For MLS Students studying Histology

1. Activity 13
Integumentary System
PREPARED BY: KABARKADS NOTES Maker

2. SKIN
•Largest single organ of the body
•Also known as integument or cutaneous
layer
•Function:
Protection
Sensory
Thermoregulatory
Metabolic
Sexual signaling
•Derivatives:
Nails
Hair
Sweat and
sebaceous glands

3. Three Layers of The Dermis
•Stratum Corneum - consists of 15 to 20 layers of
squamous keratinized cells filled with birefringent
filamentous keratin
Squames: fully keratinized or cornified cell
Epidermal ridges – strengthens adhesion of
epidermis and dermis
•Stratum Lucidum – present only in thick skin
- Consists of thin, translucent layer of flattened
eosinophilic keratinocytes held together by
desmosome
- Nuclei and organelles have been lost

4. Three Layers of The Dermis
•Stratum Granulosum - consists of three to five layers
of flattened cells
- Characteristic is a Golgi-derived lamellar granules
•Stratum Spinosum - thickest layer
- Consists of polyhedral cells having central nuclei
with nucleoli and cytoplasm: actively synthesizing
keratins
•Stratum Basale - single layer basophilic cuboidal or
columnar cells on the basement membrane at the
dermal-epidermal junction
- Characterized by mitotic activity

5. Thin Skin OIO
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Germinativum
Stratum
Spinosum
Epidermal
Ridges or Pegs
Stratum Basale
Dermis
Cells:
• Keratinocytes

6. THICK SKIN HPO
Stratum Corneum
Adipose Tissue
Dermal Papilla
Dense Irregular CT
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum
Granulosum (just
below SL)
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale
Blood Vessel
Excretory Duct
Melanin granules

7. THREE LAYERS OF THE SKIN
• EPIDERMIS - epithelial layer of ectodermal origin
- Consists mainly of a stratified squamous keratinized
epithelium
- Cells are called keratinocytes
- Lack microvasculature, cells receiving nutrients and O2 by
diffusion from the dermis
• DERMIS – dense irregular CT, blood vessels, nerves, and different
glands
- They reinforce dermal-epidermal junction
• HYPODERMIS or SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER - beneath the dermis, a
loose CT layer usually containing pads of adipocytes
- Binds the skin loosely to underlying tissue
- Extensive vascular supply

8. •Dermal Papillae – numerous raised
projections in the superficial layer of the
dermis
•Epidermal ridges – interdigitate
invaginations
•Papillary layer – loose irregular connective
tissue fibers, capillaries, blood vessels,
fibroblasts, macrophages, and other loose CT
•Reticular layer – deep layer

9. THICK SKIN HPO
Dermis
Epidermis
Hypodermis

10. HAIR FOLLICLE
•External root sheet – covers the internal sheath and
extends all the way to the epidermis
•Glassy membrane – separate the hair follicle from the
dermis
- Acellular hyaline layer
•Central Medulla - In most thick hair large, vacuolated, and
moderately keratinized cells
•Cortex – heavily keratinized, densely packed cells
•Cuticle – comprises the most peripheral cells of the hair
root
- Thin layer of heavily keratinized, squamous cells
covering the cortex
•Internal root sheet – completely surrounds the initial part
of the hair root

11. Hair Follicle OIO
Cortex
*Ara man da ang medulla sa
sulod cortex and mas lighter
ang stain
Internal Root Sheet
External Root
Sheet
Connective
Tissue Sheet
Glassy
Membrane
Cuticle

12. Hair Follicle HPO
Connective Tissue
Sheet
External Root
Sheet
Glassy
MembraneCortex
Medulla

13. Hair Follicle
Scanner LPO

14. PACINIAN CORPUSCLE
•large, oval structure, deep in the reticular dermis
and hypodermis
•With an outer capsule, concentric lamellae of
flattened Schwann cells and collagen surrounding
a highly branched, unmyelinated axon
•Specialized for sensing coarse touch, pressure
(sustained touch), and vibrations
•Distortion capsule amplifying mechanical stimulus
•Found in CT of organs located deep in the body
•Encapsulated receptors
Note : For extra references you can either refer to the book or to our notes (pages 3-4, notes)

15. Pacinian corpuscle OIO
Lamellated
(Pacinian)
Corpuscle
Nerve Fibers
(axon?)
Connective
Tissue Capsule

16. ACTIVITY 14
Urinary System
Prepared By: Kabarkads Notes Maker 
When you get a
Bladder infection?
URINE trouble

17. Kidney SCANNER
Medulla
Cortex
FUNCTION: To remove waste products and excess fluid from
the body. These waste products and excess fluid are removed
through the urine

18. Kidney Medulla
LPO HPO
Collecting Duct
Interstitium
Vasa Recta
Thin Ascending &
Descending Limbs
Thick Ascending Limbs
innermost part of the kidney.

19. Kidney cortex lpo
Collecting Tubules
Renal Corpuscle
Proximal Convoluted
Tubule
Distal Convoluted
Tubule
where ultrafiltration occurs
regulates the pH of the
filtrate
regulating extracellular
fluid volume and
electrolyte homeostasis.
also called duct of Bellini
concentrate and transport
urine from the nephron
initial blood-filtering
component of a
nephron.

20. Kidney cortex hpo
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Proximal Convoluted
Tubule
Glomerulus
Macula Densa
Capsular Space
Visceral Layer
Parietal Layer
Podocyte
Glomerular Capillaries
Juxtaglomerular Cell

21. Macula Densa regulate blood pressure and the
filtration rate of the glomerulus
Juxtaglomerular
Cell
cells in the kidney that synthesize,
store, and secrete the enzyme renin.
Glomerulus filter plasma to produce glomerular
filtrate, which passes down the length
of the nephron tubule to form urine.
Podocyte cooperate with mesangial cells to
support the structure and function of
the glomerulus.
Capsular Space which the filtrate enters after passing
through the filtration slits.

22. URETER
Adventitia
Mucosa
(Lamina
Propria)
Muscularis
LPO
Venule
Lumen
Transitional epi
HPO
a tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

23. Gallbladder
HPO
store and concentrate bile, a yellow-brown digestive enzyme produced
by the liver.
Urothelium

24. Urethra
HPO OIO
the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside
of the body.
Lamina Propria
Arteriole
Transitional Epithelium
Lumen
Smooth Muscle
Adventitia

25. ACTIVITY 15
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
PREPARED BY: KABARKADS NOTES Maker
Please be aware that there are
notes written in some slides.

26. GENERAL FEAUTURE OF THE ENDOCRINE
SYSTE,
•Endocrine glands are ductless
•Have rich blood supply
•Hormones, produced by the endocrine
glands are secreted into the bloodstream
•Hormones travel in the blood to target cells
close by or far away from point of secretion
•Hormones receptors are specific binding
sites on target cells.

29. GLAND LOCATION Hormone Secreted
Pituitary Gland
(Hypophysis)
located at the base of the brain,
just below the hypothalamus,
to which it is attached via nerve
fibers.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
(TSH)
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
(FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth Hormone (GH)
Alpha Melanocyte-Stimulating
Hormone (α-MSH)
Vasopressin.
Oxytocin.
Adrenal Gland located on top of each kidney Cortisol
Aldosterone
Pancreatic Islets behind the lower part of the
stomach
Insulin
Glucagon
Thyroid Gland lies below your Adam's apple,
along the front of the windpipe.
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4),
Parathyroid located in the neck behind the
thyroid
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Pineal Gland Located deep in the center of
the brain
Melatonin

30. Gland Endocrine cells Major hormone
Adrenal Cortex  cells of zone glomerulosa
 cells of zone fasiculata
 cells of zone reticularis
 mineral-corticoid
 gluco-corticoid
 weak androgens
Adrenal Medulla Chromaffin cells  epinephrine
 norepinephrine
Pancreatic Islets  Alpha,
 Beta
 Delta
 PP cells
 glucagon
 insulin
 somatostatin
 pancreatic polypeptide
Thyroid Glands  follicular cells
 Parafollicular cells
 Thyroid hormones
 Calcitonin
Parathyroid
Glands
Chief cells Parathyroid hormones
Pineal Gland Pinealocytes Melatonin

31. Hormone Function
Glucagon • Acts on several tissues to make energy stored
in glycogen and fat available through
glycogenolysis and lipolysis
• Increase blood glucose
Insulin • Causes entry of glucose into cell
• Promotes decrease blood glucose content
Somatostatin • Inhibits release of other islet cell hormones
through local paracrine action
• Inhibits release of GH and TSH in anterior
pituitary and HCl secretion by gastric pits
Thyrotropin-releasing
hormone (TRH)
Stimulates release of thyrotropin (TSH)
Gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH)
Stimulates the release of both FSH and LH
Somatostatin Inhibits release of both somatotropin and TSH
Growth hormone-releasing
hormone
Stimulates release of GH
Dopamine Inhibits release of prolactin

32. Corticotropin-releasing
hormone (CRH)
Stimulates synthesis of pro-opiomelanocortin
Vasopressin Increases water permeability of renal collecting
ducts
Oxytocin Stimulates contraction of mammary gland
myoepithelial cells and uterine smooth muscle
Mineralocorticoids Stimulate renal absorption of water and sodium
to maintain salt and water balance
Glucocorticoids Influences carbohydrate metabolism; suppress
immune cell activities
Weak androgens Precursor for testosterone or estrogen
Epinephrine Increases heart rate and constrict vessels
Norepinephrine Dilates vessels and increases glucose release

33. Hormone Function
Glucagon Raises blood glucose levels
Insulin Lowers blood glucose level
Somatostatin Inhibits secretion of insulin. Glucagon, and somatotropin
Pancreatic
polypeptide
Inhibits secretion of pancreatic enzymes and HCO3-
Thyroid hormone Increase metabolic rate
Parathyroid
hormone
Lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast
activity
Melatonin Regulates circadian rhythms

34. Pituitary Gland
It is called the master gland because it produces hormones that control
other glands and many body functions including growth.
The pituitary consists of the anterior and posterior pituitary.

35. Pituitary Gland
Anterior Pituitary OIO
(Pars Distalis)
Posterior Pituitary OIO
Basophils
Acidophil
Chromophobe
Sinusoidal Capillaries
Darkly stained (blue)
Darkly stained (red)
Lightly stained (blue)
Contains RBC
Herring Bodies
Blood Vessel
Glial Cells
HERRING BODIES - Represent
the terminal end of the axons
from the hypothalamus, and
hormones are temporarily
stored in these locations

36. Adrenal Gland
100x
Capsule
Medulla
Starts with from
the lumen
Zonae
Glomerulosa
Zonae Fasiculata
Zonae
Reticularis

37. Adrenal Gland (a closer look sa zones)
OIO
Zonae ReticularisZonae Glomerulosa Zonae Fasiculata
Clue: Identify the capsule ang
sa dalom yah na glomerulosa
na dyun.
Clue: if sa tunga gn point
siya na si fasi.
Clue: dalom ya lumen (sunod
yah na medulla diba?). Sa
babaw (lumen) lng na si reti
• Makes
glucocorticoids
• Column of cells
• Makes androgen
• Deep angstroming
of darker cells
• Makes aldosterone
• Cells arranged in
clusters
• Separated by a septa
(line in between)

38. Pancreatic Islets
LPO
HPO
OIO
Exocrine Duct
Pancreatic Islets??
Note: Fenestrated Capillaries can be seen here
Captured during lab
activity.
Alpha- cell
Location: periphery (red)
Beta-cell
Location: centrally blue
PP cells?

40. Thyroid Gland OIO
THIS TAKEN FROM THE INTERNET.REFERENCE NI INCASE
I ASK KUNG ANO NA SIYA NG GLAND SA AMO NI NGA
OBJECTIVES.
Parafollicular Cells (C-cells)
Follicle with Colloid
Follicular Cells
Thyrocytes
Clue: smaller size and dark
staining
- Secretes calcitonin

41. Parathyroid Gland
LPO HPO
OIO
Oxyphil cells
-for old parathyroid
- Acidophilic and non-
functional
Chief cells
- Smaller and numerous
- Produces parathyroid
hormone

42. Pineal GlandHPO
Legit Look of Pineal Gland
Blood Vessel
Corpus arenaceum
Astrocyte?
Pinealocyte
Interstitial glial cells
- Or brain sand
- Forms as extracellular protein deposit
become mineralized
(ephiphysis cerebri)
Secretes melatonin
Corpus arenaceum

43. Activity 16
Male Reproductive Organs
PREPARED BY: KABARKADS NOTES Maker
Please be aware that there are
notes written in some slides.

44. CELL
MATURATION
PROCESS

45. MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
External Genital Organs Internal Genital Organs
1. Penis 1. Testis
2. Epididymis
2. Scrotum 3. Vas Deferens
4. Accessory Glands
a. Seminal vesicle
b. B. Prostate Gland
c. Bulbourethral Gland

47. Testis (plural: testes)

48. Seminiferous Tubules
Sertoli Cells
- Ara dampi sa babaw
- essential for testis
formation and
spermatogenesis
Myoid Cells
- Elongated siya
- ingle layer of flattened cells which
surrounds the Sertoli cells
Leydig Cell
- They produce
testosterone in the
presence of
luteinizing hormone
(LH).

49. Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)Basically no difference (deferens)
Scanner
LPO
OIO
Pseudostratified columnar
epithelium
Lumen
Lamina Propria
Muscle
Stereocilia
Pseudostratified columnar
epithelium
Lamina Propria
Basal Cells
Facilitate absorption
Adventitia

50. EpididymisLPO
OIO
HPO
Tunica Vaginalis?
Epididymis
Sperm
Basal stem cells
Stereocilia
Sperm
Principal Cells
contains genetic information
and an enzyme to help
penetrate the egg cell
membrane

51. Seminal Vesicle
Basal cells
Lumen
Smooth Muscle
LaminaPropria?

52. Prostate Gland
OIO
Tubuloacinar
glands

53. Bulbourethral Gland
Mucus acini
Septa
Corpora amylacea
Corpora amylacea
- They are derived from degenerate
cells or thickened secretions and
occur more frequently with
advancing age.

54. Penis
Scanner
Tunica albuginea
Blood Vessel
Skin?
Blood Vessel
Corpora cavernosa
Urethra
Corpus spongiosum
- helps to trap the blood in
the corpora cavernosa
- sustaining erection of the
penis.
- prevent compression of the urethra during erection.
A little blood enters the corpus
spongiosum; the remainder
engorges here

55. Activity 17
Female Reproductive System
Prepared By: Kabarkads Note Maker 

56. OVARY OIO- They produce oocytes (eggs) for fertilization
- they produce the reproductive hormones,
estrogen and progesterone

57. OVARY
OIO
Follicle Cells
Primary oocyte

58. OVARY OIO

59. Stages of Ovarian follicles

60. Uterine Tube- transport sperm toward the egg, which is released by
the ovary, and to then allow passage of the fertilized
egg back to the uterus for implantation

61. Uterus
OIO
nurturing the fertilized ovum that develops into the fetus
and holding it till the baby is mature enough for birth.

63. LAYER OF UTERUS DESCRIPTION FUNCTION
MYOMETRIUM
middle layer of the uterine wall,
consisting mainly of uterine
smooth muscle cells (also called
uterine myocytes), but also of
supporting stromal and vascular
tissue
induce uterine contractions
ENDOMETRIUM Innermost glandular layer
lining for the uterus, preventing
adhesions between the opposed
walls of the myometrium,
thereby maintaining the patency
of the uterine cavity.
PERIMETRIUM
(or serous coat of uterus) is the
outer serosa layer of the uterus,
equivalent to peritoneum
hold the uterus in place and
covers the myometrium

64. Vagina- receives the penis during sexual intercourse
- also serves as a conduit for menstrual flow from
the uterus.
HPO
Nonkeratinized
Stratified
Squamous Epi

65. Mammary Gland- responsible for lactation, or the production of milk
LPO
Lactiferous Duct
Alveoli
Lactiferous Duct

66. Placenta
- also known as afterbirth) is an organ that connects the
developing fetus to the uterine wall
- to allow nutrient uptake,
- provide thermo-regulation to the fetus,
- waste elimination,
- and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply,
- fight against internal infection and produce hormones to
support pregnancy.

67. Maternal Blood
Sinusoids
(Capillaries)
Smaller Villus Branches
Maternal Blood
Syncytiotrophoblast