2. Contents
• Introduction
• History
• Designing of instruments
• Principles of elevators
• Instruments for
- Gaining surgical asepsis.
- Gaining surgical access.
- Retraction of tissues.
- Maintaining a clean surgical field.
- Holding
- Removal of bone
3. Introduction
• Armamentarium have evolved:-
- For the ease of surgeon.
- Shortening on table-time.
- Widening the Surgical Field.
- Increasing the Visibility.
- Minimizing trauma to the Surgical Site.
6. Early dental key
Folding dental key,
Straight shanked key with single claw The nadir of dental keys
7. 1.Hind’s foot elevator with ebony handle; 2. Spade-shaped elevator c1800-1810, made
by French instrument maker Blanu; 3. Punch elevator with ebony handle c1795; 4.
Goat’s foot elevator with ebony handle.
22. Physics Forceps
• First class lever mechanism.
• One handle is connected to the
bumper that functions as the
fulcrum during extraction.
• Advantage – causes atraumatic
extraction.
28. Cheatle’s Forceps
• Long handles and long
angulated, beaks which are
serrated for better grip.
• To remove instruments and
drapes from the autoclave.
29. Swab Holding Forceps
• long handles but straight beaks
are fenestrated and serrated in
the ends.
• Used to hold the swab and paint
the surgical area with an
antiseptic preoperatively
50. Mayo- Hegar Needle Holder
• Has a locking handle and
a short, stout beak.
• It has a vertical slot
• Beak is shorter and
stronger than the
hemostat.
• Used in intraoral
placement of sutures
55. Luer- Friedmann Rongeur Forceps
•Two major designs are a side cutting
forceps and side-cutting/end-cutting
forceps.
•Side-cutting/end-cutting forceps are
more practical for dentoalveolar surgical
procedures.
•Used to remove bone and sharp bone
spicules during intraoral surgery.
59. Ultrasonic Osteotomy
• Barium titanate transducers
• Low frequencies (20-36
kHz) used to cut the bone.
• Placing excessive pressure
on an ultrasonic tip can
prevent its proper vibration,
and in overheating.
68. Sterilization
It is the act or process, physical or
chemical, that destroys or eliminates all
forms of life, especially microorganisms
either in vegetative or spore state.
Destruction or removal of all microbial
life including endospores.
69. Disinfectant
•A disinfectant is an agent that frees from infection,
usually a chemical agent but sometimes a physical
one, such as x-rays or ultraviolet light, that
destroys disease or other harmful microorganisms
but may not kill bacterial spores.
•It refers to substances applied to inanimate
objects.
70. Asepsis
It is a substance that prevents or arrests the
growth or action of microorganisms, either by
inhibiting their activity or destroying them. It is
used to prevent contamination of wounds and
other sites (living tissue).
72. Methods of sterilization
Physical agents
1. Dry heat
a. Flaming
b. Incineration
c. Hot air
2.Moist air
a. Pasteurisation
b. Boiling
c. Steam under pressure
3.Filteration
4.Radiations
Chemical agents
1. Alcohols
2. Aldehydes
3. Dyes
4.Halogens
5.Phenols
6.Gases
7.surface active
agents
8. metallic salts
73. Method Mechanism
of action
Comment Preferred use
Autoclaving Protein
denaturation
Very effective
method of
sterilization; at about
15 psi of pressure
(1210 C), all
vegetative cells and
their endospores are
killed in about 15
min.
Microbiological
media, solutions,
linens, utensils,
dressings,
equipment, and
other items that
can withstand
temperature and
pressure
Hot air
sterilization
Oxidation Very effective
method of
sterilization, but
requires
temperature of 1210
C for about 2 hr.
Empty glassware,
instruments,
needles and glass
syringes