissemination is the biggest motivator • Created some headlines in regional and local media (Press/local radio used blogs) • Support organization was necessary • Small impact on election result, but some citizens gave nice feedback
- 31.
- 32. Municipalities on Facebook • Two sources: o Collaboration with City of Larvik, Norway o Research on uptake by municipalities since February 2009
- 33.
- 34.
- 35.
- 36. Municipalities on Facebook • The number of municipalities using Internet as a communication channel with their citizens is steadily increasing. • Data collected by the author in November 2009 showed that 26 Norwegian municipalities were actively using Facebook to interact with and inform their citizens. • Alltogether 73 municipalities were present on Facebook, but the remaining profiles were either established by third-parties or used for employees.
- 37. Case example: Cityof Larvik, Norway • November 2008, discussion and implementation • Target group: Age 18 to 30 • Targeted information • First use: To inform about a course for young mothers • DEMO
- 38. Mobilization • Oil spillaccident: Asking for volunteers • Getting volunteers to read for old people
- 39. Interaction • Ask whatthe citizens want • This is particularly relevant to planning processes
- 40. Oops • If youdo not have a strategy, you may find yourself in a strange position • Research on Municipalities on Facebook • Very interesting results
- 41.
- 42.
- 43. The Dark Sideof Social Media • Everyone is watching you.. • Identity becomes relative.. • EXAMPLE / DEMO • Abuse • Social exclusion
- 44. What’s next • Wikihas a great potential
- 45.
- 46.
- 47.
- 48.
- 49.
- 50.
- 51.
- 52. Background • The DigitalSociety – What is happening when technology is put into use? • Social Media Week, Rome • Take Action Now – Panel on e-Campaigning o Daria Santucci, University of Turin • Panel discussed e-campaigns • But the story really started back in 2003..
- 53. Software Patent Directive •During the fall of 2003, the European Commission proposed a new software patent directive. • The open source community, other organizations and individuals were concerned that the new patent directive would hinder innovation. • A petition web site was set up, and more than 300.000 signatures were collected. • On September 24th 2003, the European Parliament passed the directive, but with significant limits on the patentability of software • On July 6th 2005, the European Parliament rejected a revised proposal with 648 against 14 votes.
- 54. Property tax • InNorway municipalities decide whether or not to collect property tax. • February 2005, Holmestrand, Norway (a small city with a population of 10.000 (This is where I live) • The majority coalition of the local government proposed introduction of property tax. • Since property tax had been downplayed as a non- issue during the municipal election campaign in 2003, some citizens felt deceived by the majority coalition.
- 55. Property tax • Onecitizen, Tommy Sundstrøm, took the matter in his own hands. • He downloaded an open source petition application from the Internet, set up his own web site and registered the domain name nok-er- nok.net. (enough-is-enough) • By sending e-mails to friends and acquaintances, asking them to sign, and also to forward the message, he was able to collect around 700 signatures within short time.
- 56. Property tax • Thelargest party (Labour) changed its position, and the proposal was abandoned. • The mayor made explicit references to the e- campaign when explaining the change of position. • Also, the majority coalition fell apart as a result of this abandonment.
- 57. Research • These twocampaigns relied on technology to mobilize citizens against the political body responsible for a decision. • They were both successful.. • But is there any theoretical framework that can be used to explain such campaigns?
- 58. Social Movement Theory • Substantial base of research on Social movements • Vietnam war, Women liberation, Environmentalists • Social movements is one type of campaigns • Can Social Movement Theory be used to explain the successes?
- 59.
- 60. Social Movements • Politicalobjective, change the society, long lasting • Campaigns can be short lived, and can have other objectives, e.g. a marketing campaign • Formal or informal structure that directs goals and means of the social movement • Campaigns in social movements have a protest repertoire, means, tactics, strategies • Demonstrations, signing a petition.. • Is lifespan important anymore? Technology may reduce time to achieve a result.
- 61. Social Movements • Aprotest group is, by definition, a collectivity of actors who want to achieve their shared goal or goals by influencing decisions of target. • What is the difference between a protest group and a social movement o Size o Structure o Longevity • But what is really size, structure and longevity? [Karl-Dieter Opp: Theories of Political Protest and Social Movements, Routledge, 2009]
- 62. Social Movement Theory •During the last two decades, there has been a growing consensus that social movements can be explained from three factors: This theory identifies three factors that must be present. • Political opportunities • Mobilizing structures • Framing processes [McAdam, D., McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1996). Introduction: Opportunities, mobilizing structures, and framing processes - toward a synthetic, comparative perspective on social movements. In D. McAdam, J. D. McCarthy & M. N. Zald (Eds.), Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements (pp. 1-20): Cambridge University Press.]
- 63. Social Movement Theory •Political opportunities • A political opportunity must exist. In order to mobilize, there must be a possibility to change current policy. If no one believes it is possible to do something about a problem, it will be impossible to mobilize.
- 64. Social Movement Theory •Mobilizing structures • There must be some kind of structure that makes it possible to enroll supporters of the movement. John D. McCarthy (McCarthy 1996) tried to enumerate the range and variety of mobilizing structures. He stressed the importance of existing informal human networks such as kinship and friendship networks for mobilization. But mobilizing structures may also include such things as a computer network. In this context the computer network may help mobilization, by facilitating enrollment and communication. Without mobilizing structures, it will be impossible to mobilize.
- 65. Social Movement Theory •Framing processes • There must be a clear message that is well understood by people deciding to support or not to support the movement. If there is no clear message, it will be impossible to mobilize.
- 66. Political Campaigns Two typesof politcal campaigns: Politicians trying to Political influence the public, e.g. election campaigns campaigns Grassroot Citizens trying to influence politicians campaigns
- 67. Campaigns • Bottom up(Initiated by the public) o Grassroot campaigns o Campaigns by organizations / groups • Top down (Initiated by politicians) o Election campaigns o Campaigns to get support for a cause
- 68. Grassroot campaigns • Whatis the grassroot? • From answers.yahoo.com: "grass roots" means at the individual level. So a grass roots campaign is one where most of the action and support is coming from little guys/individuals at the local level as opposed to a top-down campaign where big money donors and people in powerful positions are driving it.
- 69. What is new •So we had successful e-campaigns for many years • But what is new, what is the new mechanisms or new technology?
- 70.
- 71.
- 72.
- 73. Impact of Technology •Technology has always been important • Technology gives tactical advantages • But technology can also cause superficial participation • Clicktivism
- 74.
- 75. What does thismean? • Easier to initiate campaigns • Easier and faster community building
- 76.
- 77. Egypt • Protest repertoire o Demonstrations in the streets o But also through social media • Colleague • Facebook very important • Fear wall broke
- 78. Set Maria AmelieFree • The case of Maria Amelie, 25 years old • Illegal immigrant • Came to Norway when 15 years old • Finished her M.Sc. Degree in Norway • Expelled by the Norwegian Government
- 79. Set Maria AmelieFree
- 80. Set Maria AmelieFree • Facebook • More than 60.000 «likes» in two days • More than 90.000 «likes» in one week
- 81. Set Maria AmelieFree • She was sent back to Russia, • But government was pressured into changing the rules • She is now arranging documents to get ready for applying for a work permit in Norway. • Gave a lot of focus on how illegal immigrants are treated
- 82. Observations • Interrelationsship betweenmedia and social media • New ways of utilizing social media
- 83. Steps in utilizingsocial media
- 84. Interrelationsship • No socialmedia campaign lives its own life! • The interrelationship of traditional media and social media • Result is often upward spiral
- 85. New ways • Backgroundinformation, fact finding • Real time updates o «She is now put in the police car» o «Watch TV2 now» • Mobilization for other activities o Demonstrations o Amnesty online campaign o Recurring • New phenomen: Like, comment, unlike • Upward spiral effect