The launching of a Free Trade Zone (FTZ) in Shanghai on September 29, 2013 attracted a great deal of attention around the globe. The first Hong Kong-like free trade area in mainland China was personally endorsed by Premier Li Keqiang and is set to promote trade and encourage foreign investment in the country’s tightly regulated service industry. To contribute to a better understanding of the Shanghai FTZ model this paper gives an overview of the implementation process as well as it's underlying guiding principles and legislations.
This document summarizes an academic paper that examines the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade in Cambodia. It begins with information about the author and abstract of the paper. It then reviews relevant theories on whether FDI substitutes or complements trade. Prior empirical studies that generally found a complementary relationship are discussed. The document presents the author's empirical analysis using a gravity model of bilateral trade to test the relationship with Cambodia. It finds FDI complements trade based on the analysis, supporting most prior empirical work. In under 3 sentences, it provides an overview of the topic, methods, and main conclusion.
This document analyzes the relationship between inter-industry, intra-industry, and inter-regional clustering and the demand for labor by companies in Portugal. It develops an equation to model the relationship between the relative growth of regional employment in an industry and factors representing transportation costs, backward and forward linkages between industries, and agglomeration economies. The document uses statistical data on employment, wages, and goods flows for Portugal's five regions and nine manufacturing industries from 1986 to 1994 to estimate the model.
Hecksher Ohlin Theory of Factor ProportionsLena Argosino
The Heckscher-Ohlin theory states that countries will export goods that utilize their abundant and cheap factors of production. It focuses on labor and capital as the two main factors. According to the theory, a capital-rich country will export capital-intensive goods, while a labor-rich country will export labor-intensive goods. A country's comparative advantage depends on the factors of production it has in relative abundance and at a lower cost.
Hecksher Ohlin theory, Factor endowments theory, Modern Theory of International Trade, 2*2 theory, factor proportions theory, H-O Model, theory of International Trade
This document summarizes several theories of international trade, including:
- The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem that trade is based on comparative advantage from differences in factor endowments.
- The Leontief paradox that challenged this by finding the US exported labor-intensive goods.
- The Stolper-Samuelson theorem about how trade impacts factor prices.
- Linders theory of overlapping demand explaining intra-industry trade between similar countries.
Meeting 5 - Leontief Paradox (International Economics)Albina Gaisina
Leontief attempted to empirically test the Heckscher-Ohlin theory that predicted countries would export goods intensive in their abundant factors and import goods intensive in their scarce factors. However, his analysis found the opposite - that the US exported labor-intensive goods despite being capital abundant. This contradiction became known as Leontief's paradox. Explanations for the paradox included differences in labor productivity between countries and the oversimplification of excluding natural resources. Later studies by others found similar paradoxical results for other countries like Japan. The paradox led some economists to dismiss the Heckscher-Ohlin theory in favor of models based on technological differences.
The document summarizes several trade theories, including the Heckscher-Ohlin theory and product cycle model. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory posits that differences in factor endowments, like abundance of labor vs capital, determine comparative advantage and trade patterns. Empirical tests found some inconsistencies, like the Leontief paradox. Later theories incorporated increasing returns to scale, product differentiation, and technological developments over a product's life cycle to better explain trade patterns.
Pakistan and India have large economies and share a common border and history, but trade between the two countries makes up only 20% of regional trade due to political tensions and a lack of integration. Liberalizing trade could increase formal trade between $2.25 billion to $30.4 billion and benefit both countries through new jobs, tax revenue, and access to imports. However, some industries may face more competition from imports. Overall, normalized trade that reduces informal trade and smuggling could significantly benefit both Pakistan and India through increased economic opportunities.
This document summarizes an academic paper that examines the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade in Cambodia. It begins with information about the author and abstract of the paper. It then reviews relevant theories on whether FDI substitutes or complements trade. Prior empirical studies that generally found a complementary relationship are discussed. The document presents the author's empirical analysis using a gravity model of bilateral trade to test the relationship with Cambodia. It finds FDI complements trade based on the analysis, supporting most prior empirical work. In under 3 sentences, it provides an overview of the topic, methods, and main conclusion.
This document analyzes the relationship between inter-industry, intra-industry, and inter-regional clustering and the demand for labor by companies in Portugal. It develops an equation to model the relationship between the relative growth of regional employment in an industry and factors representing transportation costs, backward and forward linkages between industries, and agglomeration economies. The document uses statistical data on employment, wages, and goods flows for Portugal's five regions and nine manufacturing industries from 1986 to 1994 to estimate the model.
Hecksher Ohlin Theory of Factor ProportionsLena Argosino
The Heckscher-Ohlin theory states that countries will export goods that utilize their abundant and cheap factors of production. It focuses on labor and capital as the two main factors. According to the theory, a capital-rich country will export capital-intensive goods, while a labor-rich country will export labor-intensive goods. A country's comparative advantage depends on the factors of production it has in relative abundance and at a lower cost.
Hecksher Ohlin theory, Factor endowments theory, Modern Theory of International Trade, 2*2 theory, factor proportions theory, H-O Model, theory of International Trade
This document summarizes several theories of international trade, including:
- The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem that trade is based on comparative advantage from differences in factor endowments.
- The Leontief paradox that challenged this by finding the US exported labor-intensive goods.
- The Stolper-Samuelson theorem about how trade impacts factor prices.
- Linders theory of overlapping demand explaining intra-industry trade between similar countries.
Meeting 5 - Leontief Paradox (International Economics)Albina Gaisina
Leontief attempted to empirically test the Heckscher-Ohlin theory that predicted countries would export goods intensive in their abundant factors and import goods intensive in their scarce factors. However, his analysis found the opposite - that the US exported labor-intensive goods despite being capital abundant. This contradiction became known as Leontief's paradox. Explanations for the paradox included differences in labor productivity between countries and the oversimplification of excluding natural resources. Later studies by others found similar paradoxical results for other countries like Japan. The paradox led some economists to dismiss the Heckscher-Ohlin theory in favor of models based on technological differences.
The document summarizes several trade theories, including the Heckscher-Ohlin theory and product cycle model. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory posits that differences in factor endowments, like abundance of labor vs capital, determine comparative advantage and trade patterns. Empirical tests found some inconsistencies, like the Leontief paradox. Later theories incorporated increasing returns to scale, product differentiation, and technological developments over a product's life cycle to better explain trade patterns.
Pakistan and India have large economies and share a common border and history, but trade between the two countries makes up only 20% of regional trade due to political tensions and a lack of integration. Liberalizing trade could increase formal trade between $2.25 billion to $30.4 billion and benefit both countries through new jobs, tax revenue, and access to imports. However, some industries may face more competition from imports. Overall, normalized trade that reduces informal trade and smuggling could significantly benefit both Pakistan and India through increased economic opportunities.
The document discusses several international trade theories:
1) Heckscher-Ohlin theory which states that countries export goods that use their abundant factors intensively.
2) Product life cycle theory which argues production location moves from innovating to other countries as a product matures.
3) It provides examples of how different countries' factor endowments impact their exports, such as the US exporting capital intensive goods due to abundant capital.
This chapter discusses international trade patterns and balance of payments. It provides an overview of world trade, including the growth of merchandise and services exports from 1980 to 2007. It also examines the direction and composition of world trade. The chapter then analyzes India's foreign trade, including its growth since independence, composition between merchandise and services, key export and import partners, and main export and import products. Finally, it covers topics such as terms of trade and how they are measured.
The factor endowment theory of international trade was developed by Swedish economists Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin. Ohlin built upon Heckscher's work and published his theory in his 1933 book. The theory explains that countries will export goods that intensively use their abundant factors and import goods that intensively use their scarce factors. It assumes two countries, two goods, and two factors of production. A country is said to be factor abundant based on either having a higher capital to labor ratio or lower relative price of that factor. The theory shows graphically how trade leads to specialization according to comparative advantage. It makes restrictive assumptions about production functions and consumer preferences that limit its realism.
Thought the H-O theory did not supplant the comparative cost theory, but supported it by providing explanation for the relative commodity price differences between the countries and their respective comparative advantages. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory focuses on the differences in the relative abundance of factors of production in various nations as the most important determinant of the difference in relative commodity prices and comparative advantage. However Leontief in his empirical examination found opposite of what the H-O model predicted, given the high level of U.S. wages and the relatively high amount of capital per worker in the United States. Leontief’s discovery was termed the Leontief Paradox.
However this did not disprove H-O theory, instead we have various explanations on such paradoxical situation. The Post H-O theory mainly looked in this aspect.
The document summarizes theories of international trade, including the Heckscher-Ohlin theory and its assumptions. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory states that differences in factor endowments between countries determine comparative advantage and trade patterns. It includes the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem and factor price equalization theorem. Empirical tests by Leontief found results contrary to predictions, known as the Leontief paradox. The document also discusses economies of scale, intra-industry trade, technology gaps, and product cycle models as additional determinants of trade patterns.
The Impact of Sino-Indian Economic Cooperation on the Indian Steel Industry(J...POSCO Research Institute
[Asian Steel Watch] Vol.3 (2017.6)
Featured Articles
The Impact of Sino-Indian Economic Cooperation on the Indian Steel Industry
In the mid-2000s, Sino-Indian trade and investment began to expand. In light of India’s strategic culture, the economic cooperation between India and China will continue. India exports iron ore to China, while it imports steel products from China. India’s trade deficit with China is surging, dragging India down into chronic steel deficits with China. In early this year, the Indian government released draft National Steel Policy of 2017 (NSP) with an aim to boost its crude steel capacity to 64 Mt by 2030 to satisfy the continuously rising domestic steel demand and to export some steel products.
Savan-Seno SEZ
- Located in Savannakhet province, it was Lao's first experimental SEZ approved in 2002.
- Focuses on industry, trade, services, and logistics.
- Considered one of the most progressed zones according to Lao authorities.
The document discusses the Heckscher-Ohlin theory of comparative advantage based on differences in factor endowments between nations. It states that nations with relatively more labor will export labor-intensive goods, while nations with relatively more capital will export capital-intensive goods. However, a study by Leontief found that US exports were more labor-intensive than imports, contradicting the theory. More recent studies have focused on the importance of skilled labor as a factor of production and found nations with more skilled labor tend to export manufactured goods.
There is a solid foundation upon which to argue that the labour market is the most important market of modern economies (see, for example, Elliott 1991). The reason for this arises
from the well-known fact that, by a wide margin, most individuals derive their current income flow from selling their labour services. This applies to the Finnish labour markets,
which have gained growing interest during the 1990s.
The prominent reason for the interest has been the empirical feature that the unemployment rate soared during the so-called great slump of the early 1990s. Since then, according to a number of commentators on public affairs, unemployment has been the most important economic and social problem
in Finland. In this respect, the situation is nowadays much the same across the whole of the European labour markets.
As a consequence of this development of the 1990s, the
issues associated with the Finnish labour markets constitute a topical research theme.
Potential survival after entering the construction industryDivpriya Chawla
The document analyzes the potential for survival in India's construction industry using Porter's Five Forces model. It finds that while the threats of new entrants and bargaining power of suppliers are high due to shortage of skilled labor, bargaining power of buyers is low due to high demand. Competition is high in some segments but lower in others like airports. The government is taking measures like increasing foreign investment to stimulate growth in the construction industry.
Zhang Yanming - Session 3: Airport Cities – A special focus on how China and ...Global Airport Cities
1. Zhengzhou Airport Economic Zone (ZAEZ) was approved in March 2013 and aims to develop Zhengzhou into an international aviation hub and modern industrial base.
2. ZAEZ has unique advantages such as its central location in China, developed transportation infrastructure including the Zhengzhou International Airport, high-speed rail network, and expressways. It also has abundant human resources from Henan province.
3. The development plan for ZAEZ includes building it into an international air cargo hub, multimodal transportation center, bonded zone, and modern industrial base focused on aviation, logistics, high-tech manufacturing and services by 2025. Major progress has already been made in air
Relations between India and Pakistan have been largely hostile due to their violent partition in 1947 and the Kashmir conflict. While they have a shared border and history, regional trade accounts for only 20% of their combined economies. Restrictions limit Pakistan to importing only 138 items from India. A World Bank report estimated bilateral trade could increase from $2 billion to $37 billion if barriers were removed. However, tensions have risen in recent years, including India revoking Pakistan's favored trade status following an attack in 2019.
Does Macroeconomic factors Impact on Foreign Direct Investment in emerging ec...AI Publications
Foreign direct investment is essential for economic growth of a country. It acts as a promoter for the economic development of a country. Keeping this in mind, the objective of this study is to determine the effect of macroeconomic variables such as interest rate, real exchange rate,inflation rate and stock market on foreign direct investment in Pakistan. For this purpose,study used the authentic annual data for the period of 27 years i.e. from 1990-2016. We are use for analysis E-View software, The empirical analysis involved using the ADF test to check the stationary of the data.Results revealed that interest rate and exchange rate have significant negative effect on FDI and stock market index has negative and unsignificant effect on FDI while inflation rate has positive and significant effect on FDI.
Factor endowments and the heckscher ohlin theory (chapter 5)Rasel Ahamed
This document presents a group presentation to Professor Ayesha Akhter of the Department of Finance at Jagannath University by Group 4. The presentation includes:
1. An introduction and list of group members and their student IDs.
2. An outline of Chapter 5 on the Heckscher-Ohlin theory of international trade, including assumptions, factor intensities, factor abundance, and the shape of production frontiers.
3. Summaries of sections on the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, factor price equalization, and illustrations of the models by various group members.
The document discusses new exhibition opportunities in China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan for Thai exhibitions. It provides economic data and trade links for each location. Representatives from the Thai Convention and Exhibition Bureau met with the Thai exhibitions industry to discuss capturing opportunities in these markets. The TCEB plans to undertake roadshows, meetings, and familiarization trips in 2009 to strengthen relationships and promote Thai exhibitions.
Effect of Stock Market Listing on Financial Performance of Companies Listed i...paperpublications3
Abstract: This study is on the effect of stock market listing on financial performance of companies listed in Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE). The specific objectives of the study determining how the nature of business industry and size of companies affected their financial performance, how government policy effected through Capital Markets Authority (CMA) influenced financial performance of companies listed in NSE, how management of the companies listed in NSE affected their financial performance, and how availability of information influenced the financial performance of companies listed in NSE. The Population of the study as well as the target population was a census of all 61 listed companies at the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) as at 31st December 2012. This study established that in general stock market listing affects different profitability ratios in different ways. Some improve as a result of stock market listing while others deteriorate.
Keywords: Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE), Listing, Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE).
Title: Effect of Stock Market Listing on Financial Performance of Companies Listed in Nairobi Securities Exchange
Author: Wilbert Kiplangat Kurgat
ISSN 2349-7807
International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM)
Paper Publications
This document discusses China's Belt and Road Initiative which aims to stimulate growth through infrastructure connectivity and increased trade between Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. It faces challenges in scaling up financing for infrastructure projects and coordinating between countries. For growth to be sustainable, investments need to align with goals for low-carbon development, energy efficiency, and climate change mitigation. Regional organizations like the Asian Development Bank can help establish common approaches and make the initiative more multilateral.
Session 2 archanun how aec promote intra_asean trade evidence from thailandntuperc
To gain better understanding of prospects and challenges of AEC, the paper examines whether and how exporters actually respond to tariff preferential schemes of AEC. The core analysis in this paper is an analysis of FTA administrative records of Thailand over the decade ending in 2015. Firms applying AEC preferential schemes were for market access into the original ASEAN members. Products exported under the FTA preferential schemes are highly concentrated, dominated by 4 sectors, i.e. Automotive (both vehicles and auto parts), electrical appliances, petrochemical products, and processed foods. Among ASEAN members, Indonesia had the highest utilization rate, followed by the Philippines and Vietnam. By contrast, Malaysia, another major trading partners of Thailand within ASEAN, recorded rather low utilization rate, i.e. about one-fourth of total export. The high cost of compiling with ROO would explain the low utilization rate to a certain extent. There are also cumbersome in government procedures. The key policy inference is that ROO and their related administrative procedures would be an area where policy makers should pay attention.
Recent Developments in Exporting Agricultural Goods to China - Workshop on ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA), Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 03 March 2017
Spotlight On The Shanghai Free Trade Zone - Volume 1MSL
The Shanghai Free Trade Zone (FTZ) has been one of the most anticipated reform measures that reflect the next stage of economic liberalization for China. In this newsletter, MSLGROUP shares an insider’s perspective on the latest developments at the FTZ. We believe that entering it early would bring tremendous opportunities for MNCs operating in China.
The pilot zone which opened on September 29, 2013, is still a work in progress. Local and central authorities are testing potential reform measures with enormous ramifications for companies doing business in China. Read this newsletter to learn more.
The document discusses factors to consider for multinational companies investing in China. It outlines China's encouragement of foreign direct investment and the attributes of its market, currency, and trade environment. The essay also examines political, employment, cultural, and social implications for long-term investment projects in China. Key factors discussed include import/export restrictions, labor laws, currency value manipulation, hierarchy-based business culture, and differences between national and local regulations.
The document discusses several international trade theories:
1) Heckscher-Ohlin theory which states that countries export goods that use their abundant factors intensively.
2) Product life cycle theory which argues production location moves from innovating to other countries as a product matures.
3) It provides examples of how different countries' factor endowments impact their exports, such as the US exporting capital intensive goods due to abundant capital.
This chapter discusses international trade patterns and balance of payments. It provides an overview of world trade, including the growth of merchandise and services exports from 1980 to 2007. It also examines the direction and composition of world trade. The chapter then analyzes India's foreign trade, including its growth since independence, composition between merchandise and services, key export and import partners, and main export and import products. Finally, it covers topics such as terms of trade and how they are measured.
The factor endowment theory of international trade was developed by Swedish economists Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin. Ohlin built upon Heckscher's work and published his theory in his 1933 book. The theory explains that countries will export goods that intensively use their abundant factors and import goods that intensively use their scarce factors. It assumes two countries, two goods, and two factors of production. A country is said to be factor abundant based on either having a higher capital to labor ratio or lower relative price of that factor. The theory shows graphically how trade leads to specialization according to comparative advantage. It makes restrictive assumptions about production functions and consumer preferences that limit its realism.
Thought the H-O theory did not supplant the comparative cost theory, but supported it by providing explanation for the relative commodity price differences between the countries and their respective comparative advantages. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory focuses on the differences in the relative abundance of factors of production in various nations as the most important determinant of the difference in relative commodity prices and comparative advantage. However Leontief in his empirical examination found opposite of what the H-O model predicted, given the high level of U.S. wages and the relatively high amount of capital per worker in the United States. Leontief’s discovery was termed the Leontief Paradox.
However this did not disprove H-O theory, instead we have various explanations on such paradoxical situation. The Post H-O theory mainly looked in this aspect.
The document summarizes theories of international trade, including the Heckscher-Ohlin theory and its assumptions. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory states that differences in factor endowments between countries determine comparative advantage and trade patterns. It includes the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem and factor price equalization theorem. Empirical tests by Leontief found results contrary to predictions, known as the Leontief paradox. The document also discusses economies of scale, intra-industry trade, technology gaps, and product cycle models as additional determinants of trade patterns.
The Impact of Sino-Indian Economic Cooperation on the Indian Steel Industry(J...POSCO Research Institute
[Asian Steel Watch] Vol.3 (2017.6)
Featured Articles
The Impact of Sino-Indian Economic Cooperation on the Indian Steel Industry
In the mid-2000s, Sino-Indian trade and investment began to expand. In light of India’s strategic culture, the economic cooperation between India and China will continue. India exports iron ore to China, while it imports steel products from China. India’s trade deficit with China is surging, dragging India down into chronic steel deficits with China. In early this year, the Indian government released draft National Steel Policy of 2017 (NSP) with an aim to boost its crude steel capacity to 64 Mt by 2030 to satisfy the continuously rising domestic steel demand and to export some steel products.
Savan-Seno SEZ
- Located in Savannakhet province, it was Lao's first experimental SEZ approved in 2002.
- Focuses on industry, trade, services, and logistics.
- Considered one of the most progressed zones according to Lao authorities.
The document discusses the Heckscher-Ohlin theory of comparative advantage based on differences in factor endowments between nations. It states that nations with relatively more labor will export labor-intensive goods, while nations with relatively more capital will export capital-intensive goods. However, a study by Leontief found that US exports were more labor-intensive than imports, contradicting the theory. More recent studies have focused on the importance of skilled labor as a factor of production and found nations with more skilled labor tend to export manufactured goods.
There is a solid foundation upon which to argue that the labour market is the most important market of modern economies (see, for example, Elliott 1991). The reason for this arises
from the well-known fact that, by a wide margin, most individuals derive their current income flow from selling their labour services. This applies to the Finnish labour markets,
which have gained growing interest during the 1990s.
The prominent reason for the interest has been the empirical feature that the unemployment rate soared during the so-called great slump of the early 1990s. Since then, according to a number of commentators on public affairs, unemployment has been the most important economic and social problem
in Finland. In this respect, the situation is nowadays much the same across the whole of the European labour markets.
As a consequence of this development of the 1990s, the
issues associated with the Finnish labour markets constitute a topical research theme.
Potential survival after entering the construction industryDivpriya Chawla
The document analyzes the potential for survival in India's construction industry using Porter's Five Forces model. It finds that while the threats of new entrants and bargaining power of suppliers are high due to shortage of skilled labor, bargaining power of buyers is low due to high demand. Competition is high in some segments but lower in others like airports. The government is taking measures like increasing foreign investment to stimulate growth in the construction industry.
Zhang Yanming - Session 3: Airport Cities – A special focus on how China and ...Global Airport Cities
1. Zhengzhou Airport Economic Zone (ZAEZ) was approved in March 2013 and aims to develop Zhengzhou into an international aviation hub and modern industrial base.
2. ZAEZ has unique advantages such as its central location in China, developed transportation infrastructure including the Zhengzhou International Airport, high-speed rail network, and expressways. It also has abundant human resources from Henan province.
3. The development plan for ZAEZ includes building it into an international air cargo hub, multimodal transportation center, bonded zone, and modern industrial base focused on aviation, logistics, high-tech manufacturing and services by 2025. Major progress has already been made in air
Relations between India and Pakistan have been largely hostile due to their violent partition in 1947 and the Kashmir conflict. While they have a shared border and history, regional trade accounts for only 20% of their combined economies. Restrictions limit Pakistan to importing only 138 items from India. A World Bank report estimated bilateral trade could increase from $2 billion to $37 billion if barriers were removed. However, tensions have risen in recent years, including India revoking Pakistan's favored trade status following an attack in 2019.
Does Macroeconomic factors Impact on Foreign Direct Investment in emerging ec...AI Publications
Foreign direct investment is essential for economic growth of a country. It acts as a promoter for the economic development of a country. Keeping this in mind, the objective of this study is to determine the effect of macroeconomic variables such as interest rate, real exchange rate,inflation rate and stock market on foreign direct investment in Pakistan. For this purpose,study used the authentic annual data for the period of 27 years i.e. from 1990-2016. We are use for analysis E-View software, The empirical analysis involved using the ADF test to check the stationary of the data.Results revealed that interest rate and exchange rate have significant negative effect on FDI and stock market index has negative and unsignificant effect on FDI while inflation rate has positive and significant effect on FDI.
Factor endowments and the heckscher ohlin theory (chapter 5)Rasel Ahamed
This document presents a group presentation to Professor Ayesha Akhter of the Department of Finance at Jagannath University by Group 4. The presentation includes:
1. An introduction and list of group members and their student IDs.
2. An outline of Chapter 5 on the Heckscher-Ohlin theory of international trade, including assumptions, factor intensities, factor abundance, and the shape of production frontiers.
3. Summaries of sections on the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, factor price equalization, and illustrations of the models by various group members.
The document discusses new exhibition opportunities in China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan for Thai exhibitions. It provides economic data and trade links for each location. Representatives from the Thai Convention and Exhibition Bureau met with the Thai exhibitions industry to discuss capturing opportunities in these markets. The TCEB plans to undertake roadshows, meetings, and familiarization trips in 2009 to strengthen relationships and promote Thai exhibitions.
Effect of Stock Market Listing on Financial Performance of Companies Listed i...paperpublications3
Abstract: This study is on the effect of stock market listing on financial performance of companies listed in Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE). The specific objectives of the study determining how the nature of business industry and size of companies affected their financial performance, how government policy effected through Capital Markets Authority (CMA) influenced financial performance of companies listed in NSE, how management of the companies listed in NSE affected their financial performance, and how availability of information influenced the financial performance of companies listed in NSE. The Population of the study as well as the target population was a census of all 61 listed companies at the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) as at 31st December 2012. This study established that in general stock market listing affects different profitability ratios in different ways. Some improve as a result of stock market listing while others deteriorate.
Keywords: Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE), Listing, Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE).
Title: Effect of Stock Market Listing on Financial Performance of Companies Listed in Nairobi Securities Exchange
Author: Wilbert Kiplangat Kurgat
ISSN 2349-7807
International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM)
Paper Publications
This document discusses China's Belt and Road Initiative which aims to stimulate growth through infrastructure connectivity and increased trade between Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. It faces challenges in scaling up financing for infrastructure projects and coordinating between countries. For growth to be sustainable, investments need to align with goals for low-carbon development, energy efficiency, and climate change mitigation. Regional organizations like the Asian Development Bank can help establish common approaches and make the initiative more multilateral.
Session 2 archanun how aec promote intra_asean trade evidence from thailandntuperc
To gain better understanding of prospects and challenges of AEC, the paper examines whether and how exporters actually respond to tariff preferential schemes of AEC. The core analysis in this paper is an analysis of FTA administrative records of Thailand over the decade ending in 2015. Firms applying AEC preferential schemes were for market access into the original ASEAN members. Products exported under the FTA preferential schemes are highly concentrated, dominated by 4 sectors, i.e. Automotive (both vehicles and auto parts), electrical appliances, petrochemical products, and processed foods. Among ASEAN members, Indonesia had the highest utilization rate, followed by the Philippines and Vietnam. By contrast, Malaysia, another major trading partners of Thailand within ASEAN, recorded rather low utilization rate, i.e. about one-fourth of total export. The high cost of compiling with ROO would explain the low utilization rate to a certain extent. There are also cumbersome in government procedures. The key policy inference is that ROO and their related administrative procedures would be an area where policy makers should pay attention.
Recent Developments in Exporting Agricultural Goods to China - Workshop on ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA), Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 03 March 2017
Spotlight On The Shanghai Free Trade Zone - Volume 1MSL
The Shanghai Free Trade Zone (FTZ) has been one of the most anticipated reform measures that reflect the next stage of economic liberalization for China. In this newsletter, MSLGROUP shares an insider’s perspective on the latest developments at the FTZ. We believe that entering it early would bring tremendous opportunities for MNCs operating in China.
The pilot zone which opened on September 29, 2013, is still a work in progress. Local and central authorities are testing potential reform measures with enormous ramifications for companies doing business in China. Read this newsletter to learn more.
The document discusses factors to consider for multinational companies investing in China. It outlines China's encouragement of foreign direct investment and the attributes of its market, currency, and trade environment. The essay also examines political, employment, cultural, and social implications for long-term investment projects in China. Key factors discussed include import/export restrictions, labor laws, currency value manipulation, hierarchy-based business culture, and differences between national and local regulations.
This study analyzes the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) and international trade on labor productivity in 30 Chinese provinces from 1979 to 2006. It finds strong evidence that productivity in a given Chinese region is influenced by surrounding regions, indicating positive spatial autocorrelation. Additionally, FDI and trade are found to have positive and significant impacts on labor productivity and exhibit positive spatial spillovers among provinces. These findings are robust after accounting for spatial effects and alternative specifications.
The document summarizes the keynote speech by Dr. Victor Fung on the economic outlook of Hong Kong in the context of China's 12th Five-Year Plan. The summary is as follows:
(1) Hong Kong faces challenges from increasing regional competition and needs to further integrate economically with mainland China.
(2) The 12th Five-Year Plan aims to transform China's development pattern, improve people's livelihoods, and supports enhancing Hong Kong's status as an international financial center.
(3) The plan presents opportunities for Hong Kong to strengthen its pillar industries and priority sectors by leveraging its strengths and collaborating more with Guangdong through the Framework Agreement on Cooperation.
The document discusses amending the economic provisions of the 1987 Philippine Constitution to attract more foreign direct investment. It notes that the Constitution currently places restrictions on foreign ownership in industries like natural resources, public utilities, and land ownership. These restrictions have kept foreign investment low compared to neighboring countries. Amending the Constitution could provide more flexibility to attract capital through laws instead of the fixed restrictions. This would help the Philippine economy grow faster and allow it to better compete in the developing ASEAN Economic Community market.
Impact of TICFA Agreement and Cancellation of GSP Scheme: A Case Study from B...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study on the impact of the Trade and Investment Cooperation Forum Agreement (TICFA) between Bangladesh and the US, and the cancellation of Bangladesh's Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) benefits. The study analyzes the contents and objectives of the TICFA agreement, discussing both its potential positive impacts like increased investment, as well as negatives like pressure from the stronger US economy. It also examines why Bangladesh lost its GSP status for garment exports and whether this benefit could be restored. The document provides context on Bangladesh's economy and trade relationship with the US.
ASEAN has played an important role in facilitating regional economic integration in Asia Pacific. While ASEAN has established various agreements and initiatives to create a single market, such as ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services (AFAS), and ASEAN Investment Area (AIA), there are still shortcomings including the speed and quality of integration as well as lack of political will and institutional capacity. However, ASEAN has emerged as a hub for regional economic cooperation and free trade agreements with major countries, demonstrating its importance for trade and investment connectivity in the wider Asia Pacific region.
The document discusses the costs and benefits of China's Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. It finds that the zone generates high positive net present value and internal rates of return above China's estimated discount rate of 7.5%. The benefits to China include foreign exchange earnings, employment, technology transfer, and tax revenues. Costs include infrastructure, administration, and electricity. A social cost-benefit analysis concludes that the SEZ is a beneficial public investment for China's economic welfare by expanding employment and foreign exchange, with benefits exceeding costs.
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Inputs and Materials: Background Paper - China (Shanghai) Free Trade Zone
1. Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration in Asia
INPUTS AND MATERIALS
Background Paper
China (Shanghai) Free Trade Zone
2. Published by
Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
Registered offices
Bonn and Eschborn,
Germany
Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration in Asia
China Office
TaYuan Diplomatic Office
14 Liangmahe South Street, Chaoyang District
10600 Beijing, PR China
T +86-10-8532-5344
F +86-10-8532-5744
rci-asia@giz.de
www.giz.de
Text by
Jonas Humpert
As at
December 2013
GIZ is responsible for the content of this publication
On behalf of
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)
Regional development policy; Asia and South-East Asia
Addresses of the BMZ offices
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3. Contents
I. Introduction
3
II. A general overview of the concept
4
III. Free Trade Zone – one concept, different terminologies
6
IV. In search of a definition
7
V. Implementation of the Shanghai FTZ
9
VI. The legislative basis of the Shanghai FTZ – an overview
10
6.1 The Framework Plan for the China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone
6.2 Negative List
11
13
VII. Prospect
15
VIII. References
16
Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration in Asia
2
4. I. Introduction
The launching of a Free Trade Zone (FTZ) in Shanghai, the People’s Republic of China’s (China)
financial hub, at the end of September 2013, attracted a great deal of attention around the globe.
On its inauguration on September 29, Global Times reports that the highly anticipated China
(Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone (中国(上海)自由贸易试验区) ,,will be key to enhance the
Renminbi’s (RMB) influence on the international financial stage and whether China could upgrade its integration into globalization from trade to finance” (Global Times 2013). To help attract foreign investments and companies parallel to considering the introduction of international law, Chinese policy makers have discussed the adoption of an international legal system
in the FTZ for the first time (South China Morning Post 2013). Against the backdrop of November’s 2013 Third Plenum of the 18th Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee – a
meeting that many observers expected to be a landmark event in China’s economic reforms –
the reduction of tariffs could eventually lead to a greater commitment on implementing an ambitious reform program (Pach 2013). The Third Plenum, which concluded on November 12
2013, stated in the sub-item about the construction of a new open economic system (构建开放
型经济新体制) that the Shanghai FTZ serves as a good example for a further promotion of the development of more FTZs within the Chinese mainland. The government explicated that it will
choose a certain number of places under the same conditions found in the Shanghai FTZ to develop similar FTZs and to form a network of high-standard FTZs opening up to the world
(Zhongguo Jingji Wang 2013).
However, when it comes to a comparison with the Shenzhen special economic zone model that
ushered in reforms and spectacular growth more than three decades ago, opinions tend to differ
sharply: ,,The next Shenzhen?”, was the headline of the October 5 episode of the Economist,
which calls cuts in corporate tax into question (The Economist 2013).
The main objective of this paper is to give an overview of the implementation of the Shanghai
FTZ as well as its distinctive characteristics. In order to contribute to a better understanding of
the present circumstances, it is inevitable to differentiate the Shanghai FTZ from other concepts
of FTZs. On the basis of past experiences with the implementation and enforcement of similar
economic zones in the international context, the findings help provide a clearer understanding
of the recently established Chinese FTZ and the potential for development.
3
Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration in Asia
5. II. A general overview of the concept
FTZs are designed to facilitate the development of international trade and date back several
years. Due to exponential growth in world trade and improvements in transport efficiency, the
concept of FTZs has been utterly transformed and undergone substantial change within the last
50 years (UNESCAP 2005, p. 5). The predecessor of the modern FTZ should rightly be considered as an Irish invention. The Irish authorities decided in 1959 to transform the Shannon International Airport into a FTZ and attract international firms to setup manufacturing facilities.
In this way, the firms would help replace those jobs lost as a result of the airport’s decline and
provide new job opportunities. Subsequent events proved this rather innovative endeavour
right: The creation of 440 new industrial jobs within the first year and a total employment increase from 1,250 up to 2,200 in 1975 (Singa 2007, p. 1).
In 1970, there were ten developing countries throughout the world with at least one “Irish-style”
zone, rising to 46 by 1986, while seven more were currently under construction and at least five
countries were planning to implement a zone. The figures are even more convincing if one considers not only the number of countries but the total number of such zones. The number of previously 20 operational or near-operational zones in developing countries by 1970 shot up to a
total number of 175, with some 85 under construction and 25 in the stage of planning (Singa
2007, p. 2). Eventually, by 2006, 130 countries were said to have 3,500 zones (Singa 2007, p.3).
Since this topic is currently gaining momentum in China, the academic discourse quantifies between 1,200 and 2,300 FTZs around the world. 40 percent of those operating in developing
countries and 60 percent in developed countries.
Bearing the local conditions in mind, FTZs have been transformed and adapted to the realities
and situations of each region, evolving as an instrument of commercial policy and development
that complies with the needs and demands of the private and public sector (Sina Finance 2013;
Chen 2013, p. 12). Since the FTZ concept has been modified over the years many different terms
are in use. According to the purpose for which they were designed, the functions they fulfil, and
the regions they are implemented in, these are (Dabour 1999, p. 1): Free trade zone, export
processing zone, special economic zone, and industrial free zone, to name only a few of them
(Kusago & Tzannatos 1998, p. 31). Table one provides an overview of these terms.
Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration in Asia
4
6. Table 1: The evolution of terminology
Term
Main users and date of first use
free trade zone
foreign trade zone
industrial free zone
free zone
maquiladores
export free zone
duty free export procession zone
export procession zone
special economic zone
investment promotion zone
free export zone
free export processing zone
Traditional term used since the 19th century
India (1983)
Ireland (pre-1970)
United Arab Emirates (1983)
Mexico (early 1970)
Ireland (1975)
Republic of Korea (1975)
Philippines (1977)
Peoples Republic of China (1979)
Sri Lanka (1981)
Republic of Korea
OECD (1984)
Source: Kusago, T, Tzannatos, Z 1998, p. 31.
As it can be seen from this overview, there is a wide spectrum of different terms, all claiming to
comply with the broadly formulated characteristics of a FTZ.
The need for some reflection on concepts will appear more clearly if one considers the different
labelling of what is basically the same concept. It is essential to firstly define and describe the
concept of FTZand its prime characteristics in order to distinguish it from other terms.
III. Free Trade Zone – one concept, different terminologies
All the abovementioned terms, except maqiladores, include a global applicability. Whereas, besides the FTZ, the terms Free Port (FP), Export Processing Zone (EPZ), Export Processing Regime (EPR), Special Economic Zone (SEZ), and Free Zone (FZ) are the most popular ones. The
latter often refers to FTZ, EPZ, and SEZ as a group.
The original FTZ concept was adopted in order to create commercial centres to accommodate
offshore processing. Special zones were set alongside international trade routes or at ports in
order to serve as strategic stopover points particularly for storage, repackaging, and labelling.
Free Port (FP) was the first term used to describe this endeavour. It refers to terms implemented in the last two centuries by the colonial and industrial powers on major trading routes,
like Hong Kong and Singapore by the British in the 19th century (Dabour 1991, p. 4-5).
Export Processing Zones (EPZ), by contrast, usually bear the distinctive feature of domestic or
foreign firms manufacturing or assembling goods in geographically or juridically bounded areas
for the purpose of export. The objective is to attract export-oriented enterprises to the zone by
5
Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration in Asia
7. not charging them for custom duties on imported raw material or exported products (Johannson& Nilsson 1997, p. 2115). The main motivation for investing in EPZs is still to minimize the
costs of producing labour-intensive consumer goods, thanks to tax exemptions associated with
low wages (Cling et al. 2007, p. 1).
If the concept is applied to the whole territorial area of a country, the EPZ becomes an Export
Processing Regime (EPR), referring to an administrative rather than physical concept. Countries
like Fiji and Mauritius offer both domestic and foreign investors to setup their facilities without
territorial constraint and have the same privileges as investors in EPZ do have in their countries,
as long as they are provided with EPR status.
Lastly, Special Economic Zones (SEZ), widely-known in the Chinese context since its inauguration in the 1980s, should further be scrutinized against the backdrop of FTZs. The idea of SEZs is
to boost limited geographic areas to become centres for foreign and domestic export-oriented
investment as well as to help create a pro-business environment and decrease bureaucracy
(Dabour 1999, p. 5).
IV. In search of a definition
Before going further, it might be useful to reflect on what is exactly meant by FTZs. A closer look
into the academic discourse reveals a wide variety of different terminologies, although the
manifold definitions only vary marginally, if at all. The much quoted definition from the World
Bank from 1992 describes FTZ as “fenced-in industrial estates specializing in manufacturing for
exports that offer firms free trade conditions and a liberal regulatory environment” (World
Bank Industry and Energy Department 1992). In respect thereof, a joint publication by United
Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations and the International Labour Organization
(UNCTC/ILO), first published in 1988, pictures FTZs as “a clearly delineated industrial estate
which constitutes a free trade enclave in the customs and trade regime of a country, and where
foreign manufacturing firms producing mainly for export, benefit from a certain number of fiscal and financial incentives” (ILO n.d., p. 4). Dorsati Madani, however, comments, that both definitions are too restrictive and hence exclude a larger number of FTZs in developing countries,
which for instance are not geographically constrained in industrial estates. Yet, he speaks in
favour of a more inclusive definition and states both practical and theoretical reasons (Madani
1999, p. 14-15). Other terminologies closely resemble each other, relating on FTZ as ,,relatively
small, geographically separated areas within a country, the purpose of which is to attract export-oriented industries by offering them favorable investment and trade conditions as compared to other parts of the host country”, or simply referring to the above mentioned definitions
(Kusago&Tzannatos 1998, p. 5). Finally, Nabil Dabour provides a more exact and trade-focused
Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration in Asia
6
8. delineation of FTZ, clearly differentiating the concept from FPZs. By describing them as physically or administratively located outside the national customs territory, unrestricted trade is
permitted with the outside world and merchandise may be moved into and out of the zones,
free of customs duty, stored in warehouses for varying periods, and re-packed for re-export and
re-shipment (Dabour 1991, p. 4). “As a general rule, he states, FTZs programmes can be used in
a country where suitable conditions for export-oriented industry cannot be created on a countrywide basis because of infrastructure deficiencies and regulatory administrative obstacles”
(Dabour 1991, p. 27). Along these lines, FTZ should be harnessed as designated trade-oriented
areas which facilitate operations of import-dependent export industries and where generally no
permission is granted for industrial activity (Dabour 1991, p. 4/26).
Thus, it is inevitable to further determine a number of general characteristics and goals in order
to generate a better understanding of this widely diverse concept:
−
Above average business infrastructure: Tenants are provided with high-quality infrastructure in comparison to the standards of the host country, regarding land, office
space, utilities, logistics services, business services, and other facilities.
More flexible business regulations: Labour and other business related legislation is
more flexible compared to the laws and regulations applied to business located elsewhere in the host country, government red tape is kept to a minimum, and custom services are rationalized.
An offshore location: In order to move away from the markets where the finished products are measured on the basis of a low cost manufacturing, the FTZ is chosen as a commercial centre to accommodate offshore processing, mostly settled at ports or international trade routes.
Focus on export: Enterprises within the zone have their focus mainly or exclusively on
foreign markets.
Attractive incentive packages: Existence of incentives offered to foreign investments, including a waiver on import duties on raw materials, intermediate inputs and capital
goods as well as exemptions from the payment of sales tax on exported products and
other goods and services which are domestically purchased and used in their production.
In addition, this incentive package further comprises tax holidays and reduced tax rates
on corporate income or profits, linked to the export performance of companies or to the
percentage of exports in total production (UNESCAP 2005, p. 6-7).
−
−
−
−
All of the mentioned incentives fulfil three distinctive requirements of a subsidiary. Firstly, they
are a financial contribution, mostly in the form of revenue forgone. Secondly, they are provided
by the government or public body and lastly, they confer a benefit to the zone’s tenants due to a
comparative advantage over enterprises operating in the customs territory of the country (Torres 2007, p. 218).
7
Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration in Asia
9. V. Implementation of the Shanghai FTZ
The Shanghai pilot free-trade zone was inaugurated on Sunday, September 29th on the outskirts
of China’s commercial capital, ranging 29 square kilometres in total and covering the following
four existing bonded zones: Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Logistics Park,
Pudong Airport Comprehensive Free Trade Zone, and Yangshan Free Trade Port Area (see table
2) (Hoganlovells 2013).
Table 2: A mapping of the Shanghai FTZ
Source: http://www.waigaoqiao.gov.cn/WebViewPublic/item_page.aspx?parentId=594&id=599[20 November 2013]
Granting permission for 25 Chinese and foreign companies together with 11 financial institutes
to register in the zone, the FTZ is believed to expand beyond the non-contiguous geographic
area to eventually cover the entire Pudong district of more than 1,200 square kilometres
(Hoganlovells 2013). The zone went into operation about a month ahead of a Communist Party
assembly that is supposed to unveil a strategy for changing China's economy and therefore had
been heavily promoted by Premier Li Keqiang as a symbol of China's commitment to economic
changes (South China Morning Post 2013).
Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration in Asia
8
10. With regard to the goals, the FTZ is set to promote trade and encourage foreign investment in
the country’s tightly regulated service industry. Furthermore, it aims to improve governance
and plans to let market forces rather than regulators set interest rates in order to experiment
with the convertibility of China’s tightly controlled currency (South China Morning Post 2013).
Generally speaking, the great hopes refer to the liberalisation of many investment sectors currently restricting foreign investment, structural changes, and improvements in the financial
sector as well as a further development of trade in goods within the scope of the FTZ
(Hoganlovells 2013).
VI. The legislative basis of the Shanghai FTZ – an overview
So far, competent Chinese Ministries issued a series of guiding principles and legislations in
order to successfully launch the FTZ, of which two are regarded essential: The Framework Plan
for the China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone (中国(上海)自由贸易试验区总体方案),
passed by the State Council on September 27, 2013, and the Special Administrative Measures
(Negative List) on Foreign Investment Access to the China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone (中
国(上海)自由贸易试验区外商投资准入特别管理措施(负面清单)), declared by the Shanghai Municipal Government on September 29 (China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone 2013).
Furthermore, about 40 other measures announced by various industry regulators and other
agencies, including the China Banking Regulatory Commission, the Ministry of Finance, China
Insurance Regulatory Commission, China Securities Regulatory Commission, the Ministry of
Culture, General Administration of Customs, the People's Bank of China, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, and the Administration of Industry and Commerce, are envisaged. In the context of the
implementation of the above mentioned legislation and measures, the Standing Committee of
the National People's Congress further issued a decision with immediate effect, suspending 11
administrative approval items regulated under the relevant foreign investment rules in order to
facilitate the process of setting up foreign-invested enterprises in the zone (Hoganlovells 2013).
The following sections provide an overview of the most significant regulations of the Framework Plan and Negative List.
6.1 The Framework Plan for the China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone
One measure to develop a framework in line with international norms for investment and trade
refers to the acceleration of the functional transformation of the government and a deepening
reform effort in the administration system. There are plans aimed at the establishment of an
online platform to consolidate information and share them between different departments. A
9
Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration in Asia
11. further step would be the setting up of a joint supervision and enforcement system that aims to
survey the areas of quality and technical supervision, food and drug supervision, intellectual
property, industry and commercial administration, and tax administration.
Furthermore, the transformation and upgrading of trade is being promoted. Multinational companies are encouraged to set up Asia-Pacific regional headquarters and/or operation centres in
the FTZ. Efforts are aimed at the promotion of Shanghai as the international trading hub, as a
special centre for cross-border payment transaction of trade in services and as platform for the
international exchange of goods in the fields of energy products, basic industrial raw materials,
and agriculture commodities. Financial leasing companies are allowed and encouraged to set up
projects and subsidiary corporations in order to carry out international and domestic leasing
business. Besides the promotion of cross-border e-business, the FTZ strives for a development
of the shipping service system as well as an increase in the number of flights for cargo traffic.
Moreover, the framework plan pushes innovation in the financial system, targeting the interest
rate liberalisation, cross-border use of the RMB, and capital account convertibility. The previously traded fixed assets by financial institutions are now supposed to be internationally exchanged within the framework of a foreign exchange administrative system, encouraging enterprises. The goal is to fully utilize both domestic and international market resources in order to
liberalize cross-border financial transactions. Foreign companies will gradually be allowed to
engage in commodity futures trading.
The establishment of a protection-oriented regulatory system is further proposed. Thus, certain
agreements in the State Council’s documents and some administrative regulations are set to
come to halt. This results in a temporarily adjustment, eventually leading to a stepwise reimplementation of those regulations by the end of 2016. Based on the establishment of a new
supervision model to monitor goods in regard to their import status, enterprises are now authorized to enter the zone without prior completion of the customs declaration formalities. The
simplification of import-export record lists, formalities on international business and LCL (less
than container load) will be put into service. The flow of goods between the FTZ and overseas or
other domestic areas will be further improved. Additionally, particular importance was attached
to the enhancement of the collaboration between relevant departments and the Shanghai Municipal People's Government to improve the protection of the economic and social security. A
supporting tax regime to promote trade and boost investment is currently being tested.
The Framework Plan also provides equal market access for foreign investors by loosening barriers to entry and eradicating former qualification threshold in the following six investment
areas, including 18 service sectors in total (Hoganlovells 2013).
Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration in Asia
10
12. Financial Services
This sector is categorized into a banking service, a financial service with a specialized health and
medical insurance service to allow the setting up of foreign invested specialized health and
medical insurance institutions as well as a financial leasing system. One of the most important
measures refers to the approval of qualified foreign financial institutions to set up wholly foreign-owned banks and Sino-foreign equity joint venture banks with eligible private capital as
well as the permission for qualified Chinese banks to conduct offshore business under the condition of improving related regulations and enhancing supervision.
Transportation Services
The shipping-oriented transportation service encloses the ocean transportation area with a
relaxation of limitations on foreign involvement in Sino-foreign equity joint venture and Sinoforeign cooperative joint venture international shipping enterprises. Furthermore, a participation of wholly foreign-owned ship management enterprises will be permitted.
Commerce and Trade Services
Value-added telecommunications as related to information transmission, software, and information technology service as well as entertainment/gaming consoles sales and service with
respect to the manufacturing and sales of entertainment and gaming consoles rank among
commerce and trade services.
Professional Services
The fourth investment area of professional services includes a lawyer service, credit information, the approval of Sino-foreign equity joint venture tourism companies to engage in overseas
tourism business activities and a human resources service. This service includes the allowance
of Sino-foreign equity joint venture human resources agencies with a foreign participation not
exceeding a maximum total of 70%, except investors from Hong Kong and Macau. The minimum
registered capital for foreign invested human resources agencies will be reduced from USD
300.000 to USD 125.000.
Moreover, investment management with the incorporation of foreign-invested joint-stock holding companies and a foreign-invested engineering design plan also counts to professional services. A “construction service” with wholly foreign-owned construction enterprises engaged in
Sino-foreign joint construction projects in Shanghai regardless of the extent of foreign participation in the project is further enhanced.
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Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration in Asia
13. Cultural Services
Foreign event management agencies will no longer be restricted to conduct business in the
fields of cultures, sports, and entertainment. Places of public entertainment and wholly foreignowned entertainment facilities are further established within the FTZ.
Public Services
Besides the approval of wholly foreign-owned medical institutions, Sino-foreign cooperative
joint venture in the fields of education and training, and vocational skills training will be allowed.
6.2 Negative List
Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) on Foreign Investment Access to the China
(Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone (中国(上海)自由贸易试验区外商投资准入特别管理措施
(负面清单)) was released by the Shanghai Municipal People’s Government and labels the
different treatment for foreign and Chinese investors in the Shanghai FTZ. Such a concept of a
“negative list” approach towards foreign investment management reflects the intention to approve foreign investment in all sectors unless listed as prohibited or restricted under the list
(China Briefing 2013). Yet, where foreign investment will be banned or restricted within the
FTZ, in a departure from convention, no permission will be required to invest in other sectors
(Reuters 2013).
The “negative list”, as the first of its kind in mainland China, divides investment permissions
into broad categories - encouraged, allowed, restricted, or banned. Yet, however, this list bears a
resemblance to the central government's current catalogue of nationwide restrictions on foreign investment, officials reported that the list will be shortened over time as zone liberalisations gather steam and risks are better assessed (Reuters 2013).
The “negative list” is composed in accordance to the 2011 published ,,Classification and Codes of
National Economic Industries” (国民经济行业分类及代码), including 18 industry sectors without the (S) sector of public management, social security and social organization, and the (T)
sector referring to international organizations. For all the fields not listed, according to the
Shanghai municipal government, a prior approval system for foreign investment projects has
been now replaced by a registration system. Projects that could affect national and social security issues are further said to compile with the requirements (China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade
Zone 2013).
With respect to the restricted categories ranging from agriculture, mining etc. up to the vaguely
promulgated category of manufacturing, the “negative list” is compiled of hundreds of line-item
Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration in Asia
12
14. regulations that prevent foreign enterprises from investing in China’s tightly controlled media
organizations, setting up internet cafes or engaging in gambling businesses. The list, however,
itemized standards which allow foreign investment via joint-ventures with Chinese partner in
projects such as exploring shale gas and sea-bottom natural gas resources, but on the other hand
restricts participation in insurance brokerages and commodity futures trading companies
(Reuters 2013).
VII. Prospects
Bearing the laid-out facts of the Shanghai FTZ and the general concept in mind, the question
arises, why countries use FTZ schemes?
FTZs are one main policy tool at the disposal of, mostly, developing country governments. With
an economy that is dominated by distortionary trade, macro and exchange rate regulations, and
other regulatory governmental controls, the FTZ functions as an open market oases within that
economy (Madani 1999, p. 16-17).
In the view of the special characteristics and pro-competitive incentives, the establishment of
FTZs pursues imminent economic goals which all eventually have a positive effect on the economy: Firstly, providing jobs to tackle unemployment or under-employment problems in the host
country, as seen in the case of Ireland, and generating income. Secondly, encouraging technological transfer, knowledge spill-over, and demonstration effects, which eventually result in an
increase in production and quality standards as well as in extensive training of labour, staff, and
management by forcing local suppliers to manufacture at a higher level and help them engage in
the production of non-traditional products. Lastly, attracting foreign direct investment with a
larger capital stock for the host country as well as promoting non-traditional exports, which
may have a positive effect on the exchange rate (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and
the Pacific 2005, p. 7).
But, in respect of a deeper impact, FTZs are also considered to be an integral part to further
economy wide reforms (Madani 1999, p. 17). The Shanghai FTZ is primary seen as the extension
of the now 35 years lasting reform process (Chen 2013, p. 12). Thus, in March 2013 Li Keqiang
spoke of the Shanghai FTZ as a new round of reform and opening-up policy (Xinhua 2013).
However, Shanghai’s GDP growth is said to lag behind in a national comparison due to the rapid
economic development of other Chinese provinces, but is believed to position itself as a new
testing ground of a more progressive set of economic reforms. Hopes are high that the policies
might tackle the convertibility of the RMB and usher in freer flows of its currency in and out of
the nation as part of measures to loosen control over the Yuan and interest rates (Zhu 2013, p.
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Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration in Asia
15. 16). In this light, hope is directed towards an overall opening-up of the economy. FTZs are said
to have a specific life span and hence losing their significance as countries implement further
reforms, while the FTZ’s exports and employment share drops, illustrated both by Taiwan and
South Korea (Madani 1999, p. 17).
The actual impact of FTZs on national economic development has been studied frequently.
However, since many study findings are time and country-specific or are out-of-date as the
world of FTZs changes rapidly, it is hard to measure their success. Some FTZ, like Singapore, the
Republic of Korea, and Mauritius, really boosted economic growth and have had a considerable
impact on industrial development, whereas others have failed to gather pace (Economic and
Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific 2005, p. 17.). Still, FTZs can basically represent a second-best practice model for countries aiming at a greater and more efficient integration into the
international markets without subjecting the entire economy to trade liberalisation and deregulation in the first place (Dabour 1991, p. 27).
Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration in Asia
14
16. VIII. References
Chen, G 2013, “Shanghai zimaoquchengli de xianshiyiyiyufazhansikao [Practical significance and
growing thoughts caused by the Shanghai FTZ]”, RedianToushi, vol. 0, no. 69, pp. 12-13.
China Briefing 2013, Shanghai Releases ‘Negative List’ for Foreign Investment in Shanghai Free Trade Zone.
Available from: <http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2013/09/30/shanghai-releasesnegative-list-for-foreign-investment-in-shanghai-free-trade-zone.html >. [25 November 2013].
China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone 2013, Available from:
<http://www.waigaoqiao.gov.cn/WebViewPublic/item_page.aspx?parentId=625&id=635#>.
[25 November 2013].
China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone, Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) on Foreign
Investment Access to the China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone (2013), Available from:
<http://en.shftz.gov.cn/Negative%20List.pdf>. [23 November 2013].
Cling, JP, Razafindrakoto, M &Roubaud, F2007, Export Processing Zones in Madagascar: The impact of the
dismantling of clothing quotas on employment and labour standards, Institut de Recherche pour le
Développement, DIAL, Paris.
Dabour, NB 1999, “Free Trade Zones in the Aftermath of the Uruguay Round: Experience of Selected OIC
Member Countries”, Journal of Economic Cooperation, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 1-33.
Davis,B and Silk, R 2013, China to Test Looser Grip on Economy: New Free-Trade Zone in Shanghai Opens.
Available from:
<http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304795804579100640245613408>.
[23 November 2013].
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific 2005, Free Trade Zone and Port Hinterland
Development, United Nations, New York.
Global Times 2013, Shanghai's free trade zone a giant step forward. Available from:
<http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/814906.shtml#.UoHU-Se26_0>. [21 November 2013].
Hoganlovells 2013, China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone – China’s Springboard
to a Free Market?, Available from: <http://www.hoganlovells.com/files/Publication/9a69c138d57a-47a9-b862-959ea17b718e/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/7ce248ac-cdca-456f8871a782337b8a31/13.10.10_China_Alert_China_%28Shanghai%29_Pilot_Free_Trade_Zone_%E
2%80%93_China%E2%80%99s_Springboard_.pdf>. [24 November 2013].
InterntaionalLabor Organizationn.d., Economic and social effects of multinational enterprises in
export processing zones, International Labour Office, Geneva.
Johannson, H, Nilsson, L 1997, “Export processing Zones as Catalysts,” World Development, vol. 25, no. 12,
pp. 2115-2128.
Kusago, T, Tzannatos, Z 1998, Export processing zones : Social Protection Discussion Paper No. 9802,
The World Bank, Washington D.C.
Madani, D 1999, A Review of the Role and Impact of Export Processing Zones, PREM – EP, Washington D.C.
Pach, J 2013, Shanghai Opens Free Trade Zone; Internet Restrictions Remain, The Diplomat, Available from:
<http://thediplomat.com/pacific-money/2013/09/29/shanghai-opens-free-trade-zone-internetrestrictions-remain/>. [21 November 2013].
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Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration in Asia
17. Reuters 2013, Shanghai trade zone publishes restrictions for foreign investment. Available from:
<http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/30/us-china-shanghai-idUSBRE98T05U20130930>.
[25 November 2013].
Sina Finance 2013, Zhou Hanmin Tan Shanghai Zimaoqu: San Nian Ding Qiankun [Zhou Hanmin discusses
the Shanghai FTZ: The three years to shape the future]. Available from:
<http://finance.sina.com.cn/money/bank/yhpl/20131014/100716981224.shtml>.
[21 November 2013].
SingaBoyenge, JP 2007, ILO database on export processing zones, International Labour Office, Geneva.
South China Morning Post 2013, China launches its first free-trade zone in Shanghai. Available from:
<http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1320509/china-launches-its-first-free-trade-zoneshanghai>. [25 November 2013].
South China Morning Post 2013, International law could be used in free-trade zones. Available from:
<http://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/1348877/international-law-could-beused-free-trade-zones>. [21 November 2013].
The Economist 2013, The next Shenzhen?.<http://www.economist.com/news/china/21587237-newenterprise-zone-could-spark-wider-market-reformsbut-only-if-bureaucrats-ease-their-grip>.
[21 November 2013].
Torres, RA 2007, “Free zones and the world trade organization agreement on subsidies and
countervailing measures”, Global Trade and Customs Journal, vol. 2, pp. 217-223.
World Bank Industry and Energy Department 1992, Export Processing Zones : Policy and Research Series
Paper 20, World Bank, Washington D.C.
Xinhuanet 2013, ErshibaPingfangGongliShiyanHuo Jiang QiaodongZhongguo Xin Yi Lun Gaige kaifang
[Twenty-eight square kilometer trials will probably kick off a new round of reform and
opening-up]. Available from: <http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/201304/11/c_124565714.htm>. [23 November 2013].
ZhongguoJingji Wang 2013, ShibaJie San Zhongquanhui «Jueding»、Gongbao、Shuoming (Quanwen)
[Decision, Announcement, and Explanation of the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC
(Full Text)].Available from:
<http://www.ce.cn/xwzx/gnsz/szyw/201311/18/t20131118_1767104.shtml>.
[23 November 2013].
Zhu, N 2013, “Shanghai ziyoumaoyiqushiyangaigefengxian [reform risks of the Shanghai FTZ trial]”,
HongguanCelüe, vol. 35, pp. 16-17.
Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration in Asia
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18. Other Publications by GIZ RCI
The GIZ RCI Programme publishes regular updates on its activities to offer insights and
disseminate regional knowledge on integration processes in Asia. To download please refer to
http://www.scribd.com/Rci_ASIA or http://www.slideshare.net/RCI-Asia
Inputs and Materials
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