Intercultural Communication Competency Paper

Intercultural Communication Competency Paper
In my previous professional role, it was imperative that I obtained an effective level of intercultural
communication competence. I managed U.S. employee communications for unplanned system
issues which often had a downstream global impact within the organization. As a result, many of my
communications were tailored for a global audience which consisted of the United States, Asia–
Pacific, Latin America, Europe, Middle East, and Africa regions. Prior to a sending an employee
communication for a system issue, there was always a global business call with all stakeholders to
discuss the details and determine which region would lead the communications. The region
designated to lead the communication had a challenging task of tailoring the message
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Intercultural Interpersonal Communication And...
The second chapter includes several interesting concepts, one of which being the differences
between intercultural and interpersonal communication. Intercultural communication is defined as
"the process that occurs when members of two or more cultures or co–cultures exchange messages
in a manner that is influenced by their different cultural perceptions and symbol systems, both
verbal and nonverbal" (Adler et al., 2015, pg. 40). While most interactions seem to have some sense
of intercultural aspect due to the great diversity not only in race but in backgrounds today, not all
interactions have this effect. Intercultural interactions only occur when there is a difference between
the two people in contact that is noticeable and creates a different dynamic in the interaction. The
book uses the term "salience" in order "to describe how much weight we attach to a particular
person or phenomenon" (Adler et al., 2015, pg. 41). The book gives several examples, such as
different ethnicities on the same basketball team striving toward a common goal don't place much
emphasis in their cultural discrepancies, just as young children from different countries playing
together don't experience intercultural communication until they reach an age when they can
understand what makes them different from each other. (Adler et al., 2015, pg. 41) In my own life,
and can look back and see how I have played football with guys from a very different culture, and
found it easy to spend time around them

'Belonging' in the Intercultural Communication
2. Analyze how 'belonging' is central to intercultural communication.
Every individual definitely belongs to something. As a mankind, every individual belong to the
place where they born or raise. 'Belonging' means that every individual always adopt the life style
and culture from the country or a group each individual raised or born. For example, the ways
individual eats, how every individual communicate and interact with others. Every place or group
has different life style and culture from the other. Every culture has differences, from these
differences, the way each individual behave and perceive the world also different. This essay deals
with a question: how 'belonging' is central to intercultural communication and there are ... Show
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Enculturation or socialization is the process in the childhood when occurs into familiar members of
culture community. Enculturation is cultural adaptation. Then second phase is acculturation. Marden
& Meyer as cited in Kim (2003, p. 245) said "the change in individuals whose primary learning
has been in one culture and who take over traits from another culture." it means that learning one's
own culture as the individuals took. After acculturation, the individual start to deculturation.
Deculturation means that the individual entering the process of learning the new culture. For
example, food habit, behavior and values from a new culture. When an individual learning
something new, it will also lose something old. Last phase is assimilation. Assimilation is the last
phase of acculturation and deculturation. Acculturation, deculturation and assimilation are the
process when individual experiences cross–cultural adaptation. Example for acculturation,
decculturation and assimilation above is when Indonesian people move to work in Australia,
Australian people is a straight forward. They will talk to the point. In Indonesia, when people talk
straightforward the culture assume that is impolite. So when the Western supervisor admonished the
employee, who comes from Indonesia with Australian's culture, the Indonesian will feel offended.
They will

Causes And Disadvantages Of Intercultural Communication
It may seem that communication is not a complicated process because people communicate
everyday and it is nothing special for them. Communication is a process divided into verbal and
nonverbal communication which are included in every kind of communication in intercultural as
well. That is why while speaking about intercultural communication people meet with problems and
obstacles. It comes usually from problems with transmissing the messages. People from the same
culture have same values, behaviours, beliefs and language so when person who receive the message
interprate it, that message is likely similar to the idea of what the person who sent it mean. However,
if the reciver or sender is a person from a different culture who has different ... Show more content
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Angela K. Y. Leung (2011) singles out two obstacles in the intercultural communication which are
the most major and common among people. First of them is an obstacle called Person–Level
Obstacle. It describes that there are two types of people. There are people who has no problem while
communication with people from other culture and they are curious about them and have no
problems with communication however, the group of people who has problems while having a
contact with people with other values, beliefs and from other culture is bigger. Those people often
feel distressed and anxious. Some of people may even experience a cultural shock when it comes to
the meeting (A. K. Y Leung, 2011), (p. 245). It happens because both of them possesses different
beliefs, values, behaviours and even gestures. Another obstacle is close–mindedness. According to
Leung (2011), "People who are open to experience have a predisposition to learn from new cultural
experiences and engage in intercultural interactions". Those people are curious about people from
different culture, they would like to know it, but there are also people "with low levels of openness"
and they "may find encountering foreign cultures to be overwhelming, shocking and even
threathening" (A.

Interpersonal Communication, Intercultural Communication...
You know that feeling of home whether it's with family members or even your loved ones? I don't
think that home is something that is automatically there, I believe that it is something that's created.
I learned that lesson through the eyes of one of my older friends who came from India with his
brother when he was 16 in order to make a living. My friend Vikas, told me everything he had to do
and the struggles he conquered in order to make his own successful business here in the U.S. Some
things he told be reminded me of interpersonal communication, intercultural communication, and
intracultural communication. He had to have a lot of communication with his friend who also
happened to be from India and some new friends and colleagues he met through his journey. Of
course there was homesickness and the occasional depression, but that didn't stop him from creating
his now successful business. The reason he came to America was that he wasn't financially stable
over there back home. "I was so desperate and determined to get out of my own country, my own
home, in order to make a better life for me." Those words kept replaying in my head, but "home"
was the words that made me think deeply. He had to leave all of that, all his family, his own haven,
in order to make a better living. I could interpret all of that because of our interpersonal
communication. I could actually feel his pain by the way his eyes were looking away, the little
pauses in between meant that he was trying to

Importance Of Intercultural Communication
Intercultural Communication in the Courtroom:
Disruptions in intercultural communication regarding the law are subject to no limitations. Whether
the issue lies between defendant and plaintiff, or the problem arises between lawyer and jury, lawyer
and judge, and even lawyer and client, the disconnects are plenty. Effective communication is
essential for the judicial system to work properly, and without proper and mindful correspondence,
the system inevitably fails. Intercultural communication refers to the exchanging of information
between people from different cultures; according to a study conducted by two anthropologists in
the 1950's, there were greater than 164 definitions of the word 'culture,' making the act of
Intercultural Communication an ambiguous one. With many participants in the courtroom from
different foreign cultural sectors, several challenges arise in the proceedings of daily practice, so by
having a strength in intercultural competence, the person in question has an obvious edge. By
recalling one's own cultural heritage and addressing the theoretical foundations of intercultural
communication, competence is significantly increased. Without this increased form of competence,
it is difficult to maintain an unbiased outlook in between the barristers. Some strategies that are used
to ensure that the misunderstandings are minimal include the destruction of language barriers,
empathy towards other cultures and customs, and increasing the commonalities between

Intercultural Communication In The Ramen Girl
It is undeniable that there are huge cultural differences between Eastern culture and Western culture.
This is currently exploited through fascinating and engaging shots of movies. One of the most
successful movies associated with the trend is "The Ramen Girl" (2008). The film effectively
conveys the sotisphication of cuisine of Japan whose timeless values and traditional culinary have
been made a strong impression on people all over the world. It not only has offered people new
insight into the art of perfection and sotisphiscation but also precisely reflects many intercultural
communication patterns. From my own perspective, in this essay, I would like to analyze the
appealing film to clarify several concepts including non–verbal communication, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The vitality of the inspiring film is based on not only the art of sophistication in cooking but also the
deep cultural awareness. There is also an array of cultural patterns including non–verbal
communication, individualism and collectivism, high– and low–context cultures which all illustrated
successfully in this witty culture–specific film. There is no doubt that the captivating film will
greatly inspire many generations of culture lovers, especially ones who intensively study
intercultural

Understanding Cultures And Intercultural Communication
"Understanding cultures and intercultural communication in terms of countries and nationalities is
no longer relevant or effective." Evaluate this statement, referring to relevant theories and using
examples where appropriate.
Student ID: 6749473
Academic subject: MSC Accounting and Financial Management
Word count: 1511
Topic："Understanding cultures and intercultural communication in terms of countries and
nationalities is no longer relevant or effective." Evaluate this statement, referring to relevant theories
and using examples where appropriate.
In the past five decades, there has been a considerable increase in exchanges between different
countries, such as business, financial, individual, economy, religion, education and gender.
Intercultural communication is essential in the contemporary world due to globalisation. Indeed,
some economists claim that intercultural communication is no longer relevant to countries while
others believe that it is still significant for the entire world. This essay will evaluate the effectiveness
and relevance of understanding cultures and intercultural communication based on countries and
nationalities, and then explain why this understanding is still meaningful, and will address three
aspects, namely business, education and society. First of all, it is important to note that there are a
number of definitions of cultural and intercultural communication. For instance, Piller (2011: 16)
indicated that intercultural

Intercultural Communication : Communication And Communication
Jasmin Starr–Mullins
COM 440 W
Final Term Paper
Intercultural Communication
The terms "Culture","Globalization", and "Communication" are terms that we might hear quite
often, but what is Intercultural communication? According to the dictionary, Intercultural
Communication is often described as the interaction and exchange of communication between
people of different cultures. Intercultural Communication dates back to the first interaction of
mankind. Edward T. Hall, an American anthropologist was the first to coin the term "Intercultural
Communication"and is considered to be the father of Intercultural Communication as well as the
developer of proxemics. The study of intercultural Communication coincides with the book "The
Silent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Being multiracial, I grew up quite confused and found it hard to adapt to everyone else around me
due to the fact that I was going back and fourth between my parents households which were both
very culturally different from one another. I feel that is there was more of an understanding of one
another 's culture, as well as communication, the relationship between my parents could have been a
lot better and they could have made it easier for me to adapt to the cultural differences that I
encountered on a daily basis.
Because communication between two people of different cultures is very challenging, there has been
extensive research/studies conducted on this topic. This idea was also very interesting to me because
I attended a highly diverse high school, in which we had a Global Studies program where
international students were invited to come and learn at our school. The immersion of the different
cultures was very difficult to adapt to at first because it was new to a lot of us students who have
never attended a school where international students were amongst us in the halls, but as the days
went on it became normal to me. Annotated Bibliography communication Between Cultures."
Google Books. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 May 2017
This text is a good reference point. This text is used to understanding communication within culture.
This source also gave a better understanding

With the growing of globalization, opportunities of intercultural communication become more
common to individuals' everyday life. Thus, it is of vital importance that people understand
linguistic relativity and language ideologies in order to avoid misunderstandings and achieve
effective intercultural communication.
First of all, understanding linguistic relativity encourages people to pay attention to differences
between various languages. How people perceive and experience the world around them can be
influenced by language differences. (Piller, 2011) For example, people may act differently
depending on what languages they are using. Daniel Oh explained that in Korea, people need to use
honorifics in sentences when they speak to people ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another aspect of linguistic relativity is communicative relativity. A simple way to define
communicative relativity is that "people do different things with language differently". (Piller, 2011)
On one hand, it is obvious that multilingual people tend to switch languages when talking to people
from different cultures. On the other hand, differentiation in language can also take place in the
monolingual situation. For instance, in the scene of debating, people may use a very different form
of English than usual. Kyle Ritchie said that "the words, tone, and even speaking styles used by
myself and fellow debaters was purely for the "performance"". (reflection, May 1, 2017) This kind
of choices of words and tone is aimed to be more "professional and knowledgeable" (reflection,
May 1, 2017) Therefore, different ways of expression in various languages or even the same
language can have a different effect on communication. To succeed in intercultural communication,
it is necessary for individuals to understand the distinctive way each language has to perceive the
world and express ideas and make right decisions of using language.
In addition, in the intercultural communication, discrimination associated with language ideologies
often exists. Language ideology refers to the views on each language, especially the idea about
"what a good language is and what is linguistically right". (Piller, 2011) Some

The Importance Of Intercultural Communication
Communication can be performed using different means, including languages such as English,
where it has become preferable and prominent for both local and global interaction among people of
different cultural backgrounds. The high demand in acquiring English for international politics,
science and technology has led to the global spread of the language. Consequently, English is
recognised as an international language, and its ownership is considered to be denationalised and
renationalised. The understanding of this ownership status is crucial in establishing an effective
practice of intercultural communication, by acknowledging the variations of English, as well as
cultural differences in communication styles within classroom and business ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
English variations can be displayed through lexical semantics. According to Zhichang, there are a
number of English and Chinese lexical resources have been borrowed or translated between the two
languages, thus derives Chinese English. In order to fully understand a particular term in Chinese
English, listeners or speakers should acquire the knowledge of Chinese culture and contexts in
which it is used. For example, Chinese speakers of English refer the term "work unit" as a place
where residents would both live and work. Whereas, a distinction between workplaces and
residential areas as two different environments may have occurred in other English varieties.
Another example of lexical semantic variations is the different understanding of the English term
"silent" between Finnish and American students. While American students perceive the term as a
negative connotation during interaction because it refers to "being too quiet", while the Finnish
students view it as a "natural and comfortable social being". These findings clarify that different
interpretations of lexical semantics can influence the speakers' behaviour, such that the Finnish
students will find silent as appropriate, but the American students may see it as an act of ignorance.
Therefore, variations of English and its lexical interpretation create a foundation to the exploration
of how speakers use English as a medium to express their

The topic we have discussed on this subject that I found most interesting is Intercultural
communication. The topic shows us a better understanding what culture is and how to navigate
between different cultures. The importance of understanding diversity in cultures is not only
essential when negotiating with business partners from different cultures or when going on vacation.
Furthermore, everyone is immigrants like us (most of the students) are, expatriates or even people
living in their country of birth has to deal with many different cultures on the daily basis. We meet
people from diverse cultural backgrounds when we are shopping, at school, at work, when we go to
a night out and so on. The study of intercultural communication gives us the tools to manage the
cultural differences and to become more sensitive in intercultural meetings and/or situations.
Communication exists of both verbal and nonverbal messages with the objective to achieve shared
meanings, for example, both parties understand equally. However, in intercultural communication,
the chance of really understanding each other is quite low. Intercultural, includes that at least two
parties from different cultural backgrounds are involved. The way we interpret, verbal and
nonverbal messages are based on our culture and this is the major difficulty in intercultural
encounters. There are no cultures which are similar, it means that each culture interprets gestures,
nonverbal signs, cues and symbols in a differently way, not to mention the language itself. Thus, the
greater the difference between the two cultures involved, the more difficult it is for the parties to
understand each other (Samovar et al., 2014).
We could compare the culture of society with an iceberg, only 10 percent of the iceberg is above the
water and visible to anyone, for example, architecture or the way people dress and behave, this is the
external or conscious culture, it is based on explicit knowledge and can easily be changed. If your
first impression of India is made through a Bollywood movie your concept of the country will easily
be changed once you visit it. However, the remaining ninety percent of the iceberg is underwater
and invisible to the superficial glance (Katan,

Macy Barrickman October 6th, 2017 MCOM 2350 Intercultural Communication Research Paper In
today's society, our culture is made up of many different types of people from all different
backgrounds. Over time, intercultural communications have become essential not only in the
business world, but everyday life as well. Intercultural communications can best be defined as the
study of communication throughout a variety of social groups/cultures, and how these differences
effect the way we interact with one another. Our nation is made up of individuals with very
dissimilar religious, educational, social, and ethnic backgrounds, so naturally a wide range of
opinions and beliefs are formed and expressed, and the need to understand these differences arises.
Although we mostly experience intercultural communications in the US, there is also international
communications to consider, which is more associated with government and business concerns on
the global level. My professional goals include serving in some type of church ministry and
traveling the world for overseas missions. Communications is vital to any social situation, but
extremely important when traveling to a different country and understanding their cultural norms,
religious beliefs, and government regulations. In some countries you are not allowed to share the
gospel, so when crossing cultural borders, it is necessary to be aware of the specific social order and
restrictions. Although missionaries do have one specific goal

International Business Communication: The Importance Of...
Table of Contents
Intercultural Communication. 3
How intercultural communication is important in our everyday lives. 3
International Business Administration. 3
Importance of intercultural communication in International business administration. 3
Business protocol : 4
Business negotiations : 5
Leadership/Management Styles : 6
Increased self awareness : 6
Non–verbal communications : 6
Language : 7
Conclusion. 7
Works Cited 9
Intercultural Communication.
Intercultural communication is defined as interaction between people whose cultural perceptions
and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. (Samovar, Porter, &
Mcdaniel, 2009). It can also be defined as a form of communication that aims to share ... Show more
(Business Dictionary, 2002). Therefore intercultural communication is important because it
expedites business protocol. For instance:
 Initial contact: When participating in international business, establishing initial contact can be
done in many different procedures. You can send an email, send a formal letter or make a brief
telephone call. You can also use an emissary. Whichever procedure is chosen is related directly to
the culture you wish to contact. Violating rules of that culture could ensure that you never get access
to that business again. For instance, In Egypt, if you want an appointment, you must send a letter of
introduction to an Egyptian contact who can expedite arranging a meeting. Thus, an American
businessman without knowledge of intercultural communication may attempt a "cold call"
(contacting someone without an appointment), to an Egyptian businessman, which would lead to the
Egyptian believing the American is being deliberately rude. This could ensure that no business
transactions take place. (Samovar, Porter, & Mcdaniel,

Analyzing Intercultural Communication : An Intercultural...
Films are considered to be a very valuable tool when examining intercultural communications,
because they depict the way people and cultures communicate their identities. In The Woman In
Gold, Maria Altmann, a Jewish refugee teams up with a young but determined lawyer, Randy
Schoenberg (Reynolds), to reclaim the painting of her aunt, and with it, a part of her heritage. The
painting, completed by the very famous Gustav Klimt, was stolen from her home during World War
II. It was then displayed at the Belvedere, becoming what the movie refers to as the "Mona Lisa of
Austria." Due to its immense importance to the Austrian society and the personal connection to Mrs.
Altmann, the battle for the masterpiece is both an intercultural and an interpersonal conflict for the
characters. In many ways, The Woman In Gold, serves as a good example for the theories and
concepts of intercultural communication. The Martin and Nakayama text defines political history as
history that focuses on political events. But in the case with Maria Altmann, the holocaust was more
than just 'political history.' It was also a religious and ethnic history, in that it affected all of the
Jewish communities and shaped Jewish history in general. It even served as a cultural and a
diasporic history, after it changed Europe and provoked a massive migration of refugees. In short,
the war was not just an independent political event that "just happened", but an event that shaped
Mrs. Altmann's idea of self. The war

Intercultural Communication And Nonverbal Communication Essay
Introduction
Intercultural communication is a complex concept that encompasses and links to many other
theories such as racism and verbal and nonverbal communication. Differing languages can
dramatically affect intercultural communication between individuals due to language barriers
however, due to some individuals uneducated and ignorant understanding of differing languages, it
can also have other, more serious and negative consequences such as racism and discrimination of
others. The links between language, intercultural communication and racism will be explored in this
essay through an in–depth analysis of these concepts and their relation to our society with examples
such as the film 'This Is England' (2006) and a brief discussion of the similar racist current events in
England, due to the decision for England to leave the United Nations. An in–depth analysis of verbal
and nonverbal communication and its relation to intercultural communication and a personal
experience of this will also be explored.
Theoretical discussion
Language, intercultural communication and racism are ultimately connected due to the fact that
some individuals believe that just because someone speaks a different language, they are inferior.
Racism is an issue that has been embedded in our society for years and is a problem that many
minorities or migrants face when relocating to new countries. Due to their differences in language
and culture, it is harder for them to re–assimilate into a newly

Crash Intercultural Communication
In America, finding yourself in situations where communicating with someone of a different
background than yourself is common. We are a melting pot of different cultures, backgrounds, and
identities. Throughout the semester we have learned many ways to avoid conflict when engaging in
intercultural communication. The most important aspects from the semester is the idea of
generalization and ethnocentrism. These two ideas were displayed in the movie Crash and how the
effects of it can lead to misunderstandings among everyone involved.
Part I
The movie Crash directed by Haggis (2005) portrayed the lives of many different ethnicities and
cultures and how they are viewed in America's society. The character that stood out to me the most
was Farhad; an Iranian store owner. In Communication Between Cultures Ninth Edition by
McDaniel, E. Porter, R. Roy, C. and Samovar, L., generalization is said to be "based on limited data
and are then applied to a larger population. In intercultural communication, this means ascribing ...
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To have positive communication encounters, avoiding making generalizations about a person or
group of people is key. If this is not practiced, the person you are speaking with may feel
uncomfortable and upset. In the case of Farhad in Crash, his family felt personally and culturally
attacked by being classified as Arab versus their actual identity which is Iranian. Also, due to
discrepancies within communication, Frahad did not take the initiative to fix what needed to be
fixed because he felt he was right and the locksmith felt he was right. Exhibiting a sense of
ethnocentrism can lead to people making assumptions about others and refusing to be flexible within
their communication style. Ultimately, we should all take these steps into consideration when
speaking to others of different cultures and

Essay on Intercultural Communication
Today, we live in a culturally diverse society due to globalization. As our world grows, expands and
become increasingly more interconnected, the need for effective interpersonal communication
among differing cultures has become apparent. When people from different cultures interact with
one another there is intercultural communication because different cultures create different
interpretation and expectations about what is seen as competent behaviors that will enable the
construction of shared meanings.
There are numerous definitions of culture but I will use the definition of the interpretive approach
and Clifford Geertz's, which defines culture as a meaning system which members use to interpret the
world around them. Culture ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When we behave ethnocentrically, we are essentially defending our group membership boundaries
and our usual ways of thinking, feeling, and responding.
According to Hofstede China values collectivism and the Chinese people are very much group
oriented. In school they have to wear uniform to belong in a cohesive group and unity. This is a very
good example of the in–group orientation, as the Chinese people establish their identity and self–
esteem by being a part of a cohesive group and they try to avoid differing from the group. As our
horizon is very much a cultural and social phenomenon it may explain why people who have the
same backgrounds find it easier to communicate and fuse horizons. People from similar
backgrounds are able to communicate in a meaningful way. Our in–groups are also our discourse or
knowledge communities that facilitate a particular identity by creating a sense of belonging, shared
world view and creating norms and rules for how to conceptualize and talk about things (Discourse
communities). Meaning is also tied to identity in the sense that the limitations made by the culture in
which we belong to allow us to distinguish who are 'within' and those who are 'outside'
(Christoffanini).
The main problem with communication between people of different cultures is the representation of
the 'Others' as different from us. When we speak of others different from us we are in general
referring to all who are

Reflection On Intercultural Communication
Reflection Paper on Intercultural Communication
Introduction
Intercultural communication competence refers to the ability of an individual to adapt and
communicate appropriately and effectively across a wide array of cultural contexts. That is to say,
for an individual to be considered an intercultural communicator they must understand other's
cultures as well as they understand their own, and apply this understanding to communication (Chen
1–2). With the increasing diversity at the workplace, school and other social settings, it has become
increasingly important to learn how to communicate with people from a diverse array of cultures.
More importantly, adapting to a more effective intercultural communication competence model
provides us with learning opportunities occasioned by the interaction with people from other
backgrounds. The intercultural communication competence model comes with some key
components including tolerance for uncertainty, self–knowledge, and motivation. The greatest and
most important of these aspects is motivation. An individual must be willing to foster relationships
with people from a different cultural background. If an individual lacks the willingness to promote
intercultural relationships, then other aspects of the intercultural communication model become
moot.
Considering the increasingly globalized world where many people are in contact with people from
other differing cultures, contexts and continents, it would be improper to suppose that

Example Of Intercultural Communication
When people from different cultural backgrounds communicate, this is called Intercultural
Communication. A person's beliefs, values, norms, etc., can influence the way they see and respond
to the people that come from different cultural backgrounds than they do. In a business setting,
having a diverse group can have many benefits, as well as some challenges. Having a diverse
workforce offers a business the chance to have a wider assortment of viewpoints. Acquiring many
viewpoints empowers a company's ability to understand and relate to diverse markets. Some tension
may build when people communicate with others from different cultures because one seems to
believe that everyone else sees things the exact same way they do.
Context of Cultures: High and Low
A pattern of physical suggestions, environmental incentive, and a definite understanding that convey
meaning between to people of the same culture is called Cultural Context. This plays a very critical
role in the communication. Each culture has a different context, so if you want to communicate
successfully with different people, you may want to take these two types of cultural contexts into
consideration. Contextual differences are apparent in the way people in business approach situations
like making decisions, solving a problem, negotiating, interacting, and socializing inside and outside
of the workplace (Bovee & Thill, n.d.).
High–Context Culture o The first type is high–context culture. In this type of context,

The world today is characterized by an ever growing number of contacts resulting in communication
between people with different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. In the process of globalization,
the relationship between people differ racially, ethnically, nationally, and regionally. These groups
become such a normative thing and seen as a good sign of a process of integration and social
diversity. It is important for one to experience intercultural communication. It can help society grow
in knowing different elements of different cultures. It can help create a positive awareness of our
own and others cultures, by being able to observe similarities and differences in cultural behaviors,
attitudes, and experiences. I have recently been able to experience intercultural communication with
Central Washington University's AUAP students. Once a week I would go into an AUAP classroom
and help them with the classroom activities. This experience allowed me to get over my uncertainty
avoidance and self– disclose information with the AUAP students in order to connect with them
more. Before going into the classroom, I was very anxious and uncertain of what might happen
during my time with the students. After I met them I felt more reassured that they were very nice
and it was going to be a good experience for me to volunteer in their classroom. This then led to
self– disclosed information being exchanged between the AUAP students and myself. After some
information was disclosed

Methodology:
While all of these sources are great and well accredited, the more direct questions were not able to
be asked on this end. A personal interview will be conducted with Mr. Jim Whorley, a divorce
lawyer who received his M.B.A. (1987) and his Juris Doctorate with Honors (1990) at The
University of Texas located in Austin, Texas. Mr. Whorley is Board Certified in Family Law by the
Texas Board of Legal Specialization (1997), and has been practicing law for 27 years in the greater
Central Texas area. Questions that are focused on how intercultural communication is emphasized in
between the barristers will be asked through an exclusive interview. Hopefully he can give adequate
insight into the educational purposes of intercultural communication in the legal communities.
Discussion:
While Mr. Whorley says that intercultural correspondence doesn't play a huge role in his every day
court hearings, he has encountered instances where this skill set was at play, specifically when
communicating with South Americans, Asians, and Middle–Easterners. An example of when he
struggled to use these competencies was when he had a female Muslim client who was very "soft
spoken." Mr. Whorley said that "it took a great deal of practice" for her to be able to testify at all and
proved to be rather shy and uncomfortable in the role of the litigant (Whorley). Even after this
experience he states that is rare to come in contact with this level of difficulty in his field of mostly
family

The Literature Of Intercultural Communication
This section discusses the literature that has been reviewed for this study. It consists of three main
sections. It starts with intercultural communication. It is followed by English communication
problem. The last one is the importance of English communication.
Intercultural communication Intercultural communication involves the sharing of information across
different cultures and social groups, including individuals with different religious, social, ethnic, and
educational backgrounds. It seeks to understand the differences in how people from a variety of
cultures act, communicate, and perceive the world around them. (A definition of intercultural
communication, n.d.) Culture affects all aspects of communication. People must be aware of both
the culture they originate from, live, or work in, as well ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sample in this study in 40 respondents of English program Thai students. The results of the
study revealed that the major problem that always causes communication problems is Thai students'
ways of study. The participants are collectivist so that they always say things indirectly; whereas
their foreign English teachers are individualist so that they always express their thoughts and
feelings directly. When there was a communication problem, the foreign English teachers tried to
explain more but Thai students always kept quiet, and foreign English teachers just assumed that
they understood.
The importance of English communication Ahmad (2016) said that "Communication is a skill which
involves systematic and continuous process of speaking, listening and understanding." (p. 478)
Language is people's primary source of communication. It's the method through which people share
their ideas and thoughts with others. English is a language which is important, useful and helpful for
every citizen in today's

Assignment On Intercultural Communication
Assignment on
Intercultural Communication By
Cover page:
We would be covering The definition of communication and cultures Along with Intercultural
communication.
Importance of InterCommunal Communication.
Losses Due to inappropriate training and learning of InterCultural Communication.
Advanatges and effects of intercultural Communication.
Development measures which can be taken to improve Intercommunal Communication.
And
Conclusion of Essay
Introduction:
Inter culture communication is the form of communication which is used to share information across
different cultures and social group, It is also used in a wide range of communication issues that arise
within an organisation of individuals of different educational backgrounds, Religious Social ethnic.
Language issues have become a source ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By use of language translator these things have been more benefited. Google, Yahoo are few of them
who uses these software for customer needs in various languages in different part of the world, We
wouldn't even imagine this development can be done with the help of technology which became the
core part of our day to day life If we would be in our past we wouldn't be able to communicate with
any one in different part of the world but the technology made it possible and we expecting more
from it. Revolution in Intercultural communication have not only evolved in personal life but as well
as professional life as discussed above intercultural communication helped professional giants in
generating revenue, and serve their customers with the help of their vast understanding in
communication. Because of intercommunal communication a man is able to earn from different
parts of world being in one. Intercultural communication doesn't only be limited in cities or states t
can be used in between

Intercultural Communication At Rundle Mall
ESSAY – INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Introduction After the study of Intercultural Communication, I get a good experience and knowledge
of how to share information with people from different cultures and social groups. Also, what are
the major problems that appear at workplace or any organization, how different contexts are to
different religions or cultures and how people react to it. It also helped in getting a fair sense of
knowing how people from different backgrounds and countries and cultures react and communicate
efficiently. Being very helpful in becoming an effective intercultural communicator by experiencing
intercultural communication in action at different sites and from self–experience with people in
Australia, leading to improve my understanding as I do not belong to the country where English is
the 'lingua franca'{Tsui,2014}. I will be relating my first experience I have had respective of
intercultural communication at the site being the Vodafone store at rundle mall. And the second
being at the rundle street and the third at my own university and the where I have faced how
intercultural communication eased the situations and also relating my three experiences with the
course readings.
Summary
Beginning from the first experience I had, at renowned site 'Rundle Mall' I came across people from
different backgrounds and cultures at the same place rather than just using gestures they were
efficiently communicating with each other

The Model Of Intercultural Communication
Intercultural communication is a product of the direct communication by means of lan–guage or
non–verbal expressions between people from two or more different cultures. However, the concept
of intercultural communication does not only include verbal lan–guage, but also body language and
emotions. In contrast to just face–to–face communi–cation, a broader term defines intercultural
communication as the level of mediatized in–tercultural communication, such as in radio, television,
movies, internet and literature. In order to further concentrate on the term intercultural
communication and resulting prob–lems one first has to understand how people communicate.
Therefore, a model of com–munication will be presented and the sub–division of verbal and non–
verbal communication further elaborated.
3.4.1 The general communication process Illustration 3: Model of the communication process
According to Robbins (1996): quoted according to Blom, H. & Meier, H. (2004): p. 73.
One of many communication models can be seen in illustration three and explains the way, in which
the encoding and decoding process from the sender and recipient ... Show more content on
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Thus, culturally caused differences in the vocabulary are most likely reasonable for beginners,
especially when words describe culture specific facts. During childhood and through upbringing,
children learn the language, which is specific to their culture. Language demonstrates a culture to
other people and in turn is experienced as one's own culture. For instance, with language the
individuals learn about reality and how to rate it. Different cultures have more or less words to
describe a color, an object or food. This also implies that words can have different meanings in
different cultures, for example the term friend in Germany describes someone, who you know well,
however in the United States of America the term includes acquaintances, who one only meets

Intercultural Communication : Communication And Communication
Intercultural Communication Mid–term All communication is cultural. It ties to where we 've grown
up, how we have learned to speak, and even how we have learned to communicate nonverbally. That
being said, intercultural communication or "the symbolic exchange process whereby individuals
from two or more different cultural communities attempt to negotiate shared meaning in an
interactive situation" is an ever evolving discipline (Ting–Toomey & Chung, 2012, p. 5). In today 's
world, intercultural communication will be extremely important, because after all, diversity and the
need for cultural awareness will only be increasing. In light of this, over the course of this semester I
have partnered with an international student, to see just how intercultural communication actively
takes place in everyday communication events. In the following few pages, I will talk about several
communication events I have shared with this student so far, and evaluate them for what may or
may not make them effective in intercultural communication. Before getting into the conversations I
have shared with my friend though, I would like to briefly introduce her. My intercultural partner
goes by the name of Ruth, and she is an international student from Ireland here to study at the
University of Montana. She has been within the united states for a little over a year now, and
although most of the time, I see her as just another college students from the U.S., there are times
where I am instantly

My Intercultural Communication Skills Of Multicultural...
There can be many things that we like or dislike about our childhood. Some of the things or even
people can still give us negative feelings after so many years. On the other hand, for some of us,
there are aspects of childhood that can truly be considered as a gift. In my case, that gift was the
environment where I grew up. Needless to say that living as an Armenian immigrant in Russia with
a European education was very rough at times. However, the inborn education and skills of
multicultural communications were priceless for me. Due to my diverse background, I was able to
build a very important ability, which is the intercultural communication competence. This capacity
helps one to correctly interact with people of different groups, races, sexual orientation, ethnicities,
religions, and so on. In my case, my intercultural communication competence was largely affected
and evolved by the four specific aspects that are the detection of stereotypes and their legitimacy,
the high–school and college education in diverse society, the acknowledgement and integration of
cultural differences, and the development of cultural sensitivity. Since I was a kid, stereotypes were
always a major issue in my environment. Besides of having multiple stereotypes about my race,
many people tried to convince me to believe in some of them. After years of living through this, I
started to evaluate and reject stereotypes that I heard almost everyday. My stereotype–elimination
process contains two

An Introduction to Intercultural Communication
An Introduction to Intercultural Communication
Intercultural communication is of importance to international businesses as it examines how people
from different cultures, beliefs and religions come together to work and communicate with each
other.
Demands for intercultural communication skills are increasing as more and more businesses go
global or international. They realize that there are barriers and limitations when entering a foreign
territory. Without the help of intercultural communication they can unknowingly cause confusion
and misunderstandings. For these intercultural businesses to breach the cultural barriers encountered
when stepping into foreign grounds it is vital for them to fully understand the cultural differences ...
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It is important that this emersion in the target culture has been to the extent that the cross cultural
consultant can totally empathise with the culture and understand its dynamics.
Speaking a Foreign Language
Language carries with it cultural coding. All experts, commentators and linguists are unanimous that
without knowledge of the language the culture can never be appreciated. A cross cultural consultant
will therefore have this insider knowledge not only through living and working in a country but also
by using and understanding the language.
The complexity and diversity of cross cultural challenges in the international business world is
reflected in the broad knowledge and skills of cross cultural consultants. Drawing on expertise
gained through a variety of interrelated fields, the cross cultural consultant is now truly a specialist
of great importance.
The Definition of Intercultural Communication
What is intercultural communication?
Intercultural communication in its most basic form refers to an academic field of study and research.
Its seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures behave, communicate and
perceive the world around them. The findings of such academic research are then applied to 'real
life' situations such as how to create cultural synergy between people from different cultures within
a business or how psychologists understand their patients.
The definition of intercultural

Intercultural Communication And Interpersonal Communication
Intercultural communication is defined as when people communicate with one another who have
different cultures. They may differ because of their languages, beliefs, values, and behavioral
characteristics (Bennett, 1998). The intercultural communication plays a key role in globalization. It
will help organizations to have a long–term success if they can manage the cultural differences and
intercultural cooperation effectively to conflicts. Increasing shared knowledge and dealing with
miscommunication are the two main factors for having a successful intercultural communication.
However, the difference in discourse systems is the most miscommunication issue that leads
individuals to misunderstand and misinterpret to the contents or messages ... Show more content on
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These people need to be willing to realize the signifiers such as sounds, gestures, tones, and so on.
This level also includes the basic concept of cultural diversities such as bias, ethnocentricity, and
stereotype. The second level is organizing information according to stereotypes. This level is about
to accept the stereotypical characteristics of new cultures. The new cultures that they face will bring
them to get used to it. However, it can cause a stereotype to happen in the culture. One culture might
think that all people are same in that culture. For instance, when Arabs are speaking, they like to
stay close to another person. This will make another believes that all Arabs act like that. It is much
more difficult if the stereotypes happen in the intercultural communication. This level has a high
possibility for some people to fail at this level. The next level is to pose questions to challenge the
stereotypes. They can solve the stereotypes problems by asking specific questions about other
cultures. The questions need to relate to attitudes because they can increase their knowledge about
other cultures. For example, they can ask how the relationship can be settled. The fourth level of
intercultural communication competence learning is analyzing communication episodes. After they
understand more about other cultures, they are able to analyze the way to behave and communicate
to others. They have more

Intercultural Communication Essay
Communication can be performed through the utilisation of languages, such as English. Presently,
English has become a favourable and prominent tool for interaction among people of different
cultural backgrounds. The high demand in acquiring English for fields such as international politics,
science and technology has led to the global spread of the language. Consequently, English is
recognised as an international language, and its ownership is considered to be denationalised and
renationalised. The understanding of this ownership status is crucial in establishing an effective
practice of intercultural communication, by acknowledging the variations of English and cultural
differences in communication styles within classroom and business contexts.
First, since English has become an international language, its ownership is regarded as
denationalised and renationalised. The concept of denationalisation proposed by Smith suggests that
English is no longer just owned by countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States, but
by various other countries around the world that also use the language. Kachru also argued that a
global English should not only be restricted to the official use by colonial countries of the United
Kingdom and the United States, and it is not a necessity to internalise the native speakers' norms. It
is said that the process of denationalisation results in renationalisation, in which, according to
McKay, involves English localisation – the

Intercultural Communication in the Workforce
Intercultural Communication in the Workforce
Today's organizations are doing business more and more in a global context. The people that count
in any business from the suppliers to clients to employees are increasingly based in remote locations
in foreign countries. The need for effective and clear intercultural communication is becoming vital
in securing success in today's global workplace. Managers of global corporations need to understand
the role of intercultural communication competence in achieving cohesiveness in diverse
environments of global business teams. Whether delivering a presentation, negotiating with a
supplier, or providing assistance to a client, intercultural communication must be done right.
The US labor force is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Knowing whether a culture is either high or low context can also create more effective
communication among cultures. Because of the advancements in technology, people are having
more and more contact with individuals from around the world. Understanding the meaning of high
and low–context is of course important, not only in traveling, vacationing, and touring the world,
but is even more important with the increase in diplomatic and business relationships that countries
are developing with each other around the world. For example, in a business setting this is extremely
important if an individual is giving a presentation to another country. If the presentation is given by
a low–context group to a high–context group, the high context members may feel as though there is
way too much information being given, and the presenter should just get to the point. The opposite
can be said when high–context individuals present to a low–context group, there may be a feeling of
ambiguity or vagueness because everything was not spelled out precisely during the presentation.
These ideas can help support our ability to appreciate others and be understood.
Most companies attempt to

Intercultural Communication Intercultural communication is now a common experience as a result
of globalisation. It is extremely important to understanding how culture impacts on employee
relationships and communication as it can affect the success of multinational and culturally diverse
businesses. Hofstede (1984) defines culture as "the mental programming of the mind which
distinguishes the members of one human group from another". Intercultural communication refers to
the communication between people from different cultures. According to Samovar and Porter
(1991), intercultural communication occurs whenever a message is produced by a member of one
culture to a member of another culture, the message must be understood. Because of ... Show more
According to the theory, countries with an individualistic have various implications in organisations.
This leads to decision making problem between the members of the team. Members from Australia
tend to like to work as individuals rather than as members of the groups, which can be a problem as
this project requires to work as a group. Members might not be committee to group, not sharing
ideas with other members, individual achievement is emphasised and therefore are less likely to
sacrifice personal rights for group benefit. (Triandis 1994, p.170) Members from Japan have a
collectivist approach. Members tend to put effort to group and emphasise responsibilities to the
group. Another issue that might influences communication between members of the team is the
differences of how the two cultures express their views. According to Triandis (1994, p172),
individualists express different views openly whereas collectivists don't express views openly as
people value more about harmony and personal relationship. For example, if an Australia member
doesn't agree on a decision made by the group, the member would speak up where as Japan member
wouldn't speak up when they disagree as they value more the relationship with other people in the
team. This might affect the decision making in the team as Australia members would think that
every one were happy with the decisions. Uncertainty avoidance is another Hofstede's

Essay on Intercultural Communication
Today, we live in a culturally diverse society due to globalization. As our world grows, expands and
become increasingly more interconnected, the need for effective interpersonal communication
among differing cultures has become apparent. When people from different cultures interact with
one another there is intercultural communication because different cultures create different
interpretation and expectations about what is seen as competent behaviors that will enable the
construction of shared meanings.
There are numerous definitions of culture but I will use the definition of the interpretive approach
and Clifford Geertz's, which defines culture as a meaning system which members use to interpret the
world around them. Culture ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, many of the group–based stereotypes are incorrect and generalizing and it promotes
further misunderstandings and prejudice. Prejudice is having a false attitude toward an out–group in
comparison to one's in–group. Prejudiced individuals are prejudging without knowing any
information about the "Others" (Rogers and Steinfatt).
According to Allport, the process of categorization is the basis to develop prejudice and stereotypes.
People think in categories and the mind forms groups and classes to guide our daily actions. Dahl
also verifies that the predictions we make about "Others" is based on stereotypes and that this is
necessary and it is a process that we cannot avoid. If categorization is a natural cognitive process
and all categorization leads to generalization, then stereotype is also a natural cognitive process.
Categories are necessary to give meaning to our reality and to create structure, however they are
flexible and they change. On the other hand stereotypes seem to give us a feeling of order and
security but they are inflexible and try to reinforce one particular image over others. Stereotypes still
persist even when we know better because they help to create a positive self–image and they are to a
large degree attached to ideologies (Christoffanini). Furthermore, we represent Others by using
language or images, which allow us to portray Others in ways

Barriers Of Intercultural Communication
Barriers to effective intercultural communication can be defined as the aspects or conditions that
interfere with effective exchange of ideas or thoughts (Antos, 2011). There are many barriers to
effective intercultural communication and these may occur at any stage in the communication
process.
Barriers may lead to the message becoming distorted and therefore result in the risk of wasting both
time and/or money, especially in an organisation, by causing confusion and misunderstanding. The
following varieties of barriers keep culturally different people from understanding one another.
 Cultural stereotype
The use of cultural stereotype is the main barrier to intercultural understanding. People often enter
cross–cultural interactions with preconceived notions that make it impossible to find any common
ground (Jandt, 2001). This forms conceptual biases that are loaded ... Show more content on
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 Unequal power
Unequal power is "the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations
within a country expect and accept that power is distributed" (Hofstede, 1997, p. 28). In some
cultures superiors are dependent on subordinates as consultation on a limited extent, which makes it
easy and pleasant for subordinates to approach and contact their superiors. In contrast, in some
cultural groups power is always centralized. Only a considerable dependence exists from
subordinators to superiors.
 Different world views
People are known to be different and therefore they possess different beliefs and values about the
world. This has been a hindrance to effective intercultural communication because we all see the
world with a different

Intercultural Conflict Styles In Global Communication
Abstract
This research paper will explain the important learnings of intercultural conflict styles within global
communication. The overall problem that is addressed within intercultural communication is the
conflicts that come about because people may not know how to approach a situation with someone
or a group of people of a different race, gender, ethnicity, or background.
The articles throughout this research has shown the different areas intercultural conflicts effect, who
they effect, and how they can be handled through the different conflict styles. Mitchell
Hammer, Ph. D., who's views we will examine further, breaks up the intercultural conflict styles into
four sections, or a chart, that visually explains how certain cultures handle these conflicts differently.
The mission is for the audience to have a better understanding of intercultural conflict styles and
how they can be used in situations while interacting with others.
Introduction
A common issue individuals have is interacting with others. Although it is said that communication
is key, whether it is because of a person's gender, sexuality, ethnicity, age, custom backgrounds,
religious beliefs, or their every day norms communication is easily misconstrued amongst humans.
The issue is, people are not aware of the theory of intercultural conflict styles and how these styles
are intended to know how to handle certain situations with people of different cultural backgrounds.
Luckily, the Intercultural Conflict

Problems In Intercultural Communication Essay
Problems In Intercultural Communication Humans have been communicating since four million
years. On the other hand, the birth of culture is estimated to have taken place about 35,000 years
ago. Today, both culture and communication have evolved considerably and have become
interdependent of one another, to the point that communication is considered to be a product of
culture. Thus, our own culture has a deep impact on our thoughts and behaviors. Since each culture
has its distinct aspects, intercultural communication can be the cause of conflict and disorder. There
are three main issues which are at the root of the problem of intercultural miscommunication :
language as a barrier, cultural diversity and ethnocentrism. I will analyze ... Show more content on
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Among the most important concepts to emerge are those relating to dialects and language standards.
Sociolinguists have documented the presence of dialects in every language. These dialects, all of
which are legitimate, are associated with educational, economic, social and historical conditions.
Hence, even if an individual scrupulously studies all the possible dictionaries of a random language,
he would still be somewhat of a stranger to that language since he is unaware of all the dialectal
changes. In addition to differences in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammatical structures among
cultural groups, variations also exist in the rules for general discourse in oral communication,
covering such specific acts as narratives and conversation. In communicating with one another,
teachers and students naturally will follow the assumptions and rules governing discourse within
their respective cultures. Discourse rules govern such aspects of communication as: opening or
closing conversations; taking turns during conversations; interrupting; using silence as a
communicative device; interjecting humor at appropriate times and using nonverbal behavior. Once
again, an American student studying in the middle east, who would constantly interrupt the teacher
in order to clarify the professor's opinion, would be considered to be

Disadvantages Of Intercultural Communication
1. Introduction
Languages, behaviour patterns and the values cause the differences in all the existing cultures in the
world. People have different ways to communicate with each other and how to react to information.
Especially for the international business, multinational communication is essential. Understanding
the many types of communication, is a subject of importance to act successful as a global player.
Furthermore, there are great benefits through intercultural communication like:
– Healthier communities: Regardless the origin, religion or culture, people work together for the
same aim.
– Increased commerce: Successful intercultural communication has a high effect on the international
economics. In the year 2012 the U.S. earned $3 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Privacy is very rare and people do not really express their disappointment, joy or feelings. However,
there are following characteristics for Indians: family orientation, honour of both family and group,
material susses and creativity, problem solving, risk–takers and experimenters, loyalty to a group,
arranged marriages, do it yourself mentality, fatalism and savy at business. Indians communication
style is high context oriented. Elderly people are always threatened with respect, talking to them
presupposes using formal and respectful forms. Indians use communication to tighten up their
relationships and to preserve harmony but not to exchange information. Additionally Indians are
extrovert, talkative, emotional, unpunctual and they mix professional and family affairs. On the
whole Indians prefer to be a member of a group and acting collectively. This is a result of the
hierarchical system in India. Indians have several rules when it is allowed for them to speak, e.g.
they are allowed to speak, if someone before began to speak with them, it is inapplicable to show
emotions verbal or non–verbal in public, they should not ask direct questions to somebody they do
not know well. Furthermore, it is disrespectful to interrupt a person, they have to wait until the
person gives a sign. Actually, it is desired to be silent, if a person is angry, upset or out of control,
until the person settled down. Actually, it is desired to be silent, if a person is angry, upset or out of
control, until the person settled down. Another fact why non–verbal misunderstanding could occur
is, that Indians do not use the politeness formula, which is normal for Europeans, e.g. they do not
use greetings, valedictions or expressions of gratitude. Indians show their gratefulness and
thankfulness on other

Intercultural Communication : Communication, And...
I feel the ability to communicate with people across different cultural backgrounds is a strength that
I have developed over time. Intercultural communication is the term given to communication that
takes place between people whose cultural beliefs values and behaviours differ from one another
(Buchanan 2015, p. 44). Cultural knowledge that is developed through socialisation and transferred
from one generation to the next, shapes the way people communicate both verbally and nonverbally.
It influences an individual's perception of the world which in turn impacts intrapersonal
communication; self–talk, and interpersonal communication; expressing meaning in a variety of
settings (Buchanan 2015, p. 34; Kreunus et al. 2011, p. 48). When a person constructs meaning from
a message, they attempt to understand what is spoken, how it is spoken and the context of the
communication (Kreunus et al. 2011, p. 48). Semantic barriers can occur during when people
interpret a messages by associating the meaning to their own cultural understanding and knowledge
in order for it to make sense to them (ibid; Tylor, Kossen & Charmaine 2005, p. 271). The following
principles can be applied to improve intercultural communication and increase cultural sensitivity;
remove cultural barriers; decrease ethnocentrism, challenge biases and stereotypes, avoiding over–
attribution bias, be aware of cultural differences to adjust communication (Buchanan 2015, p. 43;
Tylor, Kossen & Charmaine 2005, p. 269).
As

Intercultural Communication Competency Paper

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