International Workshop of Bioethics on “Brain Death and Organ Donation: Ethical and Scientific Issues”, di G. Boniolo, H.R. Doyle, B. Fantini, J. Harris, I.R. Marino,
T. Powell, M.C. Tallacchini, R. D. Truog, S. J. Youngner
Scientific research in China has grown significantly in recent decades due to support from the Chinese government. The government has invested billions in research programs and developing universities as hubs for industry and academic collaboration. This has led to achievements like China sequencing the rice genome in 2002 at the Beijing Genomic Institute. The team of over 100 scientists published the draft genome sequence in Science, establishing China as a leader in genomic sequencing. Additionally, China is conducting extensive research on genetically modified plants for applications like increasing nutrition, crop hardiness, and producing vaccines and industrial chemicals. One breakthrough was the development of "Golden Rice" engineered to produce beta-carotene by researchers in Switzerland and China.
Immagini articolo Formazione e funzione circuiti nervosi nel sistema nervoso...Le Scienze Web News
il ruolo del recettore olfattivo
http://www.lswn.it/neuroscienze/articoli/formazione_e_funzione_circuiti_nervosi_sistema_nervoso_centrale_ruolo_recettore_olfattivo
Scientific research in China has grown significantly in recent decades due to support from the Chinese government. The government has invested billions in research programs and developing universities as hubs for industry and academic collaboration. This has led to achievements like China sequencing the rice genome in 2002 at the Beijing Genomic Institute. The team of over 100 scientists published the draft genome sequence in Science, establishing China as a leader in genomic sequencing. Additionally, China is conducting extensive research on genetically modified plants for applications like increasing nutrition, crop hardiness, and producing vaccines and industrial chemicals. One breakthrough was the development of "Golden Rice" engineered to produce beta-carotene by researchers in Switzerland and China.
Immagini articolo Formazione e funzione circuiti nervosi nel sistema nervoso...Le Scienze Web News
il ruolo del recettore olfattivo
http://www.lswn.it/neuroscienze/articoli/formazione_e_funzione_circuiti_nervosi_sistema_nervoso_centrale_ruolo_recettore_olfattivo
The Doctor and the Good Life - Introduction to Bioethics and Natural LawAmiel Villanueva
Second version of my lecture on medical ethics / bioethics to the Learning Unit II class of the UP College of Medicine as part of IDC 201: History of Medicine. This was presented last May 9, 2018.
Slide design by SlidesCarnival (slidescarnival.com)
In research involving human participants as trial subjects or tissueCharlotte Litten
The document discusses the importance of protecting human participants in medical research. It notes that while research with human subjects is sometimes necessary, guidelines like the Declaration of Helsinki are needed to ensure participants are not exploited and their welfare and autonomy are prioritized. Certain groups like children, the mentally ill, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to exploitation without such protections in place. Consent is also crucial for research even after a person's death to maintain public trust.
The document summarizes major scientific advancements in medicine throughout history. It discusses the discovery of anesthesia in the 1840s, which allowed for painless surgeries. It also discusses the discovery of antibiotics like penicillin in the 1920s, which revolutionized treatment of bacterial infections. Finally, it discusses the Human Genome Project starting in 1990, which mapped all human genes and will enable greater understanding and treatment of genetic diseases.
Science consists of observing the natural world through careful observation and experimentation. While scientific progress influences society, it also regularly challenges ethical values, requiring discussion on adapting new technologies. One area requiring bioethical discussion is biotechnology, as it can affect humans, other species and the environment, with benefits but also risks like gene modification and cloning. There are commonly accepted ethical principles like autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice that can guide choices, but science also requires rules and consideration of impacts on all life and nature's balance.
This document discusses the complex relationships between scientists, policymakers, and politicians regarding scientific evidence and policy decisions. It notes that while most scientists agree on issues like climate change, public understanding and political will can diverge due to ideological and economic influences. Policy groups may further complicate matters by selectively promoting certain scientific views aligned with political agendas. The document argues that scientists should humbly provide the best available evidence while respecting the distinct roles of other decision makers, and find ways to more effectively communicate uncertainty and limitations in ways that empower rather than disenfranchise the public.
Foresight in medicine: research induced society changes in the next decadeCaroline McClain
This document announces a symposium at the Embassy of Italy on advances in personalized medicine and their social impacts. The symposium will feature panels of scientists and policymakers discussing topics like how personalized medicine will change healthcare delivery and clinical practice in areas like cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Emerging technologies in areas like imaging, nanotechnology, and mobile health will enable personalized care but also raise issues around ethics, regulation, and ensuring equitable access. The one-day event aims to identify key medical advances in the next decade and their implications for individuals and healthcare systems.
Dr. Kim Solez presents the "Chair's Introduction" and "Medicine Writ Large: The Ultimate in Translational Medicine" at BIT's 4th Annual World Congress of Molecular and Cell Biology, Big Challenges, Huge Opportunities, in Dalian, China on April 26, 2014.
Published annually, the Progress Report describes the top findings in brain research during the previous year as selected by executive members of the Dana Alliance for Brain Initiatives. The 2009 report features in-depth articles on substance abuse, Alzheimer's disease, obesity, schizophrenia, brain-machine interface, and post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as a roundup chapter on other areas of advancement. The Progress Report is the signature publication of the Dana Alliance for Brain Initiatives.
Ethical considerations in molecular & biotechnology researchDr Ghaiath Hussein
A lecture presented by Dr. Ghaiath Hussein in University of Khartoum for the students of the MSc programme in Genetics/Molecular Biology.
Session 1 (Introduction): Definition of ethics, bioethics and medical ethics.
What is an ethical issue?
International approaches to medical ethics
Islamic approaches to medical ethics
This document provides a historical overview of the development of research ethics guidelines and codes. It discusses key events that shaped the field, such as the Nuremberg Code established after World War II experiments and the Declaration of Helsinki. Major documents that outline ethical principles are also summarized, including the Belmont Report, which established the principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. The document traces the evolution of international guidelines to protect human subjects in research.
This document provides a historical overview of the development of research ethics guidelines and codes. It discusses key events that shaped the field, such as the Nuremberg Code established after World War II experiments and the Declaration of Helsinki. It also outlines several international guidelines and regulations established over time to protect human subjects, including the Common Rule in the US and ICH guidelines requiring ethics review and informed consent. The document stresses that while guidelines are important, ethical conduct in research also requires vigilance and no place is immune from violations.
This document discusses neuroethics and its relationship to educational issues. It begins by defining neuroethics and cognitive neuroscience. It then examines various ethics issues related to neuroscience research and its applications, including impacts on individuals and society. It discusses how the scientific understanding of the brain can influence views of humanity. It also explores the neuroscience of moral decision making and how an understanding of brain mechanisms can inform views of living. The document traces the history of neuroethics back to the 2000s and conferences/publications that helped establish the field. It analyzes challenges of communicating neuroscience research to the public and proposes ways to enhance communication. Many neuroethical issues are also relevant for education and cognitive science due to the study of
The document discusses the Brain Activity Map (BAM) and Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) initiatives which aim to achieve unprecedented knowledge of neural substrates through neuroscience techniques. It argues that such advances could profoundly impact many areas but also raises ethical concerns that must be addressed through neuroethics to help guide responsible research and oversight. Specifically, neuroethics should take a pragmatic approach to appraising both benefits and risks of specific neuroscience undertakings to help ensure their safe and responsible development and application.
Fritz Jahr coined the term "bioethics" in 1927 to describe ethical relations between humans, animals, and plants. He argued that all living beings should be treated with respect as ends in themselves, not merely as means, anticipating modern discussions around the ethics of animal research. The article reviews the development of bioethics from its origins, including its institutionalization through research ethics committees. It notes Fritz Jahr's contribution in establishing the "bioethical imperative" of respecting all life. While bioethics has many meanings and forms, its essence is dialogical deliberation including all stakeholders to guide scientific practices and policies.
Margaret Sleeboom-Faulkner: Unborn life and human embryonic stem cell researc...Wellcome Collection
A talk by Margaret Sleeboom-Faulkner, Reader in Anthropology at the University of Sussex.
Everyone has heard of stem cells and the biomedical revolution they herald, but what are these cells, and what should we make of them? Does China have a different ethical framework for valuing unborn life? Western politicians have warned against the growing reliance on China for embryonic and fetal stem cell research. In truth, what scientists mean by 'stem cells' is changing so fast that even they have trouble keeping up.
This document discusses organ donation shortages in the US and emerging technologies like 3D bioprinting of organs and head transplants as potential solutions. It notes that over 120,000 people are on organ transplant waitlists in the US despite only 2.5 million annual deaths. 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs could help by producing customized organs without rejection risks. The document also discusses a planned first human head transplant by Dr. Sergio Canavero to treat a 30-year-old man's rare genetic disorder that cannot be addressed by gene editing alone. The head transplant would be an attempt to treat the man's condition which currently has a life expectancy of around 20 years.
1. Quine argues that statements must use bound variables, not just names, to commit to an ontology. He disagrees with McX's argument that universals like "blueness" exist independently, claiming we only need to say there exists something that is blue.
2. Quine evaluates the view that concrete particulars are a combination of their features and a substratum. Concrete particulars exist in space and time and have causal powers. Their features are characteristics, while the substratum contains them in a location.
HCM 3304, Principles of Epidemiology 1 Course Learn.docxaryan532920
HCM 3304, Principles of Epidemiology 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
11. Describe the importance of epidemiology for local, state, national, and international health policy-
making.
11.1 Explain the role of epidemiology in disease prevention, and contrast two possible strategies for
such preventive efforts.
11.2 Describe risk assessment and discuss the role of epidemiology in such assessments.
11.3 Discuss how epidemiology can shape public policy through the courts.
11.4 Explain the role of meta-analysis as a tool for summarizing epidemiologic evidence and
creating public policy.
12. Articulate the key ethical issues which are associated with epidemiology and the use of
epidemiological data today.
12.1 Consider how privacy and confidentiality of health records are protected in epidemiological
studies.
12.2 Describe the scientific and ethical implications of classifying race and ethnicity in epidemiologic
studies.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 19:
Epidemiology and Public Policy
Chapter 20:
Ethical and Professional Issues in Epidemiology
Unit Lesson
Crossing the Ethical Line in Epidemiology – The Tuskegee Experiment
Certainly one of the world’s leading professional organizations in community health is the American College of
Epidemiology (ACE). Founded in 1979, ACE is involved in formal education of epidemiologists, continuing
education conferences, setting of professional standards, and also establishing ethical guidelines for practice.
That last piece is where we will focus in the Unit VIII lecture. This is so important because the opportunity
exists for epidemiologists to step over the ethical line while trying to prove their point about a particular cause
of disease, a particular natural history of disease, or a particular form of treatment (ACE, 2014).
Conflict - Research and Ethics
Perhaps you have by now heard of the Tuskegee Experiment, an example of truly horrible research ethics
that will hopefully be remembered for a long time, and which will hopefully cause modern medical researchers
to think twice about how they treat the subjects in their studies. What really happened?
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
The Epidemiology Profession
HCM 3304, Principles of Epidemiology 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
The United States Public Health Service designed and performed a study of syphilis beginning in 1932 and
ending in 1972. The study included 600 black men, and 399 of them were positive for late stage syphilis.
Participants in this study were promised free medical care, and were told that they were being treated for "bad
blood." These poor and uneducated subjects were evaluated to learn about the effects of syphilis on black
people. At the time, medical professionals held a theory that white people were affected neurologically by
syphilis, whereas, black people suffered only cardiovascular effects ...
This document provides an introduction and primer on genetics and biocolonialism for indigenous peoples. It discusses the history and rapid advancement of genetics, including genetic engineering. It outlines some key concerns genetic research raises for indigenous communities, such as conflicts with indigenous ethics and worldviews, commercialization and patenting of life, and issues with informed consent. The document aims to educate indigenous peoples on genetics so they can make informed decisions about participating in genetic research and addressing biocolonialism.
Rappuoli slide scienza e industria 27:11:2013ridScienzainrete
This document discusses the potential for vaccines to serve global health and outlines Rino Rappuoli's talk on this topic. It notes that vaccines have allowed people to live longer and have been a paradigm of research in service of global health. New technologies over the last 30 years have made possible vaccines that were previously difficult or impossible. These include conjugate vaccines, reverse vaccinology, adjuvants, and synthetic biology.
Clinical trials are essential for testing new medical treatments and ensuring their safety and efficacy. They involve dividing patients into groups that receive either an experimental treatment or the standard treatment in a controlled manner. The clinical trial process is carefully designed and regulated to obtain reliable results while protecting patients' rights and well-being. Large numbers of patients are needed to statistically prove whether a new treatment is better or worse than existing options. While new therapies may help future patients, there are no guarantees of success or improvement, so participation in clinical trials always involves some unknown risks.
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Second version of my lecture on medical ethics / bioethics to the Learning Unit II class of the UP College of Medicine as part of IDC 201: History of Medicine. This was presented last May 9, 2018.
Slide design by SlidesCarnival (slidescarnival.com)
In research involving human participants as trial subjects or tissueCharlotte Litten
The document discusses the importance of protecting human participants in medical research. It notes that while research with human subjects is sometimes necessary, guidelines like the Declaration of Helsinki are needed to ensure participants are not exploited and their welfare and autonomy are prioritized. Certain groups like children, the mentally ill, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to exploitation without such protections in place. Consent is also crucial for research even after a person's death to maintain public trust.
The document summarizes major scientific advancements in medicine throughout history. It discusses the discovery of anesthesia in the 1840s, which allowed for painless surgeries. It also discusses the discovery of antibiotics like penicillin in the 1920s, which revolutionized treatment of bacterial infections. Finally, it discusses the Human Genome Project starting in 1990, which mapped all human genes and will enable greater understanding and treatment of genetic diseases.
Science consists of observing the natural world through careful observation and experimentation. While scientific progress influences society, it also regularly challenges ethical values, requiring discussion on adapting new technologies. One area requiring bioethical discussion is biotechnology, as it can affect humans, other species and the environment, with benefits but also risks like gene modification and cloning. There are commonly accepted ethical principles like autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice that can guide choices, but science also requires rules and consideration of impacts on all life and nature's balance.
This document discusses the complex relationships between scientists, policymakers, and politicians regarding scientific evidence and policy decisions. It notes that while most scientists agree on issues like climate change, public understanding and political will can diverge due to ideological and economic influences. Policy groups may further complicate matters by selectively promoting certain scientific views aligned with political agendas. The document argues that scientists should humbly provide the best available evidence while respecting the distinct roles of other decision makers, and find ways to more effectively communicate uncertainty and limitations in ways that empower rather than disenfranchise the public.
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This document announces a symposium at the Embassy of Italy on advances in personalized medicine and their social impacts. The symposium will feature panels of scientists and policymakers discussing topics like how personalized medicine will change healthcare delivery and clinical practice in areas like cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Emerging technologies in areas like imaging, nanotechnology, and mobile health will enable personalized care but also raise issues around ethics, regulation, and ensuring equitable access. The one-day event aims to identify key medical advances in the next decade and their implications for individuals and healthcare systems.
Dr. Kim Solez presents the "Chair's Introduction" and "Medicine Writ Large: The Ultimate in Translational Medicine" at BIT's 4th Annual World Congress of Molecular and Cell Biology, Big Challenges, Huge Opportunities, in Dalian, China on April 26, 2014.
Published annually, the Progress Report describes the top findings in brain research during the previous year as selected by executive members of the Dana Alliance for Brain Initiatives. The 2009 report features in-depth articles on substance abuse, Alzheimer's disease, obesity, schizophrenia, brain-machine interface, and post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as a roundup chapter on other areas of advancement. The Progress Report is the signature publication of the Dana Alliance for Brain Initiatives.
Ethical considerations in molecular & biotechnology researchDr Ghaiath Hussein
A lecture presented by Dr. Ghaiath Hussein in University of Khartoum for the students of the MSc programme in Genetics/Molecular Biology.
Session 1 (Introduction): Definition of ethics, bioethics and medical ethics.
What is an ethical issue?
International approaches to medical ethics
Islamic approaches to medical ethics
This document provides a historical overview of the development of research ethics guidelines and codes. It discusses key events that shaped the field, such as the Nuremberg Code established after World War II experiments and the Declaration of Helsinki. Major documents that outline ethical principles are also summarized, including the Belmont Report, which established the principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. The document traces the evolution of international guidelines to protect human subjects in research.
This document provides a historical overview of the development of research ethics guidelines and codes. It discusses key events that shaped the field, such as the Nuremberg Code established after World War II experiments and the Declaration of Helsinki. It also outlines several international guidelines and regulations established over time to protect human subjects, including the Common Rule in the US and ICH guidelines requiring ethics review and informed consent. The document stresses that while guidelines are important, ethical conduct in research also requires vigilance and no place is immune from violations.
This document discusses neuroethics and its relationship to educational issues. It begins by defining neuroethics and cognitive neuroscience. It then examines various ethics issues related to neuroscience research and its applications, including impacts on individuals and society. It discusses how the scientific understanding of the brain can influence views of humanity. It also explores the neuroscience of moral decision making and how an understanding of brain mechanisms can inform views of living. The document traces the history of neuroethics back to the 2000s and conferences/publications that helped establish the field. It analyzes challenges of communicating neuroscience research to the public and proposes ways to enhance communication. Many neuroethical issues are also relevant for education and cognitive science due to the study of
The document discusses the Brain Activity Map (BAM) and Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) initiatives which aim to achieve unprecedented knowledge of neural substrates through neuroscience techniques. It argues that such advances could profoundly impact many areas but also raises ethical concerns that must be addressed through neuroethics to help guide responsible research and oversight. Specifically, neuroethics should take a pragmatic approach to appraising both benefits and risks of specific neuroscience undertakings to help ensure their safe and responsible development and application.
Fritz Jahr coined the term "bioethics" in 1927 to describe ethical relations between humans, animals, and plants. He argued that all living beings should be treated with respect as ends in themselves, not merely as means, anticipating modern discussions around the ethics of animal research. The article reviews the development of bioethics from its origins, including its institutionalization through research ethics committees. It notes Fritz Jahr's contribution in establishing the "bioethical imperative" of respecting all life. While bioethics has many meanings and forms, its essence is dialogical deliberation including all stakeholders to guide scientific practices and policies.
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Everyone has heard of stem cells and the biomedical revolution they herald, but what are these cells, and what should we make of them? Does China have a different ethical framework for valuing unborn life? Western politicians have warned against the growing reliance on China for embryonic and fetal stem cell research. In truth, what scientists mean by 'stem cells' is changing so fast that even they have trouble keeping up.
This document discusses organ donation shortages in the US and emerging technologies like 3D bioprinting of organs and head transplants as potential solutions. It notes that over 120,000 people are on organ transplant waitlists in the US despite only 2.5 million annual deaths. 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs could help by producing customized organs without rejection risks. The document also discusses a planned first human head transplant by Dr. Sergio Canavero to treat a 30-year-old man's rare genetic disorder that cannot be addressed by gene editing alone. The head transplant would be an attempt to treat the man's condition which currently has a life expectancy of around 20 years.
1. Quine argues that statements must use bound variables, not just names, to commit to an ontology. He disagrees with McX's argument that universals like "blueness" exist independently, claiming we only need to say there exists something that is blue.
2. Quine evaluates the view that concrete particulars are a combination of their features and a substratum. Concrete particulars exist in space and time and have causal powers. Their features are characteristics, while the substratum contains them in a location.
HCM 3304, Principles of Epidemiology 1 Course Learn.docxaryan532920
HCM 3304, Principles of Epidemiology 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
11. Describe the importance of epidemiology for local, state, national, and international health policy-
making.
11.1 Explain the role of epidemiology in disease prevention, and contrast two possible strategies for
such preventive efforts.
11.2 Describe risk assessment and discuss the role of epidemiology in such assessments.
11.3 Discuss how epidemiology can shape public policy through the courts.
11.4 Explain the role of meta-analysis as a tool for summarizing epidemiologic evidence and
creating public policy.
12. Articulate the key ethical issues which are associated with epidemiology and the use of
epidemiological data today.
12.1 Consider how privacy and confidentiality of health records are protected in epidemiological
studies.
12.2 Describe the scientific and ethical implications of classifying race and ethnicity in epidemiologic
studies.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 19:
Epidemiology and Public Policy
Chapter 20:
Ethical and Professional Issues in Epidemiology
Unit Lesson
Crossing the Ethical Line in Epidemiology – The Tuskegee Experiment
Certainly one of the world’s leading professional organizations in community health is the American College of
Epidemiology (ACE). Founded in 1979, ACE is involved in formal education of epidemiologists, continuing
education conferences, setting of professional standards, and also establishing ethical guidelines for practice.
That last piece is where we will focus in the Unit VIII lecture. This is so important because the opportunity
exists for epidemiologists to step over the ethical line while trying to prove their point about a particular cause
of disease, a particular natural history of disease, or a particular form of treatment (ACE, 2014).
Conflict - Research and Ethics
Perhaps you have by now heard of the Tuskegee Experiment, an example of truly horrible research ethics
that will hopefully be remembered for a long time, and which will hopefully cause modern medical researchers
to think twice about how they treat the subjects in their studies. What really happened?
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
The Epidemiology Profession
HCM 3304, Principles of Epidemiology 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
The United States Public Health Service designed and performed a study of syphilis beginning in 1932 and
ending in 1972. The study included 600 black men, and 399 of them were positive for late stage syphilis.
Participants in this study were promised free medical care, and were told that they were being treated for "bad
blood." These poor and uneducated subjects were evaluated to learn about the effects of syphilis on black
people. At the time, medical professionals held a theory that white people were affected neurologically by
syphilis, whereas, black people suffered only cardiovascular effects ...
This document provides an introduction and primer on genetics and biocolonialism for indigenous peoples. It discusses the history and rapid advancement of genetics, including genetic engineering. It outlines some key concerns genetic research raises for indigenous communities, such as conflicts with indigenous ethics and worldviews, commercialization and patenting of life, and issues with informed consent. The document aims to educate indigenous peoples on genetics so they can make informed decisions about participating in genetic research and addressing biocolonialism.
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This document discusses the potential for vaccines to serve global health and outlines Rino Rappuoli's talk on this topic. It notes that vaccines have allowed people to live longer and have been a paradigm of research in service of global health. New technologies over the last 30 years have made possible vaccines that were previously difficult or impossible. These include conjugate vaccines, reverse vaccinology, adjuvants, and synthetic biology.
Clinical trials are essential for testing new medical treatments and ensuring their safety and efficacy. They involve dividing patients into groups that receive either an experimental treatment or the standard treatment in a controlled manner. The clinical trial process is carefully designed and regulated to obtain reliable results while protecting patients' rights and well-being. Large numbers of patients are needed to statistically prove whether a new treatment is better or worse than existing options. While new therapies may help future patients, there are no guarantees of success or improvement, so participation in clinical trials always involves some unknown risks.
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International Workshop of Bioethics on “Brain Death and Organ Donation: Ethical and Scientific Issues”
1. International Workshop of Bioethics on “Brain Death and Organ Donation: Ethical and Scientific Issues” Viareggio, September 24, 2009 G. Boniolo, H.R. Doyle, B. Fantini, J. Harris, I.R. Marino, T. Powell, M.C. Tallacchini, R. D. Truog, S. J. Youngner