International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health:
An Introduction for Rehabilitation Psychologists
David B. Peterson
Illinois Institute of Technology
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) represents a new way for
rehabilitation psychologists and other health care providers to classify health and functioning. The ICF
classifies functioning and disability through the constructs of Body Functions and Structures and
Activities and Participation and addresses contextual influences through Environmental and Personal
Factors. The ICF and its companion classification, the International Statistical Classification of Diseases
and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, provide a complementary, broad, and meaningful picture
of the health of an individual or of entire populations. Research and clinical implementation efforts
suggest that the ICF is a useful and meaningful public health tool. The development of the ICF and its
universe and scope of application are reviewed. Critical concepts are defined, the structure of the ICF is
illustrated, and clinical–research utility are featured in light of the ethical considerations for responsible
use by rehabilitation psychologists.
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and
Health (ICF; World Health Organization [WHO], 2001) was en-
dorsed by the 54th World Health Assembly for international use on
May 22, 2001. Given its focus on health, disability, and function-
ing, the ICF is an important and relevant development in rehabil-
itation psychology practice. This article orients rehabilitation psy-
chologists to the ICF so they can apply it to research and practice.
The structure of the ICF is described, and important concepts are
defined. Reviewed are related research, clinical applications, and
ethical considerations associated with the use of the ICF in reha-
bilitation psychology and general clinical practice.
The ICF is intended to be used with its companion classification,
the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related
Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10; WHO, 1992). There is
some overlap between the ICF and the ICD-10 in that they both
classify impairments in various body systems. However, the
ICD-10 provides an etiological classification of health conditions
(e.g., diseases, disorders, injuries), whereas the ICF offers a frame-
work for conceptualizing functioning and disability associated
with health conditions. Disease may manifest itself differently in
two individuals, and similar functioning does not necessarily imply
similar health conditions. Thus, together the ICD-10 and the ICF
yield a complementary, broad, and meaningful picture of the
health of an individual or of entire populations. Health outcomes
data gleaned from the ICF can be used in tandem with ICD-10
mortality data to monitor the health of international populations,
allowing a much broader picture of public health to emerge than.
International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) is a model approved by WHO in 2001 to like health with functioning and disability.
This power-point presentation contains all the relevant information regarding ICF and ICF model for third year physiotherapist students.
Hope it helps to whosoever refers these slides.
I hope this content helps you in understanding this condition. Thank You for sparing your precious time and going through this PowerPoint presentation.
What is the international classification of functioningCareInvalids
Electric scooter for handicapped in india side wheel attachment attachment electric scooter 3 wheel handicapped balancing wheel attachment kit retro fitment kit mobility products handicap bike and scooter arai approved attachment for suzuki swish honda cb shine activa5g activa jupiter side wheel bajaj discover 100 cc senior citizen foldable wheelchair trending india
14: Comparing the ICF and the Person-in-Environment Classifications in Social...ICF Education
Poster presentation at the 2nd International Symposium: ICF Education. 30 June 2017 (Cape Town).
THEME: ICF Environmental Factors: Catalyst for person-centred healthcare
http://www.icfeducation.org
The impact-of-therapeutic-intervention-on-increasing-capabilities-andefficien...abdelaziz thabet
The document summarizes a research study that evaluated the impact of therapeutic interventions on 170 patients referred to three community mental health centers in Gaza. Patients completed an assessment scale at their first, second, and third visits to measure capabilities and efficiency across eight domains. Statistical analysis found a significant increase in patients' personal and daily capacities after the second visit compared to the first. All scale items also showed significant improvements between the first and third visits, indicating that the therapeutic process helped increase clients' abilities. The study concludes the therapeutic services provided by the centers were effective in improving patients' functioning after multiple visits.
Using ICF to understand problems faced in the bathrooms by elders with knee painAlakananda Banerjee
The document discusses a pilot study that used the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) framework to understand elderly problems in the bathroom due to lower leg pain. Only 15% of surveyed elderly homes had grab rails in the bathroom, indicating an environmental barrier. The ICF was useful for considering the dynamic interaction between health conditions, activities, and environmental factors on participation and identifying appropriate home modifications. More research is needed on applying the ICF to understand disability in the elderly and inform policies to ensure safe, accessible homes.
International classification of functioning, disability and health. sakshisadhu1
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is a classification system developed by the World Health Organization to describe and organize information on functioning and disability. It provides a standardized language and framework for the description of health and health-related states. The ICF was approved by 191 WHO member states in 2001 and aims to serve as a scientific basis for understanding health and as a common language for communication between health professionals and policymakers. It classifies functioning and disability into four components: body functions and structures, activities and participation, and environmental and personal factors.
ICF- International Classification of Functioning, Disability and HealthHozefa Mohammed Husain
The document provides an overview of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). It describes the ICF as a classification system developed by the World Health Organization to define and classify functioning and disability. The ICF aims to provide a standardized language for describing health and serves various purposes including research, clinical practice, and policymaking. The ICF considers both individual and environmental factors and classifies functioning at the levels of body, individual, and society.
Functionomics -The International Classification of Functioning, Disability an...Olaf Kraus de Camargo
Presentation during the Workshop on Assistive Technologies for People with Disabilities: Patient Perspectives – 13/12/2021organized by the Multitouch Project: https://multitouch-itn.eu
International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) is a model approved by WHO in 2001 to like health with functioning and disability.
This power-point presentation contains all the relevant information regarding ICF and ICF model for third year physiotherapist students.
Hope it helps to whosoever refers these slides.
I hope this content helps you in understanding this condition. Thank You for sparing your precious time and going through this PowerPoint presentation.
What is the international classification of functioningCareInvalids
Electric scooter for handicapped in india side wheel attachment attachment electric scooter 3 wheel handicapped balancing wheel attachment kit retro fitment kit mobility products handicap bike and scooter arai approved attachment for suzuki swish honda cb shine activa5g activa jupiter side wheel bajaj discover 100 cc senior citizen foldable wheelchair trending india
14: Comparing the ICF and the Person-in-Environment Classifications in Social...ICF Education
Poster presentation at the 2nd International Symposium: ICF Education. 30 June 2017 (Cape Town).
THEME: ICF Environmental Factors: Catalyst for person-centred healthcare
http://www.icfeducation.org
The impact-of-therapeutic-intervention-on-increasing-capabilities-andefficien...abdelaziz thabet
The document summarizes a research study that evaluated the impact of therapeutic interventions on 170 patients referred to three community mental health centers in Gaza. Patients completed an assessment scale at their first, second, and third visits to measure capabilities and efficiency across eight domains. Statistical analysis found a significant increase in patients' personal and daily capacities after the second visit compared to the first. All scale items also showed significant improvements between the first and third visits, indicating that the therapeutic process helped increase clients' abilities. The study concludes the therapeutic services provided by the centers were effective in improving patients' functioning after multiple visits.
Using ICF to understand problems faced in the bathrooms by elders with knee painAlakananda Banerjee
The document discusses a pilot study that used the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) framework to understand elderly problems in the bathroom due to lower leg pain. Only 15% of surveyed elderly homes had grab rails in the bathroom, indicating an environmental barrier. The ICF was useful for considering the dynamic interaction between health conditions, activities, and environmental factors on participation and identifying appropriate home modifications. More research is needed on applying the ICF to understand disability in the elderly and inform policies to ensure safe, accessible homes.
International classification of functioning, disability and health. sakshisadhu1
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is a classification system developed by the World Health Organization to describe and organize information on functioning and disability. It provides a standardized language and framework for the description of health and health-related states. The ICF was approved by 191 WHO member states in 2001 and aims to serve as a scientific basis for understanding health and as a common language for communication between health professionals and policymakers. It classifies functioning and disability into four components: body functions and structures, activities and participation, and environmental and personal factors.
ICF- International Classification of Functioning, Disability and HealthHozefa Mohammed Husain
The document provides an overview of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). It describes the ICF as a classification system developed by the World Health Organization to define and classify functioning and disability. The ICF aims to provide a standardized language for describing health and serves various purposes including research, clinical practice, and policymaking. The ICF considers both individual and environmental factors and classifies functioning at the levels of body, individual, and society.
Functionomics -The International Classification of Functioning, Disability an...Olaf Kraus de Camargo
Presentation during the Workshop on Assistive Technologies for People with Disabilities: Patient Perspectives – 13/12/2021organized by the Multitouch Project: https://multitouch-itn.eu
International classification of functioning by athulAthul Soman
The document discusses the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) framework developed by the World Health Organization (WHO). It provides a standardized language for classifying and describing human functioning and disability. The ICF aims to establish a common language to improve communication about health and disability across countries, disciplines, services and time. It takes a holistic and interactive approach by considering body functions and structures, activities, participation and environmental factors. The ICF can be applied across various sectors like health, education, labor and policymaking.
25: ICF WIN-S ICF TabWin-based System [Santana de Araujo, Eduardo (CIF Brasil...ICF Education
To develop functioning indicators from ICF codes for public health policies, the ICF must first be introduced to primary care professionals. They should create a simple form to collect ICF codes, qualifiers, and other variables. The coded data should then be entered into an Excel database and converted to a ".dbf" file readable by the TabWin program. TabWin can tabulate the ICF codes to generate statistics on functioning levels across variables like age, gender, and neighborhood. This will provide the first step toward an ICF-based health information system representing population functioning beyond just disabilities.
*************** resources************************8
Course Text:
Coreil, J. (Ed.). (2010).
Social and behavioral foundations of public health
(2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Chapter 1, "Why Study Social and Behavioral Factors in Public Health?"
The first chapter in the text describes the importance of studying culture and behavior. It provides a historical perspective of the field of behavioral and social sciences and sets the stage for the course with its overarching framework, the social ecology of health model. This chapter also explores the levels of social influence on health issues.
Chapter 2, "Historical Perspectives on Population and Disease"
This chapter delves deeper into the history of health, from the perspectives of disease and the cultural evolution. It also touches upon the health problems that generally occur at different stages of life.
Chapter 5, "Health and Illness Behavior"
Chapter 5 reviews the levels of prevention covered in the first course in the program (primary, secondary, and tertiary) and lays the groundwork for the course by reviewing the relationship between health and illness behavior.
Chapter 7, "Social Reactions to Disease" (pp. 134–136)
In this section of Chapter 7, you will study the concepts of medicalization and hygienization with respect to disease behavior.
Chapter 8, "Comparative Health Cultures" (pp. 145–154)
The authors introduce the concepts of ethnomedicine as well as the various "sectors" of medicine in this section of Chapter 8. The authors also explore cultural models of illness.
Article:
Healthy People. (2010). Healthy People 2020: The Road Ahead! Retrieved from
http://healthypeople.gov/2020/
You will become familiar with the Healthy People 2020 Campaign during this course. Healthy People 2020 is a national effort designed to solve unequal and unjust health treatment of populations. This website will be used for the In the News assignment as well as many other assignments in the course.
Article:
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. (2009).
Beyond Health Care: New Directions to a Healthier America.
Retrieved from
http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/reports/2009/rwjf40483
This article presents several carefully coined recommendations to build healthier society. The recommendations are based on research and statistics on the health status of adults and children.
Optional
Resources
Media
Documentary:
Moore, M. (Director). (2007).
Sicko
[Motion picture]. United States: Dog Eat Dog Films.
You may want to rent
Sicko
. It provides a fascinating and controversial view of the health care system in the United States today. The documentary also compares the American health care system with other nations, illustrating the differences in reactions to disease based on the health care system of other countries.
Readings
Course Text:
Social and Behavioral Foundations of Public Health
Chapter 10, "Reproductive Health"
Chapter 11, "Adolescent Health"
Chapter 12, "Public ...
Using ICF Framework in Postgraduate EducationHana Al-Sobayel
The document discusses using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework in postgraduate physiotherapy education. It describes how ICF was incorporated into the curriculum for a Master's program in orthopedic physiotherapy at King Saud University. Key points include:
1) ICF was chosen as a framework to promote interprofessional communication and a shared understanding of health conditions across disciplines.
2) ICF was applied in curriculum design, teaching approaches, and student assessment for three orthopedic courses.
3) A pilot study found students' perceptions of achieving course objectives were mostly positive and ICF enhanced competencies in communication and clinical reasoning.
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, provides a standard language and framework for classification of health and health-related domains
It throws light on certain points-
What changes in body function and structure have occurred in a person with a health condition?
What a person with a health condition can do in a standard environment -their level of function
What can be done to maximize function?
RIWC_PARA_A185 icf, rehabilitation, health system, health policy and outcome ...Marco Muscroft
1. The document discusses the World Health Organization's (WHO) shift towards focusing on optimal functioning using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a framework.
2. It provides an overview of the ICF and recommendations for its clinical implementation, including establishing assessment schedules, using core sets and data collection tools, and reporting data in a standardized metric.
3. National rehabilitation societies are called to join international efforts led by WHO and the International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine to systematically implement the ICF in clinical practice and rehabilitation services.
This document introduces the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICIDH-2), which provides a standardized framework for describing health and functioning. It aims to establish a common language for health states and outcomes that can be used across disciplines and countries. The ICIDH-2 classification identifies components of health from body, individual, and societal perspectives to systematically group functioning for individuals with health conditions. It is meant to be used alongside ICD-10 to provide a broader picture of health by including information on diseases and functioning.
International classification of functioning, disability and healthHetvi Shukla
The document provides an overview of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). It describes the ICF as a WHO framework for classifying health and health-related domains to establish a common language for disability. The ICF classification includes components on body functions, structures, activities, participation, and environmental/personal factors. The document outlines the development, aims, applications and coding guidelines of the ICF to provide a standardized system for assessing functioning and disability.
Module 2-Government and Public Health's Role in U.S. Health Care.pptxDavidOsunde
This document discusses the role of government in US health care. It evaluates the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and analyzes the collaboration between the Department of Homeland Security and FEMA. It also describes five US government organizations and their roles in health care, including the Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, state health departments, and local health departments.
This document provides an introduction to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). The ICF is a framework developed by the World Health Organization to describe human functioning. It aims to provide a common language for measuring health and disability across disciplines, countries and time. The ICF considers functioning as a dynamic interaction between health conditions, environmental factors and personal factors. It classifies functioning into three domains: body functions and structures, activities, and participation.
Exploring Quality of Life and Mental Health Related Concerns among Adults wit...Ayesha Yaqoob
This study explored the quality of life and mental health of 66 adults with physical disabilities in Pakistan. Quality of life was assessed using the WHOQOL-BREF scale and mental health was assessed using the GHQ-12. The results showed a significant inverse relationship between quality of life and mental health, indicating that better quality of life was associated with better mental health. Regression analysis also showed that quality of life significantly predicts mental health and accounts for 35% of the variation in mental health scores. It was concluded that quality of life affects the mental health of adults with disabilities, so that lower quality of life is associated with greater mental health problems.
The document discusses the major problems faced by disabled persons in the village of Palhallan in Baramulla district of India. It was conducted to understand the types of problems and categorize them in order to design a livelihood project to help address the issues. The study area has seen a high rate of disability in recent years due to ongoing armed conflict. The document reviews definitions and classifications of disability from WHO and examines causes, prevalence, and socioeconomic impact of disability in India according to government data and surveys.
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health - From Pat...Olaf Kraus de Camargo
Presentation at the First Conference of the National Developmental and Behavioral Disorders Program in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, on November 15th 2022. It provides an overview of the ICF, its uses in clinical care, patient engagement and health systems design.
This document discusses the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework and how it relates to social pediatrics. The ICF views health as involving body structures and functions, activities, participation, and environmental and personal factors. It takes a bio-psycho-social approach rather than focusing solely on medical diagnoses. The ICF encourages viewing individuals' strengths and what they can do. It also emphasizes an interdisciplinary team approach to care. The document also introduces the "F-words" (function, fitness, etc.) and the FACT tool for applying the ICF in clinical practice and goal setting.
WHO defines Quality of Life as an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns.
This document discusses the rise of physical activity and sedentary behavior as areas of focus in aging research and policy. It argues that the discovery of sedentary behavior as an independent health risk has strengthened the view that physical activity and limiting sedentary time should be normalized and regulated aspects of older adults' lives. This represents an expansion of "vital politics," where controlling one's physical capacities and behaviors is seen as a way to take responsibility for one's health and longevity. The document analyzes this shift through the frameworks of Foucault's theories of biopower and Rose's concept of a "vital politics" under neoliberalism that promotes optimizing and economically valuing one's vital capacities and body
This document provides information about disabilities and community-based rehabilitation (CBR). It defines disability and describes the three dimensions of impairment, activity limitation, and participation restrictions according to the World Health Organization. There are many types of disabilities that can affect vision, movement, thinking, communicating, and other functions. The document outlines principles of CBR including inclusion, participation, empowerment, and sustainability. It describes the essential elements and framework of CBR programs, which take a multi-sectoral approach to support people with disabilities through initiatives in health, education, livelihoods, social involvement, and empowerment.
A Model of Human Occupation and Other Occupation-Based ModelsOMerrileeDelvalle969
A Model of Human Occupation and Other Occupation-Based Models
Occupation-based models, although rooted in the occupational paradigm of occupational therapy’s founders, represent a relatively recent presence in the profession. Unlike frames of reference, which typically arise from a perspective of remediation and adaptation to disability, occupation-based models incorporate the entire spectrum of health and illness in their proposed interrelationships of person, environment, and occupation. This chapter focuses on the first of these to be developed, the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO; Kielhofner, 2008), which mirrors many of Mary Reilly’s (1962) principles of occupational behavior. Other prominent models briefly reviewed here are Ecology of Human Performance (EHP; Brown, 2014; Dunn, Brown, & McGuigan, 1994), Occupational Adaptation (OA; Schultz, 2014; Schultz & Schkade, 2003), and the Person-Environment-Occupation (PEO) model (Law et al., 1996; Law & Dunbar, 2007). The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP; Townsend & Polatajko, 2007), also an occupation-based model, was discussed in Chapter 3 because of its client-centered focus. The Person-Environment-Occupation-Performance model (PEOP; Baum, Christiansen, & Bass, 2015) is added in this Fifth Edition. Finally, the Kawa model (Iwama, 2006), a culturally relevant model developed for Japanese occupational therapy practice, provides implications for group interventions from a different cultural perspective. Because each of these models is separate and distinct, this chapter makes no attempt to combine them, but describes separate sections for framework focus, basic assumptions, function/dysfunction, change/motivation, and group guidelines. For each model, separate group activity examples from the recent occupational therapy literature are described. Only the adaptations for group leadership at the end of the chapter refer to all the occupation-based models together. Generally speaking, all occupation-based models may also draw upon frames of reference when addressing specific disabilities and/or focusing upon specific parts of the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process, Third Edition (American Occupational Therapy Association [AOTA], 2014). For a more in-depth understanding of these models, please refer to Cole and Tufano’s Applied Theories in Occupational Therapy: A Practical Approach (2008).
Model of Human Occupation
The MOHO emerged around 1980 as a further definition of the theory of occupational behavior developed by Mary Reilly (1962). The central idea of occupational behavior theory is that engagement in activity or occupation in itself will produce and maintain health. Human achievement and daily occupation are identified as the focal point for the development of the MOHO (Kielhofner, 2008). White (1959) is credited with introducing the concept of the human need for competence and achievement. Kielhofner, Burke, and Igi (1980) expanded on these concepts ...
IRM 3305 Risk Management Theory and PracticeFall 2014Proje.docxmariuse18nolet
IRM 3305 Risk Management Theory and Practice
Fall 2014
Project Requirements:
I. Teams
a. 16 Students split into 3 teams .
II. Weighting
a. The Project is 30% of your grade.
i. The presentation will be attended by Dr. Braniff as well as industry professionals and representatives of the National Alliance.
ii. Start divvying up duties now – last minute work shows during the presentation.
iii. Practice! Practice! Practice! - part of your grade has to do with the presentation having been rehearsed.
iv. This is a PROFESSIONAL presentation – since we’ll most likely have outsiders joining us, presenters must dress in a professional manner (no jeans, proper professional attire).
v. This presentation should mimic what you would be comfortable presenting to your board of directors and your CFO, etc.
vi. You will be graded on the information presented, as well as the professionalism of your presentation and your team assessment.
III. Project Components:
a. Executive Summary of your findings. The purpose of the executive summary is to summarize key points.
i. Should include bulleted key points
ii. Should include 1-3 graphs for visualization
iii. No more than 3 pages (including graphs)
iv. Make the summary part of the Power Point Presentation
b. Power Point Presentation
i. A visual presentation of the questions given to you for the project.
ii. Needs to show application of information learned in class, not just a regurgitation of the questions and answers, I want to see critical thinking.
iii. Presentations will occur on Monday, Nov 30 No exceptions, you MUST be present. Each group will present during this time (up to 30 minutes per group, at least 15).
iv. ALL team members must present a portion of the project.
c. All of the presentation documents need to be submitted to me. If you did not answer all
of the questions in your power point presentation, I need to receive the answers in a document.
IRM 3305 Risk Management Theory and Practice
Group Project
October 16, 2015
The Pebbles, Inc.
GENERAL
The Pebbles, Inc. (the “Company) is a casino & resort operating company based in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. The Company’s resorts feature high-end accommodations, gaming and entertainment, convention and exhibition facilities, celebrity chef restaurants, and clubs. In the past several years, the Company has decided to add a couple of other types of businesses, the most profitable being the Spinout School of Racing in Monte Carlo and the Big Shark Surfing School in Sydney. The current primary properties are listed below:
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
The Big Gambler Resort-Hotel-Casino
- 05/03/1999
Non-Gambler Expo & Convention Ctr.
- 02/01/2002
Pebbles Resort-Hotel-Casino
- 12/30/2007
MONTE CARLO, MONACO
Pebbles, Monte Carlo – Resort-Hotel-Casino
- 05/18/2004
Spinout School of Racing
- 06/14/2009
SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA
Pebbles, Sydney – ResortHotel-Casino
- 04/27/2010
Big Shark Surfing School
- 04/27/2014
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA.
Ironwood Company manufactures cast-iron barbeque cookware. During .docxmariuse18nolet
Ironwood Company manufactures cast-iron barbeque cookware. During a recent windstorm, it lost some of its accounting records. Ironwood has managed to reconstruct portions of its standard cost system database but is still missing a few pieces of information.
Required:
Use the information in the table to determine the unknown amounts. You may assume that Ironwood does not keep any raw material on hand.
2. Lamp Light Limited (LLL) manufactures lampshades. It applies variable overhead on the basis of directlabor hours. Information from LLL's standard cost card follows:
During August, LLL had the following actual results:
Units produced and sold 24,800
Actual variable overhead $9,470
Actual direct labor hours 15,800
Required:
Compute LLL's variable overhead rate variance, variable overhead efficiency variance, and over or under applied variable overhead.
Variable Overhead Rate Variance
Variable Overhead Efficiency Variance
Variable Overhead Spending Variance
3. Olive Company makes silver belt buckles. The company's master budget appears in the first column of the table.
Required:
Complete the table by preparing Olive's flexible budget for Rs.5,700, 7,700 and 8,700 units.
Ironwood Company manufactures cast
-
iron barbeque cookware. During a recent w
indstorm, it lost
some of its accounting records. Ironwood has managed to reconstruct portions of its standard cost
system database but is still missing a few pieces of information.
Required:
Use the information in the table to dete
r
mine the unknown amount
s. You may assume that Ironwood
does not keep any raw material on hand.
2.
Lamp Light Limited (LLL) manufactures lampshades. It applies variable overhead on the basis of
directlabor hours. Information from LLL's standard cost card follows:
During August, L
LL had the following actual results:
Units produced and sold 24,800
Actual variable overhead $9,470
Actual direct labor hours 15,800
Required:
Compute LLL's variable overhead rate variance, variable overhead efficiency variance, and over or under
a
pplied variable overhead.
Variable Overhead Rate Variance
Variable Overhead
Efficiency
Variance
Variable Overhead
Spending
Variance
3.
Olive Company makes silver belt buckles. The company's master budget appears in the first column of
the table.
Required:
Ironwood Company manufactures cast-iron barbeque cookware. During a recent windstorm, it lost
some of its accounting records. Ironwood has managed to reconstruct portions of its standard cost
system database but is still missing a few pieces of information.
Required:
Use the information in the table to determine the unknown amounts. You may assume that Ironwood
does not keep any raw material on hand.
2. Lamp Light Limited (LLL) manufactures lampshades. It applies variable overhead on the basis of
directlabor hours. Information from LLL's standard cost card follows:
During August, LLL had the following actual results:
Units prod.
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International classification of functioning by athulAthul Soman
The document discusses the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) framework developed by the World Health Organization (WHO). It provides a standardized language for classifying and describing human functioning and disability. The ICF aims to establish a common language to improve communication about health and disability across countries, disciplines, services and time. It takes a holistic and interactive approach by considering body functions and structures, activities, participation and environmental factors. The ICF can be applied across various sectors like health, education, labor and policymaking.
25: ICF WIN-S ICF TabWin-based System [Santana de Araujo, Eduardo (CIF Brasil...ICF Education
To develop functioning indicators from ICF codes for public health policies, the ICF must first be introduced to primary care professionals. They should create a simple form to collect ICF codes, qualifiers, and other variables. The coded data should then be entered into an Excel database and converted to a ".dbf" file readable by the TabWin program. TabWin can tabulate the ICF codes to generate statistics on functioning levels across variables like age, gender, and neighborhood. This will provide the first step toward an ICF-based health information system representing population functioning beyond just disabilities.
*************** resources************************8
Course Text:
Coreil, J. (Ed.). (2010).
Social and behavioral foundations of public health
(2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Chapter 1, "Why Study Social and Behavioral Factors in Public Health?"
The first chapter in the text describes the importance of studying culture and behavior. It provides a historical perspective of the field of behavioral and social sciences and sets the stage for the course with its overarching framework, the social ecology of health model. This chapter also explores the levels of social influence on health issues.
Chapter 2, "Historical Perspectives on Population and Disease"
This chapter delves deeper into the history of health, from the perspectives of disease and the cultural evolution. It also touches upon the health problems that generally occur at different stages of life.
Chapter 5, "Health and Illness Behavior"
Chapter 5 reviews the levels of prevention covered in the first course in the program (primary, secondary, and tertiary) and lays the groundwork for the course by reviewing the relationship between health and illness behavior.
Chapter 7, "Social Reactions to Disease" (pp. 134–136)
In this section of Chapter 7, you will study the concepts of medicalization and hygienization with respect to disease behavior.
Chapter 8, "Comparative Health Cultures" (pp. 145–154)
The authors introduce the concepts of ethnomedicine as well as the various "sectors" of medicine in this section of Chapter 8. The authors also explore cultural models of illness.
Article:
Healthy People. (2010). Healthy People 2020: The Road Ahead! Retrieved from
http://healthypeople.gov/2020/
You will become familiar with the Healthy People 2020 Campaign during this course. Healthy People 2020 is a national effort designed to solve unequal and unjust health treatment of populations. This website will be used for the In the News assignment as well as many other assignments in the course.
Article:
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. (2009).
Beyond Health Care: New Directions to a Healthier America.
Retrieved from
http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/reports/2009/rwjf40483
This article presents several carefully coined recommendations to build healthier society. The recommendations are based on research and statistics on the health status of adults and children.
Optional
Resources
Media
Documentary:
Moore, M. (Director). (2007).
Sicko
[Motion picture]. United States: Dog Eat Dog Films.
You may want to rent
Sicko
. It provides a fascinating and controversial view of the health care system in the United States today. The documentary also compares the American health care system with other nations, illustrating the differences in reactions to disease based on the health care system of other countries.
Readings
Course Text:
Social and Behavioral Foundations of Public Health
Chapter 10, "Reproductive Health"
Chapter 11, "Adolescent Health"
Chapter 12, "Public ...
Using ICF Framework in Postgraduate EducationHana Al-Sobayel
The document discusses using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework in postgraduate physiotherapy education. It describes how ICF was incorporated into the curriculum for a Master's program in orthopedic physiotherapy at King Saud University. Key points include:
1) ICF was chosen as a framework to promote interprofessional communication and a shared understanding of health conditions across disciplines.
2) ICF was applied in curriculum design, teaching approaches, and student assessment for three orthopedic courses.
3) A pilot study found students' perceptions of achieving course objectives were mostly positive and ICF enhanced competencies in communication and clinical reasoning.
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, provides a standard language and framework for classification of health and health-related domains
It throws light on certain points-
What changes in body function and structure have occurred in a person with a health condition?
What a person with a health condition can do in a standard environment -their level of function
What can be done to maximize function?
RIWC_PARA_A185 icf, rehabilitation, health system, health policy and outcome ...Marco Muscroft
1. The document discusses the World Health Organization's (WHO) shift towards focusing on optimal functioning using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a framework.
2. It provides an overview of the ICF and recommendations for its clinical implementation, including establishing assessment schedules, using core sets and data collection tools, and reporting data in a standardized metric.
3. National rehabilitation societies are called to join international efforts led by WHO and the International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine to systematically implement the ICF in clinical practice and rehabilitation services.
This document introduces the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICIDH-2), which provides a standardized framework for describing health and functioning. It aims to establish a common language for health states and outcomes that can be used across disciplines and countries. The ICIDH-2 classification identifies components of health from body, individual, and societal perspectives to systematically group functioning for individuals with health conditions. It is meant to be used alongside ICD-10 to provide a broader picture of health by including information on diseases and functioning.
International classification of functioning, disability and healthHetvi Shukla
The document provides an overview of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). It describes the ICF as a WHO framework for classifying health and health-related domains to establish a common language for disability. The ICF classification includes components on body functions, structures, activities, participation, and environmental/personal factors. The document outlines the development, aims, applications and coding guidelines of the ICF to provide a standardized system for assessing functioning and disability.
Module 2-Government and Public Health's Role in U.S. Health Care.pptxDavidOsunde
This document discusses the role of government in US health care. It evaluates the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and analyzes the collaboration between the Department of Homeland Security and FEMA. It also describes five US government organizations and their roles in health care, including the Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, state health departments, and local health departments.
This document provides an introduction to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). The ICF is a framework developed by the World Health Organization to describe human functioning. It aims to provide a common language for measuring health and disability across disciplines, countries and time. The ICF considers functioning as a dynamic interaction between health conditions, environmental factors and personal factors. It classifies functioning into three domains: body functions and structures, activities, and participation.
Exploring Quality of Life and Mental Health Related Concerns among Adults wit...Ayesha Yaqoob
This study explored the quality of life and mental health of 66 adults with physical disabilities in Pakistan. Quality of life was assessed using the WHOQOL-BREF scale and mental health was assessed using the GHQ-12. The results showed a significant inverse relationship between quality of life and mental health, indicating that better quality of life was associated with better mental health. Regression analysis also showed that quality of life significantly predicts mental health and accounts for 35% of the variation in mental health scores. It was concluded that quality of life affects the mental health of adults with disabilities, so that lower quality of life is associated with greater mental health problems.
The document discusses the major problems faced by disabled persons in the village of Palhallan in Baramulla district of India. It was conducted to understand the types of problems and categorize them in order to design a livelihood project to help address the issues. The study area has seen a high rate of disability in recent years due to ongoing armed conflict. The document reviews definitions and classifications of disability from WHO and examines causes, prevalence, and socioeconomic impact of disability in India according to government data and surveys.
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health - From Pat...Olaf Kraus de Camargo
Presentation at the First Conference of the National Developmental and Behavioral Disorders Program in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, on November 15th 2022. It provides an overview of the ICF, its uses in clinical care, patient engagement and health systems design.
This document discusses the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework and how it relates to social pediatrics. The ICF views health as involving body structures and functions, activities, participation, and environmental and personal factors. It takes a bio-psycho-social approach rather than focusing solely on medical diagnoses. The ICF encourages viewing individuals' strengths and what they can do. It also emphasizes an interdisciplinary team approach to care. The document also introduces the "F-words" (function, fitness, etc.) and the FACT tool for applying the ICF in clinical practice and goal setting.
WHO defines Quality of Life as an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns.
This document discusses the rise of physical activity and sedentary behavior as areas of focus in aging research and policy. It argues that the discovery of sedentary behavior as an independent health risk has strengthened the view that physical activity and limiting sedentary time should be normalized and regulated aspects of older adults' lives. This represents an expansion of "vital politics," where controlling one's physical capacities and behaviors is seen as a way to take responsibility for one's health and longevity. The document analyzes this shift through the frameworks of Foucault's theories of biopower and Rose's concept of a "vital politics" under neoliberalism that promotes optimizing and economically valuing one's vital capacities and body
This document provides information about disabilities and community-based rehabilitation (CBR). It defines disability and describes the three dimensions of impairment, activity limitation, and participation restrictions according to the World Health Organization. There are many types of disabilities that can affect vision, movement, thinking, communicating, and other functions. The document outlines principles of CBR including inclusion, participation, empowerment, and sustainability. It describes the essential elements and framework of CBR programs, which take a multi-sectoral approach to support people with disabilities through initiatives in health, education, livelihoods, social involvement, and empowerment.
A Model of Human Occupation and Other Occupation-Based ModelsOMerrileeDelvalle969
A Model of Human Occupation and Other Occupation-Based Models
Occupation-based models, although rooted in the occupational paradigm of occupational therapy’s founders, represent a relatively recent presence in the profession. Unlike frames of reference, which typically arise from a perspective of remediation and adaptation to disability, occupation-based models incorporate the entire spectrum of health and illness in their proposed interrelationships of person, environment, and occupation. This chapter focuses on the first of these to be developed, the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO; Kielhofner, 2008), which mirrors many of Mary Reilly’s (1962) principles of occupational behavior. Other prominent models briefly reviewed here are Ecology of Human Performance (EHP; Brown, 2014; Dunn, Brown, & McGuigan, 1994), Occupational Adaptation (OA; Schultz, 2014; Schultz & Schkade, 2003), and the Person-Environment-Occupation (PEO) model (Law et al., 1996; Law & Dunbar, 2007). The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP; Townsend & Polatajko, 2007), also an occupation-based model, was discussed in Chapter 3 because of its client-centered focus. The Person-Environment-Occupation-Performance model (PEOP; Baum, Christiansen, & Bass, 2015) is added in this Fifth Edition. Finally, the Kawa model (Iwama, 2006), a culturally relevant model developed for Japanese occupational therapy practice, provides implications for group interventions from a different cultural perspective. Because each of these models is separate and distinct, this chapter makes no attempt to combine them, but describes separate sections for framework focus, basic assumptions, function/dysfunction, change/motivation, and group guidelines. For each model, separate group activity examples from the recent occupational therapy literature are described. Only the adaptations for group leadership at the end of the chapter refer to all the occupation-based models together. Generally speaking, all occupation-based models may also draw upon frames of reference when addressing specific disabilities and/or focusing upon specific parts of the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process, Third Edition (American Occupational Therapy Association [AOTA], 2014). For a more in-depth understanding of these models, please refer to Cole and Tufano’s Applied Theories in Occupational Therapy: A Practical Approach (2008).
Model of Human Occupation
The MOHO emerged around 1980 as a further definition of the theory of occupational behavior developed by Mary Reilly (1962). The central idea of occupational behavior theory is that engagement in activity or occupation in itself will produce and maintain health. Human achievement and daily occupation are identified as the focal point for the development of the MOHO (Kielhofner, 2008). White (1959) is credited with introducing the concept of the human need for competence and achievement. Kielhofner, Burke, and Igi (1980) expanded on these concepts ...
Similar to International Classification of Functioning, Disability and He.docx (20)
IRM 3305 Risk Management Theory and PracticeFall 2014Proje.docxmariuse18nolet
IRM 3305 Risk Management Theory and Practice
Fall 2014
Project Requirements:
I. Teams
a. 16 Students split into 3 teams .
II. Weighting
a. The Project is 30% of your grade.
i. The presentation will be attended by Dr. Braniff as well as industry professionals and representatives of the National Alliance.
ii. Start divvying up duties now – last minute work shows during the presentation.
iii. Practice! Practice! Practice! - part of your grade has to do with the presentation having been rehearsed.
iv. This is a PROFESSIONAL presentation – since we’ll most likely have outsiders joining us, presenters must dress in a professional manner (no jeans, proper professional attire).
v. This presentation should mimic what you would be comfortable presenting to your board of directors and your CFO, etc.
vi. You will be graded on the information presented, as well as the professionalism of your presentation and your team assessment.
III. Project Components:
a. Executive Summary of your findings. The purpose of the executive summary is to summarize key points.
i. Should include bulleted key points
ii. Should include 1-3 graphs for visualization
iii. No more than 3 pages (including graphs)
iv. Make the summary part of the Power Point Presentation
b. Power Point Presentation
i. A visual presentation of the questions given to you for the project.
ii. Needs to show application of information learned in class, not just a regurgitation of the questions and answers, I want to see critical thinking.
iii. Presentations will occur on Monday, Nov 30 No exceptions, you MUST be present. Each group will present during this time (up to 30 minutes per group, at least 15).
iv. ALL team members must present a portion of the project.
c. All of the presentation documents need to be submitted to me. If you did not answer all
of the questions in your power point presentation, I need to receive the answers in a document.
IRM 3305 Risk Management Theory and Practice
Group Project
October 16, 2015
The Pebbles, Inc.
GENERAL
The Pebbles, Inc. (the “Company) is a casino & resort operating company based in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. The Company’s resorts feature high-end accommodations, gaming and entertainment, convention and exhibition facilities, celebrity chef restaurants, and clubs. In the past several years, the Company has decided to add a couple of other types of businesses, the most profitable being the Spinout School of Racing in Monte Carlo and the Big Shark Surfing School in Sydney. The current primary properties are listed below:
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
The Big Gambler Resort-Hotel-Casino
- 05/03/1999
Non-Gambler Expo & Convention Ctr.
- 02/01/2002
Pebbles Resort-Hotel-Casino
- 12/30/2007
MONTE CARLO, MONACO
Pebbles, Monte Carlo – Resort-Hotel-Casino
- 05/18/2004
Spinout School of Racing
- 06/14/2009
SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA
Pebbles, Sydney – ResortHotel-Casino
- 04/27/2010
Big Shark Surfing School
- 04/27/2014
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA.
Ironwood Company manufactures cast-iron barbeque cookware. During .docxmariuse18nolet
Ironwood Company manufactures cast-iron barbeque cookware. During a recent windstorm, it lost some of its accounting records. Ironwood has managed to reconstruct portions of its standard cost system database but is still missing a few pieces of information.
Required:
Use the information in the table to determine the unknown amounts. You may assume that Ironwood does not keep any raw material on hand.
2. Lamp Light Limited (LLL) manufactures lampshades. It applies variable overhead on the basis of directlabor hours. Information from LLL's standard cost card follows:
During August, LLL had the following actual results:
Units produced and sold 24,800
Actual variable overhead $9,470
Actual direct labor hours 15,800
Required:
Compute LLL's variable overhead rate variance, variable overhead efficiency variance, and over or under applied variable overhead.
Variable Overhead Rate Variance
Variable Overhead Efficiency Variance
Variable Overhead Spending Variance
3. Olive Company makes silver belt buckles. The company's master budget appears in the first column of the table.
Required:
Complete the table by preparing Olive's flexible budget for Rs.5,700, 7,700 and 8,700 units.
Ironwood Company manufactures cast
-
iron barbeque cookware. During a recent w
indstorm, it lost
some of its accounting records. Ironwood has managed to reconstruct portions of its standard cost
system database but is still missing a few pieces of information.
Required:
Use the information in the table to dete
r
mine the unknown amount
s. You may assume that Ironwood
does not keep any raw material on hand.
2.
Lamp Light Limited (LLL) manufactures lampshades. It applies variable overhead on the basis of
directlabor hours. Information from LLL's standard cost card follows:
During August, L
LL had the following actual results:
Units produced and sold 24,800
Actual variable overhead $9,470
Actual direct labor hours 15,800
Required:
Compute LLL's variable overhead rate variance, variable overhead efficiency variance, and over or under
a
pplied variable overhead.
Variable Overhead Rate Variance
Variable Overhead
Efficiency
Variance
Variable Overhead
Spending
Variance
3.
Olive Company makes silver belt buckles. The company's master budget appears in the first column of
the table.
Required:
Ironwood Company manufactures cast-iron barbeque cookware. During a recent windstorm, it lost
some of its accounting records. Ironwood has managed to reconstruct portions of its standard cost
system database but is still missing a few pieces of information.
Required:
Use the information in the table to determine the unknown amounts. You may assume that Ironwood
does not keep any raw material on hand.
2. Lamp Light Limited (LLL) manufactures lampshades. It applies variable overhead on the basis of
directlabor hours. Information from LLL's standard cost card follows:
During August, LLL had the following actual results:
Units prod.
IRM 3305 Risk Management Theory and PracticeGroup Project.docxmariuse18nolet
IRM 3305 Risk Management Theory and Practice
Group Project
October 16, 2015
The Pebbles, Inc.
GENERAL
The Pebbles, Inc. (the “Company) is a casino & resort operating company based in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. The Company’s resorts feature high-end accommodations, gaming and entertainment, convention and exhibition facilities, celebrity chef restaurants, and clubs. In the past several years, the Company has decided to add a couple of other types of businesses, the most profitable being the Spinout School of Racing in Monte Carlo and the Big Shark Surfing School in Sydney. The current primary properties are listed below:
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
The Big Gambler Resort-Hotel-Casino
- 05/03/1999
Non-Gambler Expo & Convention Ctr.
- 02/01/2002
Pebbles Resort-Hotel-Casino
- 12/30/2007
MONTE CARLO, MONACO
Pebbles, Monte Carlo – Resort-Hotel-Casino
- 05/18/2004
Spinout School of Racing
- 06/14/2009
SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA
Pebbles, Sydney – ResortHotel-Casino
- 04/27/2010
Big Shark Surfing School
- 04/27/2014
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
The Big Gambler Resort, Hotel & Casino is the pride and joy of Pebbles, Inc. There are over seven thousand spacious suites, designer shopping, world-class dining, and incredible entertainment. The location also includes a theatre where very well-known acts perform year round. The venue has an estimated seating capacity of 5,000. Typically, the theatre books a resident performer for 9-12 months at a time. Most recently, they signed on Brianne Smalle – a chart topping twenty-five year old pop sensation – to begin performing in the next 30 days. Unfortunately, Brianne has just been arrested after a multi-state car chase. To make matters worse, when she was finally stopped, the police found proof of major involvement in an international drug ring. In addition to her charges of DUI, she is now being accused of various charges related to the drug ring including money laundering, drug trafficking, human trafficking, kidnap and murder.
The Non-Gambler Expo & Convention Center was opened in 2002 to respond to the demands of the city. The Expo & Convention Center boasts over 2 million square feet with exhibit space of 1.5 million square feet. The location is central and is walking distance from over 100,000 guest rooms. The Convention Center is in the process of undergoing major renovations in order to accommodate the technology needs and desires of their guests and vendors. The intention was to complete the renovations by the end of the summer. Unfortunately, the main contractor, Trust Us Construction, is three months behind schedule due to the main project manager’s recent problems with gambling addiction. The convention center has a major exposition scheduled in two weeks for Fine China and Crystal of The World. The owner of the Center is convinced that the expo will go on as planned, confident that spare boards, exposed cords, drilling, hammering and multiple construction workers walking through the ex.
Iranian Women and GenderRelations in Los AngelesNAYEREH .docxmariuse18nolet
Iranian Women and Gender
Relations in Los Angeles
NAYEREH TOHIDI
In California, the popular face of immigration tends to be either Latin American or
Asian, but large numbers of immigrants who come from other regions in the world,
especially the Near East, have been quietly reshaping California demography. In this
study, Nayereh Tohidi focuses on the Iranians who have come to Los Angeles in the
wake of the 1979 Iranian revolution, largely middle- and upper-middle-class Tehrani-
ans who have fled the repressive policies of the current post-Shah, fundamentalist
regime. But American freedoms have offered particular challenges to Iranian immi-
grants, especially women, who tend to have "more egalitarian views of marital roles
than Iranian men," in Tohidi's words, a "discrepancy" that has led to "new conflicts
between the sexes." Thus, Iranian women immigrants are at once freer than their
sisters in Iran, more conflicted, and more in need of a "new identity acceptable to
their ethnic community and appropriate to the realities of their host country." Tohidi
is an associate professor of women's studies at California State University, Northridge.
She directs a new program in Islamic Community Studies at CSUN and is also a re-
search associate at the Center for Near Eastern Studies at the University of Califor-
nia, Los Angeles. Tohidi's publications include Feminism, Democracy, and Islamism in
Iran (1996), Women in Muslim Societies: Diversity within Unity (1998), and Global-
ization, Gender, and Religion: The Politics of Women's Rights in Catholic and Muslim
Contexts (2001).
I mmigration is a major life change, and the process of adapting to a newsociety can be extremely stressful, especially when the new environ-
ment is drastically different from the old. There is evidence that the im-
pact of migration on women and their roles differs from the impact of
the same process on men (Espin 1987; Salgado de Snyder 1987). The mi-
gration literature is not conclusive, however, about whether the overall
effect is positive or negative. Despite all the trauma and stress associated
with migration, some people perceive it as emancipatory, especially for
women coming from environments where adherence to traditional gen-
der roles is of primary importance. As [one researcher] said, "When the
traditional organization of society breaks down as a result of contact and
collision .. . the effect is, so to speak, to emancipate the individual man.
Energies that were formerly controlled by custom and tradition are re-
leased" (Furio 1979, 18).
My own observations of Iranians in Los Angeles over the past eight
years, as well as survey research I carried out in 1990,1 reveal that Iranian
1 This article draws on a survey of a sample of 134 Iranian immigrants in Los Angeles, 83
females and 51 males, and on interviews with a smaller sample of women and men.
149
1 50 The Great Migration: Immigrants in California History
women immigrants in Los Angeles are a homogeneou.
IRB HANDBOOK
IRB A-Z Handbook
Effective September 16, 2013
Capella University
225 South Sixth Street, Ninth Floor
Minneapolis, MN 55402
1
IRB HANDBOOK
Table of Contents
Introduction to the IRB A to Z Handbook ................................................................................ 3
Preparation for IRB Review ...................................................................................................... 4
Developing a Human Research Protection Plan 5
Documenting the Plan in Your IRB Submission Materials 5
Determining Submission Requirements ......................................................................... 5
Selecting the IRB Application 6
Selecting the Informed Consent or Assent Form Templates 7
Identifying Instrument Requirement(s) 8
Identifying Other Supporting Documents 8
Completing Application Forms, Letters, and Templates .................................................... 8
Completing the IRB Application 9
Drafting the Informed Consent or Assent Form(s) 10
Drafting the Recruitment Material(s) 10
Obtaining Research Site Permissions 10
What if I can’t get permission before IRB review? 11
Assessing and Revising Submission Materials ............................................................... 12
Assessing IRB Submission Materials 12
Revising IRB Submission Materials 12
IRB Submission and Review .................................................................................................. 13
Submitting Your IRB Application ................................................................................. 13
Registering and Activating an Account 13
Starting an application 13
Sending your application to your mentor 14
Completing IRB Office Screening Process .................................................................... 14
Undergoing IRB Review ............................................................................................. 15
Introduction to the Levels of Review 15
Receiving the IRB Decision Letter 16
IRB Decisions 16
Revising Your Study in Response to IRB Decision 17
Obtaining IRB Approval or Exemption ......................................................................... 18
Reviewing the IRB Approval Letter 19
Post-IRB Approval Procedures .............................................................................................. 20
Ensuring Ongoing Compliance .................................................................................... 20
Requesting Modifications to IRB-approved Studies........................................................ 20
Submitting a Modification Request Package ................................................................. 20
Implementing the Modification 21
Undergoing Continuing Review ................................................................................... 21
Submitting a Continuing Review Package 21
Reporting Adverse Events or Unanticipated Problems .....
IQuiz # II-Emerson QuizGeneral For Emerson, truth (or.docxmariuse18nolet
I
Quiz # II-Emerson Quiz
General: For Emerson, truth (or Spirit) is indwelling in the Universe, expressed through
nature and man and perceived through Reason (or Intuition) rather than just
understanding (reason, logic). All things are potentially microcosms, containing the
germs of all Truth, and so are not to be read as logical arguments
Here are some quotes from "Self Reliance," Choose one and explain what Emerson
means in your own words in 500 words. Due at our next meeting-Oct. 31, 2013
1. "Speak your latent conviction, and it shall be the universal sense"
2. We but half express ourselves, and are ashamed of that divine idea which each of
us represents."
3. "Society everywhere is in conspiracy against the manhood of everyone of its
members."
4. "Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind."
5. "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin oflittle minds, [famous Emersonism]
adored by little statements and philosophers and divines. With consistency a
great soul has simply nothing to do."
6. "The centuries are conspirators against the sanity and authority of the soul."
7. "Life only avails, not the having lived. Power ceases in the instant of repose."
[another famous Emersonism]
8. "Just as men's prayers are a disease of the will, so are their creeds a disease of the
intellect. "
9. 10. "In the Will work and acquire, and thou has chained the wheel of Chance, and
shalt sit thereafter out of fear from her rotations .... Nothing can bring you peace
but yourself." .
------ --
.
This document provides a summary of the Python 2 For Beginners Only document in 3 sentences:
The document is a beginner's guide to Python programming derived from Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist and is released under the GNU Free Documentation License to allow copying, distribution, and modification of the document. It includes information on copyright and permissions for copying and distributing the document. The GNU Free Documentation License is designed to make manuals and documents free to copy, distribute, and modify while allowing authors and publishers to get credit for their work.
Iranian Journal of Military Medicine Spring 2011, Volume 13, .docxmariuse18nolet
Iranian Journal of Military Medicine Spring 2011, Volume 13, Issue 1; 11-16
* Correspondence; Email: [email protected] Received 2010/09/08; Accepted 2010/12/14
Personality traits, management styles & conflict management in a
military unit
Salimi S. H.
1
PhD, Karaminia R.
2
PhD, Esmaeili A. A.
*
MSc
*
Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
1
Sport Physiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
2
Department of Clinical Psychology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Aims: Personality of managers affects their managerial style and their conflict management method. This study was
performed with the aim of investigating the relation between personality traits, leadership styles and conflict management
methods in a military unit.
Methods: This cross-sectional correlation study was performed on 200 senior managers of a military unit in Qom who were
selected by available sampling method. The leadership style was investigated by leadership styles questionnaire and
managers’ personality traits were investigated by NEO questionnaire and their conflict management method was studied by
Robbins questionnaire. Data was analyzed by SPSS 16 using descriptive and inferential statistical methods.
Results: The benevolence-consolatory imperative leadership style was the most frequent style (65.5%) and compatible
personality was the most observed characteristic (19.5%). The extrovert personality had positive relation with participatory
management style. There was a significant positive relationship between the extrovert personality and management style
score. In addition, there was a significant positive relationship between neuroticism and incompatible style.
Conclusion: The benevolence-consolatory imperative leadership style is the most frequent style and compatible personality
is the most observed characteristic among the studied unit’s senior managers. There is a significant positive relationship
between solution-seeking and controller methods of managing conflict and management style score and there is a significant
negative relationship between neuroticism and management style score.
Keywords: Personal Traits, Management Styles, Conflict Management, NEO Questionnaire
Introduction
In the current era, understanding the personality of
individuals is necessary in many situations of life.
Managers' personality is effective in the process and
choice of conflict resolution method and management
style. Research shows that there is a significant
correlation between personality traits and style of
conflict management. An indifferent or impassive
manager passes the issue and ignores it, while another
manager shows serious reactions [1]. Therefore, for
achieving organizational go.
IoT References:
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-to-secure-your-iot-devices-from-botnets-and-other-threats/
https://www.peerbits.com/blog/biggest-iot-security-challenges.html
https://www.bankinfosecurity.asia/securing-iot-devices-challenges-a-11138
https://www.sumologic.com/blog/iot-security/
https://news.ihsmarkit.com/press-release/number-connected-iot-devices-will-surge-125-billion-2030-ihs-markit-says
https://cdn.ihs.com/www/pdf/IoT_ebook.pdf
https://go.armis.com/hubfs/Buyers%E2%80%99%20Guide%20to%20IoT%20Security%20-Final.pdf
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/smart-farming-how-iot-robotics-and-ai-are-tackling-one-of-the-biggest-problems-of-the-century/
Video Resources:What is the Internet of Things (IoT) and how can we secure it?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_X6IP1-NDc
What is the problem with IoT security? - Gary explains
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3yrk4TaIQQ
Final Research Project - Securing IoT Devices: What are the Challenges?
Internet security, in general, is a challenge that we have been dealing with for decades. It is a regular topic of discussion and concern, but a relatively new segment of internet security is getting most attention—internet of things (IoT). So why is internet of things security so important?
The high growth rate of IoT should get the attention of cybersecurity professionals. The rate at which new technology goes to market is inversely proportional to the amount of security that gets designed into the product. According to IHS Markit, “The number of connected IoT devices worldwide will jump 12 percent on average annually, from nearly 27 billion in 2017 to 125 billion in 2030.”
IoT devices are quite a bit different from other internet-connected devices such as laptops and servers. They are designed with a single purpose in mind, usually running minimal software with minimal resources to serve that purpose. Adding the capability to run and update security software is often not taken into consideration.
Due to the lack of security integrated into IoT devices, they present significant risks that must be addressed. IoT security is the practice of understanding and mitigating these risks. Let’s consider the challenges of IoT security and how we can address them.
Some security practitioners suggest that key IoT security steps include:
1. Make people aware that there is a threat to security;
2. Design a technical solution to reduce security vulnerabilities;
3. Align the legal and regulatory frameworks; and
4. Develop a workforce with the skills to handle IoT security.
Final Assignment - Project Plan (Deliverables):
1) Address each of the FOURIoT security steps listed above in terms of IoT devices.
2) Explain in detail, in a step-by-step guide, how to make people more aware of the problems associated with the use of IoT devices.
Bottom of Form
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Personal data breaches and securing IoT devices
· By Damon Culbert (2019)
The Internet of Things (IoT) is taking the world b.
IP Subnet Design Project- ONLY QUALITY ASSIGNMENTS AND 0 PLAG.docxmariuse18nolet
The document summarizes Anthony Lewis's book "Gideon's Trumpet", which details Clarence Earl Gideon's struggle for justice and freedom. Gideon, an indigent man accused of a crime, demanded counsel be appointed to him but was denied. He took his case to the Supreme Court, arguing this violated his civil rights. Ultimately, the Court ruled in Gideon's favor, establishing the precedent that states must provide legal counsel to criminal defendants who cannot afford private attorneys. The book examines Gideon's case and its impact in establishing this important civil liberty. It demonstrates how even a poor individual can challenge unjust laws and effect meaningful change through the legal system.
Iran:
Ayatollah
Theocracy
Twelver Shiism
Vilayat-e Faghih (jurist's guardianship)
Imam
Shari’a
Dual Society
Constitutional Revolution
White Revolution
Islamic Revolution
Iranian Revolutionary Guard (Pasdaran)
Rentier state
Resource curse
Maslahat
Green Movement
reformers vs. conservatives
Majmu’eh (Society of the Militant Clergy) vs. Jam’eh (Association of the Militant Clergy)
Iman Jum'ehs
Hojjat al-Islams
Powers and roles of Guardian Council, Supreme Leader, Majles, President, Expediency Council and Assembly of Religious Experts
1. Discuss the source of the legitimacy problem associated with “earthly” regimes in Shia Islam prior to Khomeini’s book, Vilayat-e Faghih. How does Khomeini’s revision of this allow for the establishment of a theocracy within this country?
2. Describe in detail how Iran combines theocracy with democracy in its governmental system. Assess the relative balance between these two forces.
3. What are some of the ways in which the oil industry has advanced or distorted development in Iran?
4. List the steps in the electoral process used to elect the Iranian president. What is considered to be the main obstacle to fair elections in Iran?
5. What are the powers and limitations of Iran’s parliament?
6. What are the most important political challenges that now face Iran?
Mexico:
Mestizo
Ejidos
maquiladoras
import substituting industrialization (ISI)
parastatal
clientelism
state capitalism
Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)
National Action Party (PAN)
Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD)
NAFTA
el dedazo
sexenio
amparos
1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act
Corporatist state
Anticlericalism
Porfiriato
Accommodation
1. What is the PRI? Describe how it has traditionally dominated the Mexican political system. List the other main political parties and briefly discuss their general platforms and typical supporters.
2. Describe the process of el dedazo. Describe two reasons why this process is no longer utilized in Mexico.
3. Mexico’s political system was traditionally characterized as a “hyper-presidential” system. What formed the basis for this characterization? Is this characterization still true? (Make sure to support your argument here.)
4. Are state institutions like the military and the judiciary truly independent of the executive branch of government? In what ways have these institutions promoted or hindered the growth of democracy in recent years?
5. What are the power bases of the main political parties in Mexican politics? What factors made it possible for the PAN to unseat the long-dominant PRI in 2000? What accounts for the continuing viability of the PRI as a political force?
6. What challenges does the process of globalization pose to Mexican’s strong sense of national identity?
.
ipopulation monitoring in radiation emergencies a gui.docxmariuse18nolet
i
population monitoring in radiation emergencies: a guide for state and local public health planners
Developed by the
Radiation Studies Branch
Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects
National Center for Environmental Health
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
August 2007
PREDECiSioNal DRaft
this planning guide is provided as a predecisional draft. Please send your comments
and suggestions to the Radiation Studies Branch at CDC via e-mail ([email protected])
or mail them to:
Radiation Studies Branch
Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects
National Center for Environmental Health
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1600 Clifton Rd, NE (MS-E39)
atlanta, Ga 30333
Electronic copies of this document can be downloaded from
http://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/pdf/population-monitoring-guide.pdf
population monitoring in radiation emergencies:
a guide for state and local public health planners
ii
population monitoring in radiation emergencies: a guide for state and local public health planners
acknowledgments
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) thanks the many individuals and
organizations that provided input to this document, including the office of the Secretary,
Department of Health and Human Services, and the Population Monitoring interagency Working
Group.
Representatives from the following agencies and organizations participated in the CDC
roundtable on population monitoring on January 11–12, 2005, and many provided comments on
initial drafts of this document:
American Red Cross (ARC)
Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute (AFRRI)
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO)
Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors, Inc. (CRCPD)
Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE)
Columbia University, Center for International Earth Science Information Network
Pennsylvania State University, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center
Indian Health Services
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO)
New York City Dept. of Health and Mental Hygiene
Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE)
State of Arkansas Department of Health
State of California Department of Public Health
State of Georgia Division of Public Health, Emergency Medical Services (EMS)
State of Illinois Emergency Management Agency (IEMA)
State of Iowa Hygienic Laboratory Department of Health
State of Maine Health and Environmental Testing Laboratory
State of Washington Department of Health
Texas A&M University, Department of Nuclear Engineering
University of Alabama-Birmingham, School of Public Health
University of Georgia, Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication
University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Radiology
iii
population monitoring in radiation emergen.
In Innovation as Usual How to Help Your People Bring Great Ideas .docxmariuse18nolet
In Innovation as Usual: How to Help Your People Bring Great Ideas to Life (2013), Miller and Wedell-Wedellsborg discuss the importance of establishing systems within organizations that promote not only the creativity that results in innovation, but also make it possible for employees to bring innovative ideas to fruition. Miller and Wedell-Wedellsborg argue that a leader’s primary job “is not to innovate; it is to become an innovation architect, creating a work environment that helps . . . people engage in the key innovation behaviors as part of their daily work” (p. 4). Such a work environment must be reinforced by innovation architecture—the structures within an organization that support an innovation, from the brainstorming phase to final realization. The more well developed the architecture and the simpler the processes involved, the more likely employees are to be innovators.
For this assignment, you will research the innovation architecture of at least three companies that are well-known for successfully supporting a culture of innovation. Write a 1,500-word paper that addresses the following:
1. What particular elements of each organization’s culture, processes, and management systems and styles work well to support innovation?
2. Why do you think these organizations have been able to capitalize on innovation and intrapreneurship while others have not?
3. Based on what you have learned, what processes and systems might actually stifle innovation and intrapreneurship?
4. Imagine yourself as an innovation architect. What structures or processes would you put in place to foster a culture of innovation within your own organization?
Include in-text citations to at least four reputable secondary sources (such as trade journals, academic journals, and professional or industry websites) in your paper.
.
Investor’s Business Daily – Investors.comBloomberg Business – Blo.docxmariuse18nolet
Investor’s Business Daily – Investors.com
Bloomberg Business – Bloomberg.com
Bonds Online – Bondsonline.com
CBOE – CBOE.com
Yahoo Finance – Finance.Yahoo.com
SEC GOV EDGAR – sec.gov/edgar
Barron’s – barrons.com
CNBC – cnbc.com/pro
Treasury Direct – treasurydirect.gov
Goldman Sachs – goldmansachs.com
YouTube – Portfolio Management
Motley Fool
Morning Star – Morningstar.com
FI360 – fi360.com
Value Line – valueline.com
Earnings Cast – earningcast.com
WEEK 1
CHAPTER 1
DISCUSSION:
1. Briefly discuss each of the eight steps in the investment planning process. (p. 1)
2. Explain the importance of client assessment and capital markets assessment. (pp. 1-2)
3. Describe the three types of investments that can be included within a portfolio. (p. 2)
4. Discuss the importance of continuous monitoring of portfolios. (p. 3)
CHAPTER 2
DISCUSSION:
1. Describe some of the debt instruments that may be included in a money market fund and the nature of these type instruments. (p. 5)
2. Explain how an investor might manage interest rate risk through the use of CDs. (p. 7, item #8)
3. Briefly discuss the nature of fees associated with the purchase of CDs as they relate to (a) banking institutions and (b) brokerage firms. (p. 9)
CHAPTER 3
DISCUSSION:
1. Describe why a risk adverse investor would be inclined to favor a direct issue of Treasury Department over a corporate issue of similar length to maturity. (pp. 13-14)
2. Discuss the tax ramifications of purchasing a T-bill on the open market prior to its maturity. (pp. 14-15)
3. Briefly discuss, if all government securities with like maturites have the same risk/reward characteristics, WHY an investor might be selective in the type of security he purchases? (p. 16)
CHAPTER 4
DISCUSSION:
1. Explain the rationale behind why an investor might choose NOT to sell bonds. (pp.20-21)
2. Discuss how interest income is usually received and the tax ramifications to an investor who receives such income in a taxable account. (pp. 21-22)
3. Briefly explain what the affect of interest rate movements are on the price of corporate bonds, especially as it relates to their term to maturity. (p. 24)
Chapter 5
CHAPTER DISCUSSION:
1. Briefly discuss how a convertible security can offer a “floor” value below which an investor can protect his investment (pp. 27-28)
2. Explain why the rates offered by convertible securities are generally lower than those available on nonconvertible issues of similar quality (p. 29)
3. Tell how profits and losses on a preferred stock are treated (p. 29)
4. Discuss the major advantages of an investor who buys a “stock purchase warrant” and a nonconvertible bond (pp. 27-28)
CHAPTER 6
DISCUSSION:
1. Distinguish between the three types of municipal bonds presented in the introduction, and decide when investors might find these financial instruments to be a useful “tool” in their portfolios (p. 35)
2. Explain why a risk averse investor might prefer investing in a “general obligation’ bond, rather th.
Invitation to Public Speaking, Fifth EditionChapter 8 Introdu.docxmariuse18nolet
Invitation to Public Speaking, Fifth Edition
Chapter 8: Introductions and Conclusions
By Cindy L. Griffin
elizabeth () - changed
elizabeth () - changed to reflect new chapter numbers
Introduction
The speaker’s first contact with the audience
Introductions are like first impressions:
Important
Lasting
elizabeth () - new slide
Introduction
Catch the audience’s attention
Reveal the topic to the audience
Establish credibility with the audience
Preview the speech for the audience
Prepare a Compelling Introduction
Ask a Question
Tell a story
Recite a quotation or a poem
Give a demonstration
Make an intriguing or startling statement
Prepare a Compelling Introduction
State importance of topic
Share expertise
State what’s to come
Tips for the Introduction
Look for introductory materials as you do your research
Prepare and practice the full introduction in detail
Be brief
Be creative
elizabeth () - modified to reflect subhead
Conclusions
The speaker’s final contact with the audience
The conclusion represents your last impression:
Lingers with your listeners long after your speech is over
elizabeth () - new slide
The Conclusion
Bring your speech to an end
Reinforce your thesis statement
Prepare a Compelling Conclusion
Summarize main points
Answer introductory question
Refer back to the introduction
Recite a quotation
Tips for the Conclusion
Look for concluding materials
Be creative
Be brief
Don’t leave the conclusion to chance
Speech Introduction and Conclusion
Watch Mike deliver a speech introduction and conclusion.
Discuss if and how Mike Piel met the objectives of a speech introduction and conclusion.
Ellen DeGeneres
Ellen Degeneres Commencement Speech
Listen to the first 2 minutes of Ellen DeGeneres and identify how she remains audience-centered
There is more to citing sources than merely the accurate transcription or recitation of someone’s words.
Invitation to Public Speaking, Fifth Edition
Chapter 7: Organizing and Outlining your Speech
By Cindy L. Griffin
elizabeth () - changed
elizabeth () - changed to correspond to new chapter numbers
Organize for Clarity
Organization: the systematic arrangement of ideas into a coherent whole, makes speeches listenable
Main Points
Main points; the most important, comprehensive ideas you address in your speech.
elizabeth () - new slide
Main Points
Identify main points
Use an appropriate number of main points
Order main points
Ordering Main Points
Chronological – Good for when the idea about which you are speaking extend over a period of time.
Spatial – An arrangement of ideas by location or direction.
Causal – A pattern that describes cause-and-effect relationships between ideas and events.
Problem-
Solution
– Identifies first a problem, then a solution.
Topical – Allows you to divide your topic into sub-topics and even sub-sub-topics.
Tips for Preparing Main Points
Keep each main point separate and distinc.
Invitation to the Life SpanRead chapters 13 and 14.Objectives.docxmariuse18nolet
Invitation to the Life Span
Read chapters 13 and 14.
Objectives:
Describe psychosocial changes in adulthood.
Describe and analyze personality theories that apply to adulthood.
Analyze the physical and cognitive changes that occur during late adulthood.
Adulthood and Late Adulthood
Introduction
The last module began an examination of adulthood. This module will finish the study of adulthood and begin a look at late adulthood.
Psychosocial Development in Adulthood
Erikson's seventh stage of generativity vs. stagnation occurs during this stage. Being generative means truly caring about the next generation (e.g., being a parent, teacher, coach, or conservationist) (Boeree, 2006b). The idea of a mid-life crisis has been a popular notion since the 1970s (see Berger's description of Levinson's research on page 459), but very little evidence for it exists. Modern personality theorists have backed off the word crisis, which implies a do-or-die decision point, and instead have started using terms like marker events, turning points, or passages (Sheehy, 1976).
Abraham Maslow created another prominent theory of personality development (examine his five stages of the hierarchy of needs in Berger, 2010, Figure 13.1, p. 457). The lowest level, physiological needs, must be satisfied first, followed by the others in ascending order. Because people spend so much time satisfying the four lowest needs, very few reach the highest stage of self-actualization, where people live up to their potential; at one point, Maslow estimated the percentage of self-actualizers to be around 2% (Boeree, 2006a). Numerous longitudinal studies have shown evidence of considerable stability and continuity in personality across the adult years (see Berger's discussion of Costa and McCrae's research).
Robert Havighurst (cited in Newman & Newman, 2010) states that adults in their 20s and 30s must face four developmental tasks. Tasks 1 and 2, marriage and childbearing, are affected by societal expectations (called the social clock). The probability of divorce hits its peak 2 to 4 years after marriage. Qualities for a successful marriage include similarity in personal characteristics, trust, sensitivity, and adjustment (including a mutually satisfying sexual relationship, economic factors, sleep patterns, food patterns, and toilet habits) (Kimmel, cited in Newman & Newman, 2010). Task 3 involves work, and includes four components: having technical skills, handling authority relationships, coping with unique demands of the job, and establishing and maintaining interpersonal relationships. Task 4 involves establishing a lifestyle that is compatible for both spouses (as well as dealing with constraints placed on the marriage by the children) (Newman & Newman, 2010).
For adults in their 40s and 50s, Havighurst (cited in Newman and Newman, 2010) discusses three crucial developmental tasks. Task 1 involves managing a household, including the following sub-tasks: 1) decision-making (about fina.
IOBOARD Week 2 Lab BPage 2 of 4Name _________________ Gr.docxmariuse18nolet
This document provides instructions for an ARM project to control LEDs on an I/O board from corresponding pushbuttons. The procedure involves setting up a While loop in LabVIEW to read input from the pushbuttons on the I/O board and write the corresponding output to light the LEDs. Data is read from the pushbuttons using one IOBOARD VI, passed to a second IOBOARD VI to write to the LEDs, with a half second delay in the loop. Running the VI allows testing to verify that pressing a pushbutton turns on its corresponding LED.
INVITATION TO Computer Science 1 1 Chapter 17 Making .docxmariuse18nolet
INVITATION TO
Computer Science 1 1
Chapter 17
Making Decisions about Computers,
Information, and Society
Objectives
After studying this chapter, students will be able to:
• Use ethical reasoning to evaluate social issues
related to computing
• Describe the viewpoints of music users and music
publishers about the issue of music file sharing
• Apply utilitarian arguments to ethical issues
• Explain the social tradeoffs involved in lawful
intercept laws and their opposition
• Explain the purpose of a dialectic process
• Use analogies to evaluate ethical issues
Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 2
Objectives (continued)
After studying this chapter, students will be able to:
• Provide arguments that support and oppose
hackers who claim to be performing a social good
• Perform deontological analysis of the duties and
responsibilities of parties in an ethical issue
• Describe cyberbullying and why legal remedies are
difficult to apply
• Explain the potential downsides of sexting for those
engaged in it
• Explain why information online may not be private
Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 3
Introduction
• Social and ethical issues related to information
technology are unavoidable
• Develop skills to reason about such issues
• Case studies introduce important ethical issues
– Describe arguments for and against certain positions
– Evaluate arguments in terms of ethics
Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 4
Case Studies
Case 1: The Story of MP3—Compression Codes,
Musicians, and Money
• MP3 standard for compressing sound developed in
1987
• Patented and worldwide by early 1990s
• Computer-based MP3 playback in 1997
• WinAmp application free on the Internet in 1998
• Users began transmitting and sharing MP3 music
• Napster file-sharing system developed, 1999
• Peer-to-peer file sharing:
– Software introduces users to each other
– Sharing happens directly between users
Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 5
Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 6
Case Studies
Case 1: The Story of MP3—Compression Codes,
Musicians, and Money (continued)
• Recording companies filed suit against Napster,
1999
• Lawsuit claimed Napster was a conspiracy to
encourage mass infringement of copyright
• Facts:
– Most shared music was copyrighted
– Many artists opposed sharing---no revenue for them
– Some artists supported sharing
Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 7
Case Studies
Case 1: The Story of MP3—Compression Codes,
Musicians, and Money (continued)
• Napster claims:
– Napster was just a “common carrier”
– Napster reported song locations, was not involved in
actual sharing
– They were not responsible for users’ behaviors
– Swapping files this was should be “fair use” under
copyright law
• Napster lost the case and appeals, and closed in
2001
Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 8
C.
Investment Analysis & Portfolio Management AD 717 OLHomework E.docxmariuse18nolet
Investment Analysis & Portfolio Management
AD 717 OL
Homework Exercise 7 - Derivatives
1) On June 21, 2011, the GE’s stock closed at $18.81 per share. The accompanying table lists the prices for GE’s exchange-traded options. Using this data, calculate the payoff and the profit for each of the following September expiration options, assuming that at the September expiration the value of the stock was $17.72.
a) Call option X = $17
b) Put option x = $17
c) Call option x = $19
d) Put option x = $19
e) Call option x = $15
f) Put option x = $21
2. It is mid July. You believe that Walmart stock which is currently priced at $53.00 will appreciate significantly over the next several months. A long-term equity call option (LEAPS) with an expiry in mid January and a strike price of $52.50 is available at a price of $2.50. You have $10,600 to invest. You consider 4 alternatives:
a) Use your entire amount of funds to buy the stock outright
b) Use the entire amount to purchase the stock on margin. Assume that the minimum margin requirement is 50% and that you will pay 7% (annually) on borrowed funds.
c) Use the entire amount of funds to buy LEAPS call options with the January expiry date.
d) Buy options for 200 shares and use the rest of the money to buy government bills paying 1% per year. (hence figure on 6 months of interest).
For simplicity ignore any brokerage charges Calculate the net gain or loss from each strategy as of mid January assuming that the price of stock is:
Gain / Loss from Investment in Walmart
Investment Strategy
Stock Price in Mid January
$45
$50
$55
$60
Stock Outright
Stock on Margin
All Options
Options & Bills
3) One of the financial instruments that attracted so much hostile fire in the analysis of the recent financial crisis were “Synthetic Collateralized Debt Obligations” (synthetic cdos) which used “synthetic debt” as its collateral. Describe how you could use a combination of risk free investments and derivatives to create the same pay-off / risk profile as if you were holding a corporate bond, say for IBM. Explain how the pay-off / risk profile is the same (a) if the company remains afloat and pays all of its debt obligations on time or (b) if the company defaults on its debt obligations.
4) A stock is currently priced at $50. The risk free interest rate is 10% per year. What is the value of a call option on the stock with a strike price of $45 due in one year?
a) Using the Binomial valuation approach, assume that at the end of one year the value of the stock could either have increased to $60 or decreased to $40.
b) Using the Black-Scholes model, assume that the annual volatility (standard deviation) of the stock price is 25%.
5) On June 29, 2010 the S&P 500 stood at 1308.44. The one year futures price on the index was 1278.7. The 1 year risk free rate was 0.238%. Using the Spot-Futures Parity relationship, calculate the annualized expected.
Investment BAFI 1042 Kevin Dorr 3195598 GOODMAN .docxmariuse18nolet
Investment BAFI 1042
Kevin Dorr 3195598
GOODMAN FIELDER LIMITED (GFF)
COMPANY VALUATION REPORT
1
GOODMAN FIELDER
LIMITED
COMPANY VALUATION REPORT
Scope
• The report looks at all publicly available data about the company via
the annual reports and publications
• An analyses of the company’s weakness and strength has been
conducted with detailed look at the fundamentals impacting the company
• The report outlines the ratios in relation to probability, return on
equity, using several modelling techniques
• There are charts and information used form the cash flow statement,
balance sheet and historical data sourced from the ASX
• The analysis of the company is compared to its competitors, industry,
sector and market it operates in.
• The report looks at stock price movement and all assumptions are
made available and are explained.
• Expert opinion and copyrighted material is used in the report and has
been appropriately
referenced.
REPORT
OUTLINE
This report attempt to
provide an analytical
evaluation of
Goodman fielder,
every attempt has
been made to make all
data accessible and
complete. This report
contains financial data,
historical analysis,
forecasts and
estimates based on
best available and
most up to date
information. The aim is
for the reader to be
able to make an
informed decision
about the fair value of
GFF stock and
compare it to GFF
peers in the industry. It
should give reader the
ability to form an
opinion on Goodman
fielder as an
investment based on
financial information
analytics.
2
Executive summary
Goodman fielder is one of the largest producers of food in Australia and it supplies product in many categories,
however it is first or second in every food category it participates in. It owns brands such as such as Nature's
Fresh, Helga's, Praise, Wonder White, Quality Bakers, White Wings, and Meadow Lea with offerings in consumer
brands such as Fresh milk, Meadow White Wings cake mixes, Praise salad dressings, and Leaning Tower frozen
pizza (Yahoo Finance 2012). It reaches over 30000 outlets in and around Australia. There are several major
shareholders of the company such as J. P. Morgan Nominees Australia Limited which owns 19%, HSBC Custody
Nominees (Australia) Limited that owns 17% and National Nominees Limited the owners of 22% of the
company(ASX 2012.)
On 19 August 2011 Goodman Fielder announced a net loss of $166.7 million for the year ended 30 June 2011,
this was attributable to a non-cash impairment charge of $300 million. Revenues from ordinary activities were
$2.56 billion, which is down 3.9% from the year before The New CEO of Goodman Fielder Limited Chris Delaney
is going to implement a strategic review which is focused on improving the performance of the company. There
are significant opportunities to increase efficiency, improve supply chain structure and inno.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and He.docx
1. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and
Health:
An Introduction for Rehabilitation Psychologists
David B. Peterson
Illinois Institute of Technology
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and
Health (ICF) represents a new way for
rehabilitation psychologists and other health care providers to
classify health and functioning. The ICF
classifies functioning and disability through the constructs of
Body Functions and Structures and
Activities and Participation and addresses contextual influences
through Environmental and Personal
Factors. The ICF and its companion classification, the
International Statistical Classification of Diseases
and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, provide a
complementary, broad, and meaningful picture
of the health of an individual or of entire populations. Research
and clinical implementation efforts
suggest that the ICF is a useful and meaningful public health
tool. The development of the ICF and its
universe and scope of application are reviewed. Critical
concepts are defined, the structure of the ICF is
illustrated, and clinical–research utility are featured in light of
the ethical considerations for responsible
use by rehabilitation psychologists.
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and
Health (ICF; World Health Organization [WHO], 2001) was en-
dorsed by the 54th World Health Assembly for international use
2. on
May 22, 2001. Given its focus on health, disability, and
function-
ing, the ICF is an important and relevant development in
rehabil-
itation psychology practice. This article orients rehabilitation
psy-
chologists to the ICF so they can apply it to research and
practice.
The structure of the ICF is described, and important concepts
are
defined. Reviewed are related research, clinical applications,
and
ethical considerations associated with the use of the ICF in
reha-
bilitation psychology and general clinical practice.
The ICF is intended to be used with its companion
classification,
the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and
Related
Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10; WHO, 1992). There
is
some overlap between the ICF and the ICD-10 in that they both
classify impairments in various body systems. However, the
ICD-10 provides an etiological classification of health
conditions
(e.g., diseases, disorders, injuries), whereas the ICF offers a
frame-
work for conceptualizing functioning and disability associated
with health conditions. Disease may manifest itself differently
in
two individuals, and similar functioning does not necessarily
imply
similar health conditions. Thus, together the ICD-10 and the
3. ICF
yield a complementary, broad, and meaningful picture of the
health of an individual or of entire populations. Health
outcomes
data gleaned from the ICF can be used in tandem with ICD-10
mortality data to monitor the health of international
populations,
allowing a much broader picture of public health to emerge than
either alone could permit. For a comprehensive review of other
health status measures, the reader is referred to Stucki, Ewert,
and
Cieza (2003).
Overview of the ICF
The WHO followed several principles in developing the ICF.
The classification needed to contain a culturally meaningful
order
of categories that relied on consensus from potential
stakeholders,
including people with disabilities; professionals in health care
service delivery; insurance, social security, and other
entitlement
programs; labor, education, economics, and social policy
develop-
ment; and allied corporate entities. The different languages in
the
international community had to be respected, and the ICF had to
be
attractive to its users and subsequently to management and poli-
cymakers so they would support using the ICF. Finally, the ICF
needed to have continuity with and complement classification
systems already in place (WHO, 2001).
The chapters that comprise the ICF may appear numerous at
first
4. blush, perhaps even unwieldy. However, on achieving
familiarity
with the basic structure of the ICF, one can search purposefully
for
information related to health and functioning in different
domains.
Using the ICF is similar to using an encyclopedia, as it is not
necessary or practical to read either cover to cover; rather, one
engages in a guided search for specific information. An
alphabet-
ical index is available in the hard-copy version of the ICF. To
facilitate quick and easy classification, the WHO developed an
online version of the ICF that is searchable through the ICF
Browser (WHO, 2001), as well as a CD-ROM electronic media
version that is also searchable on any personal or laptop
computer
I was a U.S. participant, among participants from 65 countries,
in the
revision process for the International Classification of
Impairments, Dis-
abilities and Handicaps, now the International Classification of
Function-
ing, Disability and Health (ICF). I also participated in the alpha
drafting
team for the American Psychological Association–World Health
Organi-
zation Procedural Manual and Guide for a Standardized
Application of the
ICF: A Manual for Health Professionals. Further information on
the ICF
can be found on the Internet at www.who.int/classification/icf.
Thanks to Robert Glueckauf for guidance on the organization of
this
article.
5. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to
David B.
Peterson, PhD, Institute of Psychology, Illinois Institute of
Technology,
3101 South Dearborn Street, 252 Life Sciences Building,
Chicago, IL
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Rehabilitation Psychology
2005, Vol. 50, No. 2, 105–112
Copyright 2005 by the Educational Publishing Foundation
0090-5550/05/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0090-5550.50.2.105
105
with a CD-ROM drive. Other computer-based adjuncts to the
ICF
will likely be developed to facilitate its use.
Defining Concepts
The ICF is based on an integration of the medical and social
models of disability, addressing the biological, individual, and
societal perspectives of health in a biopsychosocial approach.
From a disability rights activist perspective, the ICF’s
interactive
model complements the social model (disability being an
interac-
tion among impairment, functioning, and environment) and can
be
used to describe how environmental factors are key to
understand-
ing disability and how advocacy occurs through social change
6. (Hurst, 2003). The ICF defines health in terms of the universe
of
well-being, composed of health domains of well-being, or those
areas of functioning that are a focus of health care professionals
(e.g., seeing, hearing, speaking, walking), and other domains of
well-being that are not typically a focus of health care systems
(e.g., education, employment, social interactions).
It is important to note that the following terms used in the ICF
are capitalized to distinguish them from their lay use (Threats &
Worrall, 2004). Health refers to components of health (e.g.,
seeing,
remembering, learning) and health-related components of well-
being (e.g., labor, education, transportation). Functioning is an
inclusive term covering all body functions, activities, and
partici-
pation in society.
Etiology of dysfunction is not the focus of the ICF; that is the
province of the ICD-10. Impairments do not necessarily imply
the
presence of a disorder or disease but “represent a deviation
from
certain generally accepted population standards” of functioning
(WHO, 2001, p. 12). Impairments are manifestations of
dysfunc-
tion in the body structures or functions, differentiated from the
underlying pathology itself. Determination of impairment is
made
by “those qualified to judge physical and mental functioning
according to these standards” (WHO, 2001, p. 12). Disability,
then, refers to any impairments, activity limitations, or
participa-
tion restrictions or to “the outcome or result of a complex rela-
tionship between an individual’s health condition and personal
7. factors, and of the external factors that represent the
circumstances
in which the individual lives” (WHO, 2001, p. 17). Both
function-
ing and disability are conceptualized within the dynamic
interac-
tion between health conditions and contextual factors.
The model of functioning and disability proposed in the ICF
classification suggests dynamic and reciprocal relations among
the
various components that comprise the classification within the
context of environmental and personal factors. Figure 1 is a
heu-
ristic depiction of the components and interactions that can be
used
to describe the relation between disability and functioning, or
the
conceptual framework of the ICF. The WHO (2001) admitted
that
this model is likely incomplete and only one of many possible.
Domains within the ICF are practical and meaningful sets of
related physiological functions (including psychological
function-
ing), anatomical structures, actions, tasks, or areas of life, de-
scribed from the body, individual, and societal perspectives,
which
make up the different chapters and blocks within each
component
of the ICF. Categories within the domains contain the classes
and
subclasses related to the actual units of classification and are
recorded by selecting an appropriate category code or codes.
Essential attributes of the domains (e.g., qualities, properties,
re-
8. lationships) are defined by inclusions and exclusions, making
the
codes mutually exclusive. The classes and subclasses reflect the
various levels of the hierarchical order of the ICF, with more
basic
levels encompassing all aspects of more detailed levels.
Universe and Scope of the ICF
The ICF addresses functioning that is primarily a focus of
health
care systems but encourages flexibility in its application to
differ-
ent conceptualizations of health and health-related elements.
The
ICF does not classify people, as many diagnostic systems do;
rather, it describes the situation of the person being evaluated
within an array of health or health-related domains. In addition,
the
person’s situation is classified within the context of
Environmental
and Personal Factors. Although the ICF classifies all aspects of
Figure 1. Interaction between components of the International
Classification of Functioning, Disability and
Health. From International Classification of Functioning,
Disability and Health (p. 18), by the World Health
Organization, 2001, Geneva, Switzerland: Author. Copyright
2001 by the World Health Organization. Reprinted
with permission.
106 PETERSON
human health and some health-related components of well-
9. being,
it does not currently classify circumstances determined by
socio-
economic factors, such as race, gender, religion, or culture, that
may limit full participation in society for reasons that are not
health related. However, the conceptual framework uses a
Personal
Factors component to highlight the need to consider complex
social circumstances that presently defy classification in
practice
and research (see Ueda & Okawa, 2003).
The ICF was designed to classify not only limitations in func-
tioning but also positive experiences for all body functions,
activ-
ities, and participation in the environment. Examples of positive
experiences include communicating, tending to personal
hygiene,
working, and studying. In summary, the ICF portrays health as a
dynamic interaction between an individual’s functioning and
dis-
ability within a given context.
Structure of the ICF
As reflected in the underlying conceptual framework of the ICF
(see Figure 1), the core structure of the ICF consists of two
parts—(a) Functioning and Disability and (b) Contextual
Factors—
each of which has two components. Within Functioning and
Dis-
ability, the Body component consists of two classifications,
Body
Functions and Body Structures. Chapters within these two
classi-
fications are parallel and organized according to body systems.
10. The
Activities and Participation component of Functioning and Dis-
ability covers domains of functioning from both an individual
and
societal perspective. Components of functioning can be
expressed
either as nonproblematic functioning or as a disability (i.e., im-
pairment, activity limitation, or participation restriction).
The first part of the ICF is qualified through four separate but
related constructs. Body Functions and Structures are
interpreted
through changes in physiological systems or anatomical
structures,
and Activities and Participation is interpreted though Capacity
and
Performance. These constructs are defined through the use of
qualifiers, elaborated on later.
The second part of the ICF classification (Contextual Factors)
has two components. The first is Environmental Factors, or
factors
in the physical, social, or attitudinal world, ranging from the
immediate to more general environment. Environmental Factors
are qualified as either facilitating or hindering functioning. The
second component is Personal Factors, which, as mentioned ear-
lier, is not currently classified.
The categories of function for a given domain begin at a more
general level and expand to levels of greater detail to enhance
classificatory precision. The one-level classification (illustrated
in
Table 1) of the ICF expands on the core structure: (a) The Body
Functions component contains eight chapters that address
“phys-
11. iological functions of body systems (including psychological
func-
tions)” (WHO, 2001, p. 12); (b) the Body Structures component
(eight chapters) parallels the Body Functions component,
dealing
with “anatomical parts of the body such as organs, limbs, and
their
components” (WHO, 2001, p. 12); (c) the Activities and Partici-
pation component (nine chapters) addresses “the execution of a
task or action by an individual” and “involvement in a life
situa-
tion” (WHO, 2001, p. 14), respectively; and (d) the
Environmental
Factors component contains five chapters focusing on “the
phys-
ical, social, and attitudinal environment in which people live
and
conduct their lives” (WHO, 2001, p. 171), organized from the
immediate to more general environment.
The two-level classification lists specific chapter headings and
the first branching level of the ICF. Alphanumeric codes begin
with a letter (b for Body Functions, s for Body Structures, d for
Table 1
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and
Health (ICF): One-Level Classification
Chapter Body Functionsa Body Structuresb Activities and
Participationc Environmental Factorsd
1 Mental functions Structures of the nervous system Learning
and applying
knowledge
Products and technology
12. 2 Sensory functions and pain The eye, ear, and related
structures General tasks and demands Natural environment and
human-made changes
to environment
3 Voice and speech functions Structures involved in voice and
speech
Communication Support and
relationships
4 Functions of the cardiovascular,
haematological,
immunological, and
respiratory systems
Structures of the cardiovascular,
immunological, and respiratory
systems
Mobility Attitudes
5 Functions of the digestive,
metabolic, and endocrine
systems
Structures related to the digestive,
metabolic, and endocrine
systems
Self-care Services, systems, and
policies
6 Genitourinary and reproductive
functions
13. Structures related to the
genitourinary and reproductive
systems
Domestic life
7 Neuromusculoskeletal and
movement-related functions
Structures related to movement Interpersonal interactions
and relationships
8 Functions of the skin and
related structures
Skin and related structures Major life areas
9 Community, social, and
civic life
Note. Chapter descriptions are broken down by ICF
components.
a Consists of eight chapters; the code letter is b. b Consists of
eight chapters; the code letter is s. c Consists of nine chapters;
the code letter is
d. d Consists of five chapters; the code letter is e.
107SPECIAL SECTION: INTERNATIONAL
CLASSIFICATION
Activities and Participation, and e for Environmental Factors)
and
then a three-digit numeric classification that indicates the
14. chapter
and specific categories within. For example, the classification
associated with the psychological function of attention is found
in
the first chapter of Body Functions (code begins with b) under
the
Specific Mental Function section, Attention Functions, or alpha-
numeric code b140.
Finally, the detailed classification with definitions lists all cat-
egories within the ICF along with their definitions, inclusions,
and
exclusions, providing greater levels of detail using four- and
five-
digit numeric codes. The level of classification implemented de-
pends on the clinical needs presented. Considering attention
func-
tions again, examples of level of detail include Sustaining
Attention (b1400), Shifting Attention (b1401), Dividing
Attention
(b1402), and Sharing Attention (b1403). Code groups also offer
an
“Other Specified” and “Unspecified Code” for functions not de-
tailed in the current classification.
Within components, as units of classification become more
detailed, there is the assumption that more detailed units share
the
attributes of the lesser detailed units that subsume them. For
example, Dividing Attention (b1402) shares the attributes of the
higher level of classification, Attention Functions (b140). More
than one category may be used to classify specific functioning
as
a situation warrants.
In summary, the ICF has two parts, each with two components.
15. Each component within the ICF consists of various domains
com-
posed of the categories that make up the actual units of classifi-
cation, representing the health and health-related state of an
indi-
vidual, all of which can be qualified in both positive and
negative
terms. The aforementioned units of classification are qualified
with
numeric codes that specify the magnitude or extent of disability
or
function in a given category and the extent to which an environ-
mental factor is a facilitator or a barrier (more thoroughly
reviewed
later). The first qualifier for Environmental Factors and Body
Functions and Structures and the qualifiers for Performance and
Capacity all describe the extent of problems for a given code
using
the same generic qualifier scale, with slight modifications
depend-
ing on the component (see Table 2).
There are two versions of the ICF: The full version provides all
four levels of classification detail, and the short version
provides
two levels of classification. Table 3 contains an overview of the
concepts discussed thus far.
Evolution of the ICF
A detailed summary of the development of the International
Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps
(ICIDH;
WHO, 1980), and the revision process leading to the publication
of
the ICF, can be found in Annex 7 of the ICF (WHO, 2001, pp.
16. 246 –249). Two special issues of Disability and Rehabilitation
(Volume 17 in 1995 and Volume 25 in 2003) were dedicated to
reviewing the development and application of the ICIDH and
subsequent ICF, to which readers may refer for detailed
accounts
of the ICF’s development (see Üstün, Chaterji, Bickenbach,
Kas-
tanjsek, & Schnieder, 2003).
Between 1993 and 2000, the ICIDH developed through inter-
national participation in a systematic revision process and
exten-
sive field testing. Health professionals from many disciplines,
researchers, members of government, and, most importantly,
peo-
ple with disabilities contributed to the revision process.
Revisions
over time were designed to reflect changes in disability policy
development and reforms of health care systems internationally.
Translation and linguistic evaluation involved the translation of
the
Beta-2 draft of the ICIDH (ICIDH-2; WHO, 1999) into 15 lan-
guages (6 were in the short-form only). Since then, over 12
other
language translations have been in process.
Revision and Field Testing
The ICF in its current iteration was developed through a process
of international consensus building, including 652 individuals
from 18 countries over a 7-year period. The ICIDH-2 was field
tested for cross-cultural applicability in over 50 countries at
vari-
ous centers, nongovernmental and intergovernmental organiza-
tions affiliated with the United Nations, and among more than
1,800 scientists, clinicians, persons with disabilities, and other
17. experts (WHO, 2001). Feasibility and reliability of case evalua-
tions were tested during the beta-2 field trials of the ICIDH-2
involving 24 countries, 1,884 case evaluations, and 3,216
evalua-
tions of case summaries. The field trials showed that the
ICIDH-2
was a useful and meaningful public health tool but suggested
that
training was needed in its implementation, particularly in the
application of its conceptual framework.
As a member of the WHO’s Mental Health Task Force, the
American Psychological Association (APA) became involved in
the revision of the ICIDH-2 in 1995. The APA’s Practice Direc-
torate has worked closely with the WHO since then, and a
number
of Division 22 members have been very active in the Practice
Directorate’s efforts to further the development of the ICIDH-2
(Daw, 2002). Field trial activity subsequent to the publication
of
the ICF is reviewed in an article by Reed et al. (2005).
Research Utility
The ICF was created to serve several important purposes, the
most revolutionary of which was “to establish a common
language
for describing health and health related states in order to
improve
communication between different users, such as health care
work-
ers, researchers, policymakers, and the public, including people
with disabilities” (WHO, 2001, p. 5). The ICF provides the
basis
for a systematic coding scheme for global health information
systems. Data from these information systems can be used to
18. identify facilitators of and barriers to the full participation in
Table 2
Generic Qualifiers
Code Extent Qualitative descriptors Percentages
bxxx.0 No problem None, absent, negligible 0–4
bxxx.1 Mild problem Slight, low 5–24
bxxx.2 Moderate problem Medium, fair 25–49
bxxx.3 Severe problem High, extreme 50–95
bxxx.4 Complete problem Total 96–100
bxxx.8 Not specified
bxxx.9 Not applicable
Note. Qualitative descriptors refer to impairment, limitation,
restriction,
and/or barrier. Percentages are to be calibrated in different
domains with
reference to relevant population standards as percentiles.
“bxxx” stands for
a given International Classification of Functioning, Disability
and Health
classification code that precedes the qualifier.
108 PETERSON
society of people with disabilities. Subsequent research may
per-
mit comparison of data across countries, health care disciplines,
services, and time, contributing to an international database of
scientific knowledge of health and health-related states,
stimulat-
ing research on the consequences of health conditions.
19. Since the trial version was published in 1980, the ICF (ICIDH)
has been used as a(n)
1. statistical tool for population studies and in systems of
information management;
2. research tool to measure outcomes, environmental fac-
tors, and quality of life;
3. clinical tool in treatment planning, vocational assess-
ment, and rehabilitation outcome evaluation;
4. social policy tool for social security planning, compen-
sation systems development, and policy design and im-
plementation; and
5. educational tool in curriculum design and to raise aware-
ness and take social action (WHO, 2001, p. 5).
For an update of recent research developments since the
publica-
tion of the ICF, see Bruyère, Van Looy, and Peterson’s (2005)
review.
Clinical Utility
Advances in medical technology have resulted in tremendous
progress in the treatment of acute medical conditions, and
people
are living longer with chronic health conditions, thus increasing
the cost of medical care over the average person’s lifetime
(Peter-
son & Aguiar, 2004; Tarvydas, Peterson, & Michaelson, 2005).
In
response to increased costs, the managed-care industry has
20. forced
health professionals to extend their accountability to third-party
payers beyond traditional diagnostic procedures and labels, the
focus of traditional classification systems that do not precisely
describe functioning, disability, and states of health. The ICF
has
the potential to fill this classificatory gap in the health
professional
armament of classifications, and some believe it is only a matter
of
time before detailed functional assessment is required in most,
if
not all, managed-care contexts. Jerome Bickenbach, professor
and
Queen’s Research Chair at Queen’s University in Ontario,
Canada
(an internationally recognized expert on the nature of disability
and disability policy who was involved in the development of
the
ICF), suggested recently,
There are strong indications in many parts of the world,
including the
United States, that functional information will soon be required
of
clinicians by payers . . . in part because of a realization that
functional
status information is a far better predictor of health-system
usage than
diagnostic information. (as cited in Holloway, 2004, p. 32)
Diagnoses are necessary but not sufficient guides in providing
contemporary health care. A review of health care literature
sug-
gests that diagnoses alone do not predict well service needs
21. (Na-
tional Advisory Mental Health Council, 1993), length of
hospital-
ization (McCrone & Phelan, 1994), level of care needed (Burns,
1991), outcome of hospitalization (Rabinowitz, Modai, & Inbar-
Saban, 1994), receipt of disability benefits (Basset, Chase, Fol-
stein, & Regier, 1998; Massel, Liberman, Mintz, & Jacobs,
1990;
Segal & Choi, 1991), work performance (Gatchel, Polatin,
Mayer,
& Garcy, 1994; Massel et al., 1990), or social integration
(Ormel,
Oldehinkel, Brilman, & vanden Brink, 1993). Diagnostic
informa-
tion enhanced by descriptions of function may better predict
health
service utilization (Bassett & Folstein, 1991; Hoeper et al.,
1980;
Ormel et al., 1993; Regier, Burker, Manderscheid, & Burns,
1985;
Von Korff, Ormel, Katon, & Lin, 1992), improvement of func-
tioning after hospitalization (Rabinowitz et al., 1994), return to
work (Hlatky et al., 1986), work performance (Massel et al.,
1990),
Table 3
Overview of the International Classification of Functioning,
Disability and Health (ICF)
Structural element
Part 1: Functioning and Disability Part 2: Contextual Factors
Body Functions and Structures Activities and Participation
Environmental Factors Personal Factors
22. Domains Body Functions (including
psychological functioning)
Body Structures
Life areas (tasks, actions) External influences on
functioning and
disability
Internal influences on
functioning and
disability
Constructs Change in body function
(physiological)
Change in body structure
(anatomical)
Capacity: Executing tasks
in a standard
environment (“can do”)
Performance: Executing
tasks in the current
environment (“does do”)
Facilitating or
hindering impact of
features of the
physical, social, and
attitudinal world
Impact of attributes of
the person
23. Positive aspect Functioning
Functional and structural
integrity
Activities
Participation
Facilitators Not classified in the
ICF
Negative aspect Disability
Impairment
Activity limitation
Participation restriction
Barriers-hindrances Not classified in the
ICF
Note. Units of classification are situations, not people. The ICF
consists of a dynamic interaction between two parts (Parts 1 and
2 in the table). Each part
has two components (as listed in the table). Domains contain the
categories or units of classification for the ICF. Constructs are
defined through the use
of qualifiers that modify the extent or magnitude of function or
disability.
109SPECIAL SECTION: INTERNATIONAL
CLASSIFICATION
and recovery of social integration (Tate, Lulham, Broe,
Strettles, &
Pfaff, 1989). The ICF can be used to construct a useful profile
of
24. an individual’s functioning, disability, and health, which the
liter-
ature suggests may enhance health care service provision.
For example, consider an individual with a diagnosis of post-
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). According to the Diagnostic
and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text
Re-
vision (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), this person
may
experience a number (17) of characteristic symptoms, ranging
from difficulty falling asleep to a visceral reexperiencing of the
trauma-inducing event. The functional implications of these
symp-
toms may be quite different, and neither may be true of someone
with the diagnosis. Possible combinations of the 15 other
diagnos-
tic criteria of PTSD highlight that diagnostic information alone
is
of limited value without clear descriptions of functional impact
of
such a diagnosis. The ICF provides health care systems with a
common language to enhance diagnostic information with stan-
dard descriptions of health and health-related states and has the
potential to revolutionize the way stakeholders in health care
delivery systems think about and classify health (Stucki et al.,
2003). See Reed et al. (2005) for further discussion of the
potential
impact of the ICF on health care service delivery.
Using the ICF
This section provides a thumbnail sketch for using the ICF in
clinical practice but should be supplemented with a thorough
review of the document itself (WHO, 2001, Annexes 2 and 3,
25. specifically) and participation in available training provided by
local health and research entities using the ICF. The clinical
implementation manual in process, soon to be released, provides
the first how-to guide for use of the ICF in North America (see
Reed et al., 2005).
Body Functions, Structures, and Impairments
The Body Functions and Structures component is composed of
two classifications concerning physiological functions of body
systems (including psychological functions) and anatomical
parts
of the body (e.g., organs, limbs, and their components), respec-
tively, classified in separate but parallel chapters (see Table 1).
For
example, within Body Functions, hearing functions has a
corollary
within Body Structures of ear and related structures. Both
classi-
fications are arranged according to the same body system taxon-
omy and can be interpreted in terms of changes in physiological
systems or in anatomical structures. The criteria for impairment
are
the same for Body Functions and Structures and are classified
according to (a) loss or lack, (b) reduction, (c) addition or
excess,
and (d) deviation.
Once identified, an impairment is further defined in terms of
severity through the use of various qualifiers, depending on the
component of focus. Codes have no meaning without their
quali-
fiers, which are one or more numbers after a decimal point (or
separator) that follows a multilevel code, denoting a magnitude
or
level of health for that code. The Body Functions component
26. uses
a qualifier that addresses severity through values ranging from 0
(meaning no impairment) to 4 (with 1 through 4 indicating mild,
moderate, severe, and complete impairment, respectively; WHO,
2001, p. 47). The Body Structures component uses the same
severity qualifier as a first qualifier and then a second qualifier
to
indicate the nature of the change in a body structure: 0 � no
change in structure, 1 � total absence, 2 � partial absence, 3 �
additional part, 4 � aberrant dimensions, 5 � discontinuity, 6 �
deviating position, and 7 � qualitative changes in structure, in-
cluding accumulation of fluid (WHO, 2001, p. 105). The third
qualifier indicates location of impairment as follows: 0 � more
than one region, 1 � right, 2 � left, 3 � both sides, 4 � front, 5
�
back, 6 � proximal, and 7 � distal. All three qualifiers have a
not
specified (8) and not applicable (9) qualifier as appropriate.
Activities and Participation
The second component under Functioning and Disability, Ac-
tivities and Participation, presents a list of nine domains that
covers a wide range of aspects of functioning from both
individual
and societal perspectives (see Table 1). It is important to note
that
the Body Functions and Structures component is intended to be
used along with the Activities and Participation component. An
activity is defined as the execution of a task or action by an
individual, such as sitting, copying, calculating, or driving. Par-
ticipation is involvement in a life situation. The domains in the
Activities and Participation component can be used to describe
either or both activity or participation.
27. Activity limitations and participation restrictions “are assessed
against a generally accepted population standard” (WHO, 2001,
p.
15) for someone without a similar health condition. The ICF
proposes four possible conceptualizations of the relation
between
Activities and Participation. Although a single list of domains,
in
one possible conceptualization, the user can code each category
as
either an activity or participation issue, resulting in two
mutually
exclusive lists; Australia has adopted this method in their
clinical
implementation manual (available at http://www.aihw.gov.au/
disability/icf_ug/icf_ug-ug_s1.html). Alternatively, one can use
the domains for both activity and participation as totally
overlap-
ping issues or as a unified list, which is how the U.S. version of
a
clinical implementation manual in progress is proceeding (see
Reed et al., 2005; Threats & Worrall, 2004). Two other alterna-
tives suggest compromises between separate and overlapping
lists;
the reader is referred to Annex 3 of the ICF for greater detail.
Domains within the Activities and Participation component are
qualified through the constructs of Capacity and Performance.
Capacity and Performance Qualifiers
The domains of the Activities and Participation component are
operationalized through the use of qualifiers Capacity and
Perfor-
mance. The Capacity qualifier “describes an individual’s ability
to
execute a task or an action,” or, more specifically, “the highest
28. probable level of functioning that a person may reach in a given
domain at a given moment” (i.e., what a person can do; WHO,
2001, p. 15). One needs to apply the Capacity qualifier in the
context of a “uniform or standard environment, and thus reflect
the
environmentally adjusted ability of the individual” (WHO,
2001,
p. 15). To make international comparisons, such environments
have to be defined similarly across countries; this presents
unique
standardization challenges, which are being addressed in the de-
velopment of the clinical implementation manual (see Reed et
al.,
2005; Threats & Worrall, 2004).
The Performance qualifier describes “what a person does in his
or her current environment” (WHO, 2001, p. 15). Another way
to
110 PETERSON
describe this qualifier is “involvement in a life situation” or
“the
lived experience” of a person in the environment (i.e., what a
person does do; WHO, 2001, p. 15). The difference between
Capacity and Performance could be used to consider what inter-
ventions might be applied to the environment to maximize an
individual’s ability and function and increase opportunity for
full
participation in his or her environment.
The Performance and Capacity qualifiers are rated from 0 to 4,
as with the first qualifier of Body Functions and Structures but
substituting the term difficulty for impairment. Performance and
29. Capacity can be considered both with and without assistive
devices
or personal assistance, forming four qualifiers (Performance
with
and without assistance and Capacity with and without
assistance).
Contextual Factors
Environmental Factors (the physical, social, and attitudinal
worlds) are considered as they influence (facilitate or hinder)
all
components of functioning and disability at the Body Functions
and Structures levels, as well as the Activities and Participation
levels. Environmental Factors are organized in three levels, the
individual level (e.g., support network), the services level (e.g.,
vocational rehabilitation), and cultural–legal systems level
(e.g.,
worldviews, laws). The individual level has the most immediate
environmental influence, for example, one’s home, workplace,
or
school. The services and systems level addresses the more
general
environmental influences, such as formal and informal social
struc-
tures and service delivery systems. Table 1 includes the five
chapters that comprise Environmental Factors.
Evaluation of the Environmental Factors provides opportunity
for exploration into determinants and risk factors of health
condi-
tions as they exist in the environment. There are three suggested
coding conventions for the Environmental Factors. They can be
coded independent of other components in the ICF, coded for
every component, or coded for each of the Performance and
Capacity qualifiers under Activities and Participation. The
30. factors
are qualified with respect to the extent to which they are
facilitators
or barriers. Similar to the first qualifier for the other
components,
the scale ranges from 0 to 4 (or no to complete), substituting
barrier or facilitator for impairment or difficulty. Facilitators, a
positive environmental support, are noted with a plus sign;
barriers
plainly follow the decimal point.
Personal Factors may include gender, race, age, fitness,
religion,
lifestyle, habits, upbringing, coping styles, social background,
education, profession, past and current experience, overall
behav-
ior pattern and character style, individual psychological assets,
and
other health conditions, all of which can affect health and func-
tioning. Although Personal Factors are a consideration within
the
contextual factors, they are not coded specifically in the ICF for
reasons already presented. However, they are important to con-
sider within the overall model because they can influence the
outcome of an intervention.
Ethical Implications
Eleven basic guidelines were established in Annex 6 of the ICF
to reduce the risk of disrespectful or harmful use of the newly
revised classification system. From the outset, WHO
coordinators
of the revision efforts made sure to include people with
disabilities
and their advocacy organizations in all phases of the revision
31. process, which led to important changes in the content and
struc-
ture of the ICF. The provisions detailed in the ethical guidelines
(WHO, 2001, pp. 244 –245) address three critical areas: respect
and confidentiality, clinical use of the ICF, and social use of
ICF
information.
Karen Strohm Kitchener’s (2000, p. 21) “Foundational Princi-
ples for Thinking Well” can further inform ethical use of the
ICF.
The five concepts of nonmaleficence, beneficence, autonomy,
fi-
delity, and justice have been integral to the development of nu-
merous ethical codes in psychology-related professions. These
principles were derived from the “common morality” in biomed-
ical ethics (Beauchamp & Childress, 1994, p. 102). According
to
Kitchener (2000, pp. 23–31), nonmaleficence means not causing
others harm, including avoiding actions that risk harming
others.
Beneficence means doing good or benefiting others, including
balancing the potential consequences of an action, both
beneficial
and harmful. Autonomy addresses freedom of action and choice,
promoting autonomous action that is reciprocal in nature.
Fidelity
connotes faithful, loyal, honest, and trustworthy behavior.
Finally,
justice deals with issues of fairness, crossing individual,
interper-
sonal, organizational, and societal spheres of existence. The
reader
is encouraged to review the 11 guidelines and see how clearly
they
complement the intent of Kitchener’s five principles.
32. The foundational principles provide aspirational guidance to
health care professionals, fostering good judgment when
applying
the ICF to practice: treating all people respectfully and treating
classification data confidentially, using the ICF in a
collaborative
and facilitative spirit, and ethically managing information
gleaned
from the ICF that is subsequently disseminated to society. The
foundational principles may also inform the development of
future
standards guiding the ethical use of the ICF. Threats and
Worrall
(2004) summed it up nicely when they posited that the ICF is
not
something to be done to someone but rather something to be
done
with them.
Conclusion
The aim of this article was to increase the awareness of reha-
bilitation psychologists regarding the developmental context of
the
ICF, its structure, key concepts, and potential utility in the hope
that they will embrace it and apply it to clinical research and
practice. The underlying conceptual framework of the ICF is
informed by core principles and paradigms of practice of
rehabil-
itation psychologists, including the dignity and worth of all
people,
inclusion of people with disabilities in society to the fullest
extent
possible, consideration of not only functional limitations but
also
33. an individual’s health and functioning, and the need for
advocacy
to maximize their independence (Frank & Elliott, 2000; Riggar
&
Maki, 2004; Scherer et al., 2004). The ICF has the potential to
contribute to rehabilitation psychology research, program
evalua-
tion, clinical intervention, and social policy development in sig-
nificant and useful ways if it is carefully, ethically, and
systemat-
ically implemented in the same collaborative and international
spirit in which it was conceived.
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112 PETERSON