This document summarizes a study that compared the initial plasma protein profiles of uninfected West African Dwarf goats and Red Sokoto goats to their profiles after experimental infection with Trypanosoma brucei, T. congolense, or a mixed infection. The study found that infected goats had significantly lower albumin and higher globulin levels compared to uninfected controls. Additionally, West African Dwarf goats generally had higher total protein, albumin, and globulin levels after infection compared to Red Sokoto goats. The study suggests that higher initial albumin levels may serve as a putative index of susceptibility to trypanosome infection in goats.
Comparative antimicrobial activity of aspirin, paracetamol, flunixin meglumin...Bhoj Raj Singh
• Some of the tested drugs (NSAIDs including aspirin, diclofenac, meloxicam & flunixin meglumine) possess broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity but not in therapeutically achievable non-toxic concentrations in the body. Paracetamol was the least effective as antimicrobial similar to pheniramine maleate.
• A few of the NSAIDs may be evaluated as topical use antimicrobials (aspirin, diclofenac & flunixin) being microbial growth inhibitors at 0.128% concentration, similar levels of antimicrobial drugs including antibiotics are often used in topical antiseptic preparations (gels/ ointments/creams/powders/ lotions).
• Studies should be conducted on synergism/ antagonism of NSAIDs with commonly used antibiotics and herbal antimicrobials so that antimicrobial potential of NSAIDs can be therapeutically utilized.
• Susceptibility of bacteria to NSAIDs may be an aid in the differentiation of a few bacteria like Klebsiella and Raoultella; Enterococcus and Streptococcus (meloxicam); Bacillus and Paenibacillus (Diclofenac). However, multicentric studies on a greater number of strains are essential to establish the difference.
Prevalence and molecular characterisation of Eimeria species in Ethiopian vil...ILRI
Poster prepared by L. Luu , J. Bettridge, R. Christley, K. Melese, D. Blake, Tadelle Dessie, P. Wigley, Takele Taye Desta, O. Hanotte, P. Kaiser, Zelalem Gutu Terfa, M. Collins and S. Lynch for the Annual Meeting of the Society of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Madrid, Spain, 20-22 March 2013.
Epidemiologial study of bovine brucellosis in three selected agro-ecologies o...ILRI
Presented by Tujuba Jergefa Oncho at a workshop on an integrated approach to controlling brucellosis in Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 29-31 January 2013.
Hepatic and Rumenal Worms Infestations of Cattle in Vina Division (Adamawa – ...AI Publications
The main objective of this work is to describe a preliminary epidemiological account of major hepatic and rumenal distome worms of cattle in Vina Division, Adamawa Region of Cameroon. A total of 1361 cattle dung specimens and 450 blood samples were collected between April 2018 and March 2019 in 06 subdivisions within Vina Division. The dung and blood samples were placed in a cooler. The cooler was immediately transported to the medical and veterinary laboratory of Special Mission of tsetse fly Eradication where samples were kept cold at +4°C for at most 48 hours. The qualitative method of concentration of worm eggs by simple sedimentation was performed.Blood parameters were measured using a haematology automated system. Of the 1361 cattle dung specimens examined, 424 presented distome eggs giving a prevalence of 31.15 %.These were Fasciola gigantica, Paramphistomum daubneyi and Dicrocoelium hopes eggs.All cattle age groups were infected by worms. In terms of prevalence, medium cattle were found to be the most infected. In lean cattle the parasitic loads of F. gigantic and D. hopes were high and then decreased as the health of the animals improved. All cattle breeds were infected by at least one of the worm species. Bokolo and Djafoun were most infected by F. gigantica, while Holstein and Aku were more influence by P. daubneyi. Goudali breed is the one that has undergone the least parasitic pressure. Male cattle were more infected than females, but females exhibited higher mean intensity of infestation. Older cattle were more susceptible to F. gigantic and D. hopes infection while Adults were more infected by P. daubneyi. Whatever the parasite considered, parasitic load progressively increased with the age of the cattle. The number of cattle infected by P. daubneyi and D. hopeswas greater in the rainy season unlike F. gigantic infection which was more recurrent in the dry season. Mbe locality had a high prevalence of F. gigantica and P. daubneyi. However, Ngaoundere 1, 2 and 3 presented the highest mean intensities for all worm species. Prevalence and mean intensities of cattle have been more important in extensive livestock status. All the worms were encountered all year round, except for November and December 2018 where D. hopes was absent. Polyparasitic cases were observed. Nevertheless, bispecifics associations were most frequent. Mean Corpuscular Volume, Platelet Concentrations, Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin, Total Leucocytes Count and Granulocytes mean values were higher in cattle with significant parasitic loads while Total Erythrocyte Count and Packed Cell Volume were low. Today, it is well established that distomatoses represent one of the major parasitoses of cattle in Vina Division of Cameroon.
Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room AirBhoj Raj Singh
In the study, the effect of the Gayatri Mantra playing for 24 hr on microbial quality of air was examined in 12 rooms of scientists of the ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India willing to participate in the study and in 7 empty classroom/ examination hall lying vacant since March 2020 due to COVID-19. Of the empty rooms, 6 were used as the control for the first two days, then after a week, all rooms were also used to detect the effect of playing the Gayatri Mantra. A total of 31 bacterial species of medical importance were isolated and identified in the air of the rooms. After playing the Gayatri Mantra in Raag Bhairvi for 24 h bacterial count significantly decreased in rooms inhabited by vegetarian (OR 24, CI 95: 0.00-0.88; p, 0.036) than in rooms occupied by non-vegetarians. Rooms occupied by vegetarians. The effect of Gayatri Mantra in the empty room had no significant difference but bacterial count reduced. Bacterial counts of rooms occupied by non-vegetarian increased significantly post Mantra playing. Bacterial counts of rooms occupied by non-vegetarians and empty rooms varied significantly (OR 18, p, 0.02, CI 95: 0.00 – 0.79). Empty rooms with and without mantra not varied significantly for the reduction of the bacterial count. Paenibacillus spp. was not detected in any of the 12 rooms occupied by the scientists/ staff but in 3 of the 7 empty rooms (p, 0.01) it was detected even without playing any mantra. It indicated that daily disturbance in the environment may be detrimental to the survival of Paenibacillus spp. After playing Mantra P. alvei, P. cookie, P. lautus were detected in 5 of the seven rooms occupied by Non-vegetarians, while P. pantothenicus continued to be present in three of the vacant rooms even after playing the Mantra. Paenibacillus spp. bacteria are known for their probiotic potential and its significance in the study is not clear. It seems that the Gayatri mantra has some enrichment effect on Paenibacillus spp. but a detrimental effect on other microbes.
A systematic review of zoonoses transmission and livestock/wildlife interacti...ILRI
Presentation by Grace, D., Pfeiffer, D., Kock, R., Rushton, J., Mutua, F., McDermott, J. and Jones, B. 2011. A systematic review of zoonoses transmission and livestock/wildlife interactions: Preliminary findings. Presentation at the 1st International One Health Congress, Melbourne, Australia, 14-16 February 2011.
Livestock disease drivers, ecology and pathogen evolutionEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
A Case Of Canine Trypanosomosis With Epistaxis In A TwoYear Old Alsatian Dogiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Comparative antimicrobial activity of aspirin, paracetamol, flunixin meglumin...Bhoj Raj Singh
• Some of the tested drugs (NSAIDs including aspirin, diclofenac, meloxicam & flunixin meglumine) possess broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity but not in therapeutically achievable non-toxic concentrations in the body. Paracetamol was the least effective as antimicrobial similar to pheniramine maleate.
• A few of the NSAIDs may be evaluated as topical use antimicrobials (aspirin, diclofenac & flunixin) being microbial growth inhibitors at 0.128% concentration, similar levels of antimicrobial drugs including antibiotics are often used in topical antiseptic preparations (gels/ ointments/creams/powders/ lotions).
• Studies should be conducted on synergism/ antagonism of NSAIDs with commonly used antibiotics and herbal antimicrobials so that antimicrobial potential of NSAIDs can be therapeutically utilized.
• Susceptibility of bacteria to NSAIDs may be an aid in the differentiation of a few bacteria like Klebsiella and Raoultella; Enterococcus and Streptococcus (meloxicam); Bacillus and Paenibacillus (Diclofenac). However, multicentric studies on a greater number of strains are essential to establish the difference.
Prevalence and molecular characterisation of Eimeria species in Ethiopian vil...ILRI
Poster prepared by L. Luu , J. Bettridge, R. Christley, K. Melese, D. Blake, Tadelle Dessie, P. Wigley, Takele Taye Desta, O. Hanotte, P. Kaiser, Zelalem Gutu Terfa, M. Collins and S. Lynch for the Annual Meeting of the Society of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Madrid, Spain, 20-22 March 2013.
Epidemiologial study of bovine brucellosis in three selected agro-ecologies o...ILRI
Presented by Tujuba Jergefa Oncho at a workshop on an integrated approach to controlling brucellosis in Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 29-31 January 2013.
Hepatic and Rumenal Worms Infestations of Cattle in Vina Division (Adamawa – ...AI Publications
The main objective of this work is to describe a preliminary epidemiological account of major hepatic and rumenal distome worms of cattle in Vina Division, Adamawa Region of Cameroon. A total of 1361 cattle dung specimens and 450 blood samples were collected between April 2018 and March 2019 in 06 subdivisions within Vina Division. The dung and blood samples were placed in a cooler. The cooler was immediately transported to the medical and veterinary laboratory of Special Mission of tsetse fly Eradication where samples were kept cold at +4°C for at most 48 hours. The qualitative method of concentration of worm eggs by simple sedimentation was performed.Blood parameters were measured using a haematology automated system. Of the 1361 cattle dung specimens examined, 424 presented distome eggs giving a prevalence of 31.15 %.These were Fasciola gigantica, Paramphistomum daubneyi and Dicrocoelium hopes eggs.All cattle age groups were infected by worms. In terms of prevalence, medium cattle were found to be the most infected. In lean cattle the parasitic loads of F. gigantic and D. hopes were high and then decreased as the health of the animals improved. All cattle breeds were infected by at least one of the worm species. Bokolo and Djafoun were most infected by F. gigantica, while Holstein and Aku were more influence by P. daubneyi. Goudali breed is the one that has undergone the least parasitic pressure. Male cattle were more infected than females, but females exhibited higher mean intensity of infestation. Older cattle were more susceptible to F. gigantic and D. hopes infection while Adults were more infected by P. daubneyi. Whatever the parasite considered, parasitic load progressively increased with the age of the cattle. The number of cattle infected by P. daubneyi and D. hopeswas greater in the rainy season unlike F. gigantic infection which was more recurrent in the dry season. Mbe locality had a high prevalence of F. gigantica and P. daubneyi. However, Ngaoundere 1, 2 and 3 presented the highest mean intensities for all worm species. Prevalence and mean intensities of cattle have been more important in extensive livestock status. All the worms were encountered all year round, except for November and December 2018 where D. hopes was absent. Polyparasitic cases were observed. Nevertheless, bispecifics associations were most frequent. Mean Corpuscular Volume, Platelet Concentrations, Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin, Total Leucocytes Count and Granulocytes mean values were higher in cattle with significant parasitic loads while Total Erythrocyte Count and Packed Cell Volume were low. Today, it is well established that distomatoses represent one of the major parasitoses of cattle in Vina Division of Cameroon.
Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room AirBhoj Raj Singh
In the study, the effect of the Gayatri Mantra playing for 24 hr on microbial quality of air was examined in 12 rooms of scientists of the ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India willing to participate in the study and in 7 empty classroom/ examination hall lying vacant since March 2020 due to COVID-19. Of the empty rooms, 6 were used as the control for the first two days, then after a week, all rooms were also used to detect the effect of playing the Gayatri Mantra. A total of 31 bacterial species of medical importance were isolated and identified in the air of the rooms. After playing the Gayatri Mantra in Raag Bhairvi for 24 h bacterial count significantly decreased in rooms inhabited by vegetarian (OR 24, CI 95: 0.00-0.88; p, 0.036) than in rooms occupied by non-vegetarians. Rooms occupied by vegetarians. The effect of Gayatri Mantra in the empty room had no significant difference but bacterial count reduced. Bacterial counts of rooms occupied by non-vegetarian increased significantly post Mantra playing. Bacterial counts of rooms occupied by non-vegetarians and empty rooms varied significantly (OR 18, p, 0.02, CI 95: 0.00 – 0.79). Empty rooms with and without mantra not varied significantly for the reduction of the bacterial count. Paenibacillus spp. was not detected in any of the 12 rooms occupied by the scientists/ staff but in 3 of the 7 empty rooms (p, 0.01) it was detected even without playing any mantra. It indicated that daily disturbance in the environment may be detrimental to the survival of Paenibacillus spp. After playing Mantra P. alvei, P. cookie, P. lautus were detected in 5 of the seven rooms occupied by Non-vegetarians, while P. pantothenicus continued to be present in three of the vacant rooms even after playing the Mantra. Paenibacillus spp. bacteria are known for their probiotic potential and its significance in the study is not clear. It seems that the Gayatri mantra has some enrichment effect on Paenibacillus spp. but a detrimental effect on other microbes.
A systematic review of zoonoses transmission and livestock/wildlife interacti...ILRI
Presentation by Grace, D., Pfeiffer, D., Kock, R., Rushton, J., Mutua, F., McDermott, J. and Jones, B. 2011. A systematic review of zoonoses transmission and livestock/wildlife interactions: Preliminary findings. Presentation at the 1st International One Health Congress, Melbourne, Australia, 14-16 February 2011.
Livestock disease drivers, ecology and pathogen evolutionEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
A Case Of Canine Trypanosomosis With Epistaxis In A TwoYear Old Alsatian Dogiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
EFFECTS OF IMMUNACE AND IRON DEXTRAN ON ANEMIA AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSION OF T. BR...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Trypanosomosis has been associated with immunosuppression, anemia and oxidative damage while ImmuneAce and Iron Dextran
possess both immunostimulatory, antioxidative and erythrocytes enrichment effects. This study was designed to assess the effect
ofImmunace, Iron Dextran, Diminazene Aceturate and a combination of Immunace and Iron Dextran on T. brucei experimentally
infected rats to check packed cell volume (PCV) and parasitemiam. . Thirty rats, divided into six groups (A-F) of 5 each period and
were infected with Trypanosoma brucei 3 days post infection.They were treated as follows:3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days post treatment
with 0.02gml-1 immunace, 0.2ml of Iron Dextran, 3.5mg Kg-1 of Diminazene Aceturate and a combination therapy of Iron Dextran
and Immuneace. Haematological parametres were significantly (p<0.05) higher in all infected and treated groups compared to
group E. Hence, overall anti-oxidants capacity mitigated the negative effects observed in the measured parametres in rats better
than single administration..
Keywords: African Trypanosomiasis, parasitemia, trace metals, Anaemia, Iron Dextran and Immunosuppression.
Transmission heterogeneity has consequences on malaria vaccine researches - Conférence du 5e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - Vincent ROBERT - Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Paris - v.robert@mnhn.fr
Peste des-ruminants-is-a-rinderpest.doc pdfGudyne Wafubwa
Peste des petits ruminant virus (PPRV) is a disease mostly affecting goats and sheep. Since its first discovery, it has caused massive economic loss to most small pastoralists in Africa and other developing countries. It is the integral role of all stakeholders to join hands so as to eradicate the disease.
ABSTRACT- A number of 18 adults male outbred albino rats, weighing between 133-137g were used to investigate the drug susceptibility of Trypanosoma evansi strain isolated from naturally infected dromedary camels in Umbadir area, North Kordofan State, Sudan. The rats were divided into 3 groups (C, D and F) of 6 animals each. Group C and D were infected intraperitoneally with T. evansi (Umbadir stabilate) with 1×104 Trypanosome for the inoculum. Group D rats were given quinapyramine sulphate (20 mg/Kg bwt) after parasitaemia was evident. Group F was left as healthy uninfected control for the stabilate. When parasite counts were one or more parasites per field, counting in haemocytometer were used for exact number of parasite per cubic millimeter using Neubaeur’s counter. Parasites from tail blood were first fixed, stained and diluted in trypanosome diluting reagent. The parasites were diluted to the level that can be easily counted in WBC counting chamber in the haemocytometer. The total number of parasites was expressed as log10 number of parasites per ml of blood. The presence and degree of parasitaemia were determined daily for each rat by examining tail blood. The identity of the local stabilates of Trypanosoma evansi was confirmed through adopting PCR where primers that target the internal transcribed spacer one (ITS1) of the ribosomal DNA were used. There was significant reduction in serum glucose and potassium as well as significant increase in total protein, urea, calcium, albumin and cholesterol in group C. The Umbadir stabilate showed low mortality and high sensitivity to quinapyramine sulphate.
Key-words- Drug susceptibility, T. evansi, Dromedary camels, Sudan
SALMONELLA ARIZOANE: AN UNCOMMON UROPATHOGEN?Nuhu Tanko
Salmonella arizonae is usually an uncommon uropathogen from many studies. But from this study, it was the second most prevalent uropathogen after E.coli.
ABSTRACT- The biochemical and histopathological changes in rats experimentally infected with T. evansi isolated from camels in El-Gadarif State, Sudan, were studied. A number of 18 adult male outbred albino rats, weighing between 133-137g were used in the study. The rats were divided into 3 groups of 6 animals each (A,B and E). Group A and B were intraperitoneally infected with T. evansi (Showak stabilate) with 1×104 trypanosoma for the inoculum. Group B was given quinapyramine sulphate (20 mg/kg bwt) after parasitaemia was evident. Group E was left healthy uninfected controls for the stabilate. There was significant reduction in serum glucose and phosphorus; compared to significant increase in Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (GOT), Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (GPT) and total protein in groups (A and B). Microscopically, the brain tissues of the infected rats revealed acute congestion of the meningeal capillaries, perivascular oedema, neuronecrosis (vaculation), gliosis and trypomastigotes in dilated capillaries. The lung revealed oedema, congestion, multifocal alveolar emphysema, hyperplasia of the peri-bronchiolar lymphoid tissues and haemorrhages. The spleen showed extensive haemorrhages, haemosiderosis and aggregation of histiocytes resulting in multinuclear giant cells formation. The kidneys showed acute congestion of the glomerular tufts. All tissues obtained showed exactly the same histopathological changes. No significant histopathological alterations were observed in the liver and heart. The most consistent histopathological changes were seen in the brain, lungs, spleen and kidneys. These changes were consistent with trypanosome infection and were confirmed by the presence of trypanosomes in most of the tissue sections examined.
Key-words- histopathological, biochemical, changes, T. evansi, dromedary camels, Sudan
Smith TC, Male MJ, Harper AL, Kroeger J, Tinkler G, Moritz-Korolev E, Herwaldt L, Diekema D. High prevalence of MRSA found in Midwestern US Swine and Swine workers. PLoS ONE, 4(1):e4258, 2009.
Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths and Protozoa Parasites of Ruminants in Min...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Occurrence of selected bacterial and viral pathogens in smallholder pig produ...ILRI
Poster prepared by Michel Dione (ILRI), Charles Masembe (Makerere University), Joyce Akol (Makerere University), Joseph Kungu (National Livestock Resources Research Institute, Uganda), Winfred Amia (ILRI) and Barbara Wieland (ILRI) for the Joint International Conference of the Association of Institutions for Tropical Veterinary Medicine and the Society of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, 4–8 September 2016
Study of virulence genes in vancomycin resistant Enterococci (vre) from anima...Innspub Net
With Enterococcus species in the leading cause of nosocomial infections and resistance to an array of antibiotics, this study focused to determine the frequency and distribution of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, the presence of virulence genes and to determine the relative nucleotide sequence relatedness among isolates using 16S rRNA sequence. A random sampling of 120 fecal samples of cattle, poultry, and piggery, and human clinical isolates was analyzed. Standard bacteriological methods were employed in the isolation and characterization of isolates and the disk diffusion method was used in determining their antibiotic resistance profiles. Results showed Enterococcus species in cattle at 100%, followed by clinical isolates at 80%. Vancomycin resistance was observed at high rates in Enterococcus species from human clinical isolates and cattle isolates at 90% and 80% respectively. Multiple antibiotic-resistant isolates yielded twelve resistance profiles and 16S rDNA sequences identified E. faecalis, E. durans, E. mundtii, and Enterococcus sp. Isolates from cattle samples were the most probable source of clinical isolates at 78% homology of conserved regions with the clinical isolates. Virulence determinant genes Asa1 was recorded at66.6%, Cyl at 16.6% and GelE at 8.3% among the isolates. This study established farm animals as possible reservoirs of VRE isolates to man. Hence, healthy and professional practices among animal farmers with antibiotic usage, as well as hygienic and preventive measures among hospital workers are here recommended.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Building RAG with self-deployed Milvus vector database and Snowpark Container...Zilliz
This talk will give hands-on advice on building RAG applications with an open-source Milvus database deployed as a docker container. We will also introduce the integration of Milvus with Snowpark Container Services.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a WebsitePixlogix Infotech
Dive into the world of Website Designing and Developing with Pixlogix! Looking to create a stunning online presence? Look no further! Our comprehensive checklist covers everything you need to know to craft a website that stands out. From user-friendly design to seamless functionality, we've got you covered. Don't miss out on this invaluable resource! Check out our checklist now at Pixlogix and start your journey towards a captivating online presence today.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
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Initial plasma protein profile as putative index of susceptibility in west africa dwarf and red sokoto goats experimentally infected
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
66
Initial Plasma Protein Profile as Putative Index of Susceptibility
in West Africa Dwarf and Red Sokoto Goats Experimentally
Infected with Trypanosoma brucei and T. congolense.
Nongo Nicholas1*
Akinboade Oluwole2
1. Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi,
Nigeria
2. Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
* drnongo@yahoo.com
Abstract
Plasma protein in experimental trypanosome infection of West African Dwarf (WAD) and Red Sokoto goats
(RSG) were compared considering mortalities incurred. The comparison aimed at establishing initial breed
picture, discerning pattern of change under infection, in order to determine trend that serve as putative index of
susceptibility which may be used as marker to assist early husbandry decisions within endemic area.
16 WAD, 16 RSG were subgrouped into 4 groups of 4 T. brucei (RSGtb, WADtb), T. congolense (RSGtc, WADtc),
mixed T.brucei/T.congolense (RSGtbc, WADtbc) or left as controls (RSGc, WADc). RSGtb and RSGtc each had 25%
mortality, RSGtbc had 50% mortality but no infected WAD group had mortality. Serum samples analysed using
HITACHI 902 automatic analyser showed Albumin (RSGc > WADc)IALB had significantly higher (P < 0.05) than
infected goats (RSGtb < WADtb ,RSGtc < WADtc , RSGtbc < WADtbc)LALB. Globulin – controls (RSGc <
WADc)IGLB had significantly lower (P < 0.05) than infected goats (RSGtb < WADtb , RSGtc < WADtc , RSGtbc <
WADtbc) LGLB..Total Protein – control (RSGc > WADc)ITP had significantly lower (P < 0.05) than infected goats
(RSGtb < WADtb , RSGtc < WADtc , RSGtbc < WADtbc)LTP. Higher initial albumin and higher initial globulin of
uninfected controls related to susceptibility and resistance in reversion where goat breed having comparatively
higher initial albumin was more susceptible while goat breed having comparatively higher initial globulin was
more resistant to African trypanosomosis. Higher initial Albumin levels could be used as putative index of
susceptibility to the disease in goats.
Keywords: African Trypanosomosis, goats, plasma proteins, putative index of susceptibility.
1. Introduction
The dynamics of relative susceptibility of different breeds of goats in Nigeria to experimental trypanosomosis is
poorly understood (Lasisi, 2009). Small ruminants (sheep and goats) are susceptible to influence of African
trypanosomosis which induces changes in levels of their total proteins, globulin and albumin, with altered
Albumin: globulin ratios (Taiwo et. al. 2003, Anosa and Isoun, 1976).
Generally, animals susceptible to African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT) suffer syndromes that range from sub-
clinical, mild or chronic to acute fatal disease (Mare, 1998). The severity of clinical trypanosomosis depends on
factors such as specie and strain of trypanosome, dose of infecting trypanosomes, breed of animal, nutritional
status (Adeiza et. al. 2008, Awobode, 2006, Mare, 1998). Differences exist in tolerance shown by animals to the
infection which needs to be measured both between and within animal breeds (Verhulst and Pandey, 1998).
However, practical reliable markers of resistance or susceptibility of animals to trypanosomosis which could
assist decision making in animal husbandry within the endemic area are lacking (d’Ieteren et. al. 1998). Previous
works had shown differences in susceptibility of goats to trypanosome infections. In the same Savannah goats
experimentally infected with T. brucei and T. vivax, the T. brucei was reported to inflict more severe infection
than T. vivax (Adeiza et. al. 2008). Also following an experimental infection of T. congolense to west African
Dwarf and Red Sokoto goats, the Red Sokoto goats were reported to be more susceptible, incurring eventual
mortalities unlike the West African dwarf goats (Adah et. al. 1993). However, even T. congolense which is
known to be the commonest cause of infection in small ruminants (Jordan, 1986, Samdi et. al. 2010) exists in
phenotypically similar but genotypically different types whose DNA may not hybridise with each other, like T.
congolense – Savanna type, T. congolense - Kilifi type, T. congolense – West African forest/riverine type
(Majiwa, 1992). The experimental infection of T. congolense to the same breed of Small East African goat was
reported to produce pathology that showed regional differences marked by underlying heterogeneity (Mutayoba
et. al. 1989). There is therefore the need to look beyond breed of goat or specie of Trypanosome for a putative
easily measurable index which can indicate individual animal’s susceptibility among the goat population in an
endemic area. Between the different species of animals it is probable that what obtains for goats may not be the
same for cattle. The mechanism of tolerance to trypanosomosis in goats which are unable to maintain PCV
during infection (regarded as only showing resilience) differs from that in cattle which can show classical
2. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
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Vol.3, No.7, 2013
67
trypanotolerance or trypanoresistance (Goossens et. al. 2001).
Since trypanosomes are haemotropic parasites (Akinboade, 1991) there is need to explore for intrinsic and easily
measurable factors in the vascular system which could have predictive value for the susceptibility of animals.
Objective
The objective of this investigation was to compare plasma protein profiles of uninfected or control goats (initial
profiles) with those of infected goats showing differences in susceptibility (later profiles) to see if a consistent
trend could be discerned. Such a trend found across gradient of susceptibility would be considered as candidate
for a putative index to predict susceptibility of goats to trypanosome infection.
2. Plasma Proteins in Trypanosomosis
In general, animals affected by trypanosomosis have poor immune response, are intolerant to stress and exhibit
poor productivity (Abebe, 1991). Plasma proteins (Total protein, albumin, globulin) could assume critical
importance in such a scenario. Directing attention on physiological parameter like plasma proteins of control and
infected host animal can further enable better understanding and management of the condition (Abubakar et. al.
1999). The plasma protein normally participate in maintenance of body immune status and haemodynamic
balance directing fluid movement across vascular and interstitial compartments. Derangement in fluid movement
could result in oedema fluid accumulating in interstitial spaces or body cavities. Such accumulation produce
hydroperitoneum or ascites in peritoneal cavity, hydrothorax in pleural cavity and hydropericardium in
pericardial sac. The fluid may be non-inflammatory (transudate) usually low in proteins or colloids, or
inflammatory (exudate) caused by escape of plasma proteins (especially albumin) from leakages allowed by
increased vascular permeability (Vegad, 1995).
The lesion caused by African animal trypanosomiasis include subcutaneous oedema which is particularly
prominent and usually accompanied by hydrothorax, hydropericardium and ascites (Mare 1998, Urquhart et. al.,
1998). The heart is usually damaged with marked cellular infiltrates found in perivascular and interstitial
locations so that perivascular and interstitial oedema is common especially in terminal cases of T. brucei brucei,
T. congolense and T. vivax (Taylor and Authie, 2004). Other inflammatory reactions (Urquhart, et. al. 1998) and
parasite factors such as proteases contribute to pathology, like congopain that is a cysteine protease from T.
congolense occurring as a circulating antigen (Taylor and Authie, 2004).
3. Materials and Methods
Thirty two goats comprising 16 each of WAD and RSG breed were purchased from markets and farms in
Makurdi in Benue State of Nigeria. These were housed in insect proof pen, fed a mixture of fleshly cut legumes
and grasses. Supplemental concentrate formulated as dried brewers grain 20%, Maize offal 64.5%, soya beans
12.0%, Bone ash 2.5% and salt 1%. Water was provided ad Libitum. Prophylactic medications given included
Terramycin (LA) (Farvet Bladel Holland) sulphonamide injection (kepro B.V. Deventer Holland) Aldendazole
dewormer (Eagle Chemical Co. Ltd. Chungchongnam, Korea) and Peste des petits Ruminants vaccine (NVRI,
Vom Nigeria) according to manufacturer’s instructions. They were also dusted with pyrethrin preparation (piff
paff, Gongoni, Kano) during the one month quarantine period prior to infection.
Subgrouping of 4 goats of each breed were either infected with T. brucei (Federe strain), T. congolense (Karu
strain), a mixture of T. brucei / T. congolense or left as uninfected controls.
Serum samples collected once weekly for 7 weeks post infection were subjected to autoanalysis using HITACHI
902 autoanalyser.
Statistical Analysis
Data obtained was subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) P < 0.05.
4. Result
Mean Total Protein Table 1 was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in infected WAD and RSG than control WAD
and RSG. Among the controls, it was non - significantly (p > 0.05) higher in RSG control than WAD control.
However, it was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in infected WAD than infected RSG of each infected inoculum
i.e. T. brucei, T. congolense, mixed T. brucei / T. congolense.
Mean albumin Table 2 was significantly ( p < 0.05 ) higher in control RSG and WAD than their infected
counterparts except T. brucei infected WAD which had higher mean albumin than WAD control. Among the
controls, it was higher in RSG than WAD but among all infected groups (T. brucei, T. congolense, mixed T.
brucei/T. congolense) it was higher in WAD than RSG.
Mean globulin was significantly higher in infected WAD and infected RSG than their uninfected counterparts. In
each infected group ( T. brucei, T. congolense, mixed T. brucei / T. congolense ) as well as the uninfected
controls, globulin values were higher in the WAD than their RSG counterparts.
Albumin : globulin ratios were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in WAD and RSG controls than infected groups(T.
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brucei, T. congolense, mixed T. brucei/T. congolense). The Albumin : Globulin ratios of RSG control was higher
than WAD control and that of mixed infected RSG higher than mixed infected WAD. Although the ratio in
WAD control was higher than all infected WAD groups and that in RSG control higher than all infected RSG
groups, the comparative ratio in single infected WAD (T. brucei, or T. congolense) was higher than that of
equivalent single infected RSG (T. brucei, or T. congolense) due to the greater relative decline in value of
Albumin in the single infected RSG groups (T. brucei, or T. congolense).
5. Discussion
Higher Albumin in control RSG (initial) than control WAD (initial) became reversed to lower Albumin in all
infected RSG groups (later) than equivalent infected WAD groups (later) i.e.
= 1 (1)
On the other hand, higher Globulin in control WAD(initial) than control RSG(initial) was maintained as higher
Globulin in all infected WAD groups (later) than equivalent infected RSG groups (later) i.e.
= 2 (2)
Where IAB = initial Albumin, LAB = Later Albumin
IGB = initial Globulin, LGB = Later Globulin.
ITP = Initial Total Protein, LTP = Later Total Protein
SPIN 1 and 2 = Susceptibility Putative Index 1 and 2
This finding is considered against the backdrop of mortalities that occurred in all infected RSG groups while no
mortality occurred in infected WAD groups during the 8 week period of investigation.
Lasisi (2009) made similar report showing occurrence of higher mean serum Albumin in non-Parasitised RSG
(initial) than equally non-parasitised WAD (initial) goats, but those having haemoparasitic infection showed
reversed trend with higher Albumin in WAD (Later) than RSG (Later). This fits into susceptibility putative index
I (SPIN 1) described above.
Biryomumaisho et. al. 2003 reported reduced total protein in T. congolense infection but increased total protein
in T. brucei during primary infection of East African goats. They reported increased total protein in both T.
congolense and T. brucei secondary infection of the goats whose reduced albumin was thought to be due to
either trypanosome uptake of albumin bound fatty acids and lipoproteins or increased catabolism by host. Other
plausible explanations given for reduced albumin in trypanosomosis are plasma expansion, proteinuria,
hepatocellular damage (Abubakarr et. al. 1999, Anosa and Isoun 1983, Saror, 1980), increased loss through
ascites (Lording and Friend, 1991).
Increased in globulin has been commonly attributed to rise in immunoglobulin during trypanosome infection.
This may or may not be protective, depending on isotype of immunoglobulin involved (Taylor et. al. 1996). In
Trypanosomosis, increase in concentration of serum IgM fraction occurs but it has no affinity for the parasite
and is rather non specific (Chatterjee, 2009). Animals resisting trypanosomosis show isotype switch from IgM to
IgG that is more protective (Taylor et. al. 1996).
6. Conclusion
African Animal trypanosomosis is a serious endemic haemotropic disease confronting Livestock including goats
in Sub-saharan Africa.
There is an absence of markers of susceptibility to the disease among the goat population. Plasma proteins
altered in the course of the infection affect pathophysiology of the disease.
Result of this investigation indicate that using combined factor index, goat with higher initial albumin and lower
initial globulin in their total proteins as shown by Red Sokoto goats were more susceptible when infected with
either T. brucei, T. congolense or combined inoculums of both parasites. Consequently, higher initial albumin
and lower initial globulin in uninfected goats are proposed as putative indexes of susceptibility to
trypanosomosis in goats.
7. Acknowledgement
We acknowledge the assistance of three technologists namely James Doofan Gwaza, Iyorhen Nyam and Mrs. M.
Orshio.
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Vol.3, No.7, 2013
69
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Table 1 Total Protein (g/L) levels in T. brucei and T. congolense infected West African Dwarf and
Red Sokoto goats
Treatments (Mean±SE)
Week RSG_T. congolense WAD_T. congolense RSG_T. brucei WAD_T. brucei RSG_mixed infection WAD_Mixed infection RSG_control WAD_control
0 71.99±4.85a
81.32±3.24a
76.31±4.31a
76.02±2.21a
73.57±3.48a
71.24±1.1.97a
78.45±5.75a
74.25±4.34a
1 74.44±1.90a
70.89±5.28a
64.87±5.58a
72.21±3.62a
70.65±4.06a
66.34±7.86a
70.18±3.92a
65.15±4.43a
2 89.95±7.08abc
104.81±2.87a
88.08±7.25abc
93.74±4.65ab
92.88±6.51ab
101.93±6.02a
76.16±1.46c
79.45±3.52bc
3 88.27±0.18abc
99.21±3.59a
81.91±5.65bcd
89.68±2.98abc
79.84±4.54bcd
93.58±6.45ab
70.70±1.78d
75.94±6.28cb
4 83.97±1.06b
101.85±3.70a
95.87±6.98ab
89.77±3.98ab
82.20±4.03b
94.40±4.53ab
64.23±5.22c
69.52±2.95c
5 89.21±4.54ab
101.96±6.88a
100.44±3.70a
97.65±7.26a
86.88±0.02ab
92.50±2.96a
73.71±1.17bc
68.44±2.34c
6 65.40±0.01d
99±4.76a
90.25±3.60ab
88.74±4.46abc
79.11±3.99bcd
85.46±5.50abc
70.62±2.58cd
77.65±9.03bcd
7 90.03±2.79a 100.24±6.70a
94.69±4.11a
92.57±6.64a
84.80±1.66a
91.25±8.97a
89.34±12.65a
78.86±4.40a
Total 81.97±2.04bc
95.76±2.45a
85.20±2.74bc
87.55±2.09b
80.13±1.85cd
86.91±2.84bc
74.13±2.01d
73.52±1.85d
Note: Mean±SE across a row with different superscripts are significantly different with a>b>c>d. Mean
separation done with Duncan Multiple Rangetest
Table 2 Albumin (g/L) levels in T. brucei and T. congolense infected West African Dwarf and Red Sokoto
goats
Treatments (Mean±SE)
Week RSG_T. congolense WAD_T. congolense RSG_T. brucei WAD_T. brucei RSG_mixed infection WAD_Mixed infection RSG_control WAD_control
0 26.78±3.07b
32.63±2.21ab
32.10±2.59ab
34.48±0.80a
33.98±2.29a
33.13±2.06ab
27.60±1.63ab
31.48±1.32ab
1 27.53±1.10a
31.95±1.16a
26.65±4.48a
30.40±1.31a
30.23±0.99a
27.95±2.26a
25.40±3.18a
28.28±4.39a
2 26.45±0.95ab
27.38±3.57ab
21.97±1.95b
30.88±2.09ab
26.33±3.97ab
26.55±1.74ab
33.53±1.53a
28.50±1.40ab
3 27.07±1.12ab
27.70±3.53ab
22.67±2.37b
28.50±2.04ab
25.65±3.92ab
25.85±0.91ab
31.58±1.37a
29.95±2.05ab
4 26.23±1.97a
25.50±1.90a
27.45±2.05a
30.95±4.48a
23.88±3.74a
28.32±1.68a
30.63±5.10a
31.03±3.82a
5 31.73±8.75a
28.33±3.02a
25.20±1.97a
31.00±2.47a
21.25±5.15a
35.38±5.15a
35.97±2.82a
30.98±1.07a
6 24.07±3.72b
33.70±8.46ab
19.70±1.47b
35.75±15.63ab
23.13±3.17b
26.90±1.26ab
44.93±6.54a
37.63±6.65ab
7 25.23±3.73bc
31.95±0.75abc
26.87±1.77bc
31.53±2.10abc
23.35±6.65c
30.60±1.17abc
37.35±2.95a
33.43±1.71ab
Total 26.92±1.22bc
29.82±1.38ab
25.56±1.15c
31.68±1.18a
26.50±1.32bc
29.29±1.11abc
32.66±1.48a
31.52±1.19a
Note: Mean±SE across a row with different superscripts are significantly different with a>b>c>d. Mean
separation done with Duncan Multiple Range test
Table 3 Globulin (g/L) values of control and infected goats.
Week RSG_T. congolense WAD_T. congolense RSG _T. brucei WAD_T. brucei RSG _mix infection WAD_Mix infection RSG _control WAD_control
0 45.21±4.14a
43.39±3.65a
44.21±2.65a
46.84±3.82a
39.60±5.46a
38.12±3.25a
50.85±5.23a
42.78±3.24a
1 46.91±2.40a
40.26±2.80a
38.22±2.52a
41.46±4.17a
40.43±4.98a
38.39±5.83a
44.78±4.08a
36.88±3.13a
2 57.37±0.00bcd
66.36±4.78abc
66.11±5.80abc
73.93±3.13ab
66.38±7.98abc
75.38±5.87a
42.64±2.78d
51.41±4.87cd
3 61.20±1.14abc
60.53±3.42abc
56.95±6.36abc
70.71±4.11a
54.19±6.86bcd
67.73±5.76ab
39.13±0.90d
45.99±5.10cd
4 57.73±0.92b
64.27±4.71ab
73.14±10.96a
70.90±3.78ab
58.33±3.42b
66.08±3.30ab
33.60±2.71c
38.06±6.04c
5 57.48±5.81a
69.32±5.22a
75.24±2.84a
70.96±9.08a
65.63±5.13a
64.23±2.59a
37.74±2.30b
37.46±1.93b
6 41.80±6.40bc
55.04±11.24ab
70.55±2.95a
63.87±11.60ab
55.98±5.91ab
58.56±6.22ab
25.68±7.41c
40.03±2.71bc
7 64.79±5.13a
66.68±1.00a
67.82±4.73a
68.72±8.59a
61.45±5.00a
55.74±10.42a
54.82±18.41a
45.43±5.50a
Total 53.61±2.05b
57.57±2.71ab
59.44±3.07ab
64.13±2.94a
53.61±2.60b
57.90±2.98ab
41.12±2.22c
42.09±1.53c
Note: Mean±SE across a row with different superscripts are significantly different with a>b>c>d. Mean
separation done with Duncan Multiple Range test
6. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
71
Table 4 Albumin: Globulin Ratio of T. brucei and T. congolence
Week RSG_T. congolense WAD_T. congolense RSG_T. brucei WAD_T. brucei RSG _mix infection WAD_Mix infection RSG _control WAD_control
0 0.61±0.10ab
0.78±0.11ab
0.73±0.06ab
0.75±0.07ab
0.93±0.17a
0.90±0.13a
0.56±0.07b
0.74±0.04ab
1 0.59±0.05a
0.80±0.05a
0.70±0.13a
0.72±0.05a
0.79±0.13a
0.75±0.06a
0.59±0.20a
0.79±0.15a
2 0.45±0.00b
0.42±0.08b
0.33±0.03b
0.42±0.04b
0.43±0.14b
0.36±0.04b
0.80±0.09a
0.57±0.07b
3 0.44±0.03bc
0.46±0.07bc
0.40±0.05c
0.71±0.05c
0.53±0.15bc
0.39±0.02c
0.81±0.04a
0.67±0.07b
4 0.46±0.04b
0.41±0.05b
0.38±0.08b
0.45±0.08b
0.42±0.07b
0.43±0.02b
0.93±0.20a
0.89±0.24a
5 0.59±0.20bc
0.41±0.04c
0.34±0.03c
0.47±0.09c
0.33±0.10c
0.44±0.01c
0.97±0.14a
0.83±0.05ab
6 0.60±0.25b
0.94±0.55b
0.28±0.01b
0.74±0.34b
0.45±0.11b
0.48±0.08b
2.47±1.28a
0.93±0.11b
7 0.40±0.09a
0.48±0.02a
0.40±0.05a
0.49±0.09a
0.39±0.14a
0.60±0.13a
0.75±0.20a
0.77±0.10a
Total 0.53±0.04c
0.60±0.08bc
0.47±0.04c
0.55±0.05bc
0.56±0.06bc
0.55±0.04bc
0.95±0.16a
0.77±0.04ab
Note: Mean±SE across a row with different superscripts are significantly different with a>b>c>d. Mean
separation done with Duncan Multiple Range test
Table 5 Post Infection Case Fatality Rate
Time (Weeks)
Breed Inoculum 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total
Mortality
Percentage (%)
WAD T. congolense - - - - - - - 0 0
0
T. brucei - - - - - - - 0 0
Mixed Infection - - - - - - - 0 0
RSG T. congolense - - - 1 - - - 1 25
33.3
T. brucei - - - - - - 1 1 25
Mixed Infection - - - - - 2 - 2 50
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