This study aimed to optimize the micropropagation of naranjilla plants by manipulating hormone concentrations in different explant types. Results showed that apical buds performed best with 0.05 mg/L NAA, producing the most leaves and longest stems. Upper petioles performed better than lower petioles. For hypocotyls, straight ones with 6 mg/L BAP produced the most leaves, while curved ones with 4.5 mg/L BAP had the longest stems. Overall, apical buds were the most productive explant, regenerating plants within 25 days, while petioles and hypocotyls only produced leaves on some explants without roots. Continued measurements will compare plant health and growth
This document summarizes information about the plant Coleus forskohlii. It discusses the traditional uses of the plant in various countries to treat conditions like stomachaches, nausea, and gastritis. It also describes the cultural practices for growing the plant, including soil and climate preferences, propagation methods, fertilizer use, and pest and disease management. The key active compound in Coleus forskohlii is forskolin, and extraction methods and uses of forskolin and Coleus forskohlii products are outlined.
This document provides information on sugarcane, including its taxonomy, morphology, propagation, cultivation practices, pests and diseases, harvesting, and by-products. Sugarcane is a grass belonging to the genus Saccharum. It has thick stalks that are the main commercial source of sugar. The document describes the taxonomy of sugarcane, the morphology of its stalks, leaves, roots, and propagation through stem cuttings. It discusses soil preparation, sett treatment, fertilization, pests like borers and mealybugs, and diseases like red rot. Harvesting methods include manual and mechanical harvesting. By-products include raw sugar, juices, syrup and molasses.
Propagation methods of Important Medicinal Plantsvandanashukla18
Propagation methods for Azadirachta indica, Rauvolfia serpentina,Terminalia chebula,Terminalia bellirica, Embelica officinalis by seeds and other vegetative parts.
Training, Pruning and Ratooning in veg.cropsLav Kumar
This document discusses training, pruning, and ratooning practices for various vegetable crops. It defines each term and outlines objectives and principles. It provides details on specific techniques for crops like tomato, capsicum, cucumber, bittergourd, bottlegourd, ridge gourd, sponge gourd, brinjal, pointed gourd, ivy gourd, and moringa. Training methods like staking, trellising, and caging are compared for tomato. Pruning aims to control growth and remove diseased parts. Ratooning allows regrowth from plant remains for additional harvests.
Auxin induced germination and plantlet regeneration via Rhizome section cultu...IOSR Journals
1) The study developed a protocol for propagating the vulnerable medicinal orchid Spiranthes sinensis using rhizome section culture.
2) Rhizome sections were cultured on different concentrations of growth hormones including IBA, IAA, NAA, GA3, and cytokinin.
3) IBA at 100 ppm and GA3 at 500 ppm favored good germination and bud formation from the rhizome sections, with 100% and 90% survival rates respectively. The plantlets grew to 0.6 cm and 1.0 cm in length respectively.
This document summarizes the process of callus culture of the neem plant, Azadirachta indica. It describes how explants are prepared from neem leaves and sterilized before being placed on MS medium with plant growth regulators to induce callus formation. The document outlines the composition of the MS medium and details the callus induction process over 2 weeks. It also discusses hardening and acclimatizing the regenerated plantlets in a polyhouse before transferring them to open field conditions.
This document summarizes information about the plant Coleus forskohlii. It discusses the traditional uses of the plant in various countries to treat conditions like stomachaches, nausea, and gastritis. It also describes the cultural practices for growing the plant, including soil and climate preferences, propagation methods, fertilizer use, and pest and disease management. The key active compound in Coleus forskohlii is forskolin, and extraction methods and uses of forskolin and Coleus forskohlii products are outlined.
This document provides information on sugarcane, including its taxonomy, morphology, propagation, cultivation practices, pests and diseases, harvesting, and by-products. Sugarcane is a grass belonging to the genus Saccharum. It has thick stalks that are the main commercial source of sugar. The document describes the taxonomy of sugarcane, the morphology of its stalks, leaves, roots, and propagation through stem cuttings. It discusses soil preparation, sett treatment, fertilization, pests like borers and mealybugs, and diseases like red rot. Harvesting methods include manual and mechanical harvesting. By-products include raw sugar, juices, syrup and molasses.
Propagation methods of Important Medicinal Plantsvandanashukla18
Propagation methods for Azadirachta indica, Rauvolfia serpentina,Terminalia chebula,Terminalia bellirica, Embelica officinalis by seeds and other vegetative parts.
Training, Pruning and Ratooning in veg.cropsLav Kumar
This document discusses training, pruning, and ratooning practices for various vegetable crops. It defines each term and outlines objectives and principles. It provides details on specific techniques for crops like tomato, capsicum, cucumber, bittergourd, bottlegourd, ridge gourd, sponge gourd, brinjal, pointed gourd, ivy gourd, and moringa. Training methods like staking, trellising, and caging are compared for tomato. Pruning aims to control growth and remove diseased parts. Ratooning allows regrowth from plant remains for additional harvests.
Auxin induced germination and plantlet regeneration via Rhizome section cultu...IOSR Journals
1) The study developed a protocol for propagating the vulnerable medicinal orchid Spiranthes sinensis using rhizome section culture.
2) Rhizome sections were cultured on different concentrations of growth hormones including IBA, IAA, NAA, GA3, and cytokinin.
3) IBA at 100 ppm and GA3 at 500 ppm favored good germination and bud formation from the rhizome sections, with 100% and 90% survival rates respectively. The plantlets grew to 0.6 cm and 1.0 cm in length respectively.
This document summarizes the process of callus culture of the neem plant, Azadirachta indica. It describes how explants are prepared from neem leaves and sterilized before being placed on MS medium with plant growth regulators to induce callus formation. The document outlines the composition of the MS medium and details the callus induction process over 2 weeks. It also discusses hardening and acclimatizing the regenerated plantlets in a polyhouse before transferring them to open field conditions.
Sett roots emerge from the nodes of the sugarcane sett and provide water and nutrients to developing shoots. Shoot roots later emerge from the base of new shoots and develop into the main root system. Roots are fibrous and branch repeatedly, permeating the soil. Shoot roots differentiate into superficial, buttress, and rope roots, each with different functions like water/nutrient uptake, anchorage, and accessing deep water. Root growth responds plastically to the soil environment, and the root system typically occupies the top 60cm of soil, though some roots can reach depths of 1.5-2m.
Cucumber Production in Greenhouses in Fairbanks, Alaska, Gardening Guidebook for Alaska ~ University of Alaska
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Plant Architectural Engineering in fruit crops: Physiology and Prospects MANDEEP KAUR
This document summarizes a presentation on plant architectural engineering in fruit crops. It discusses the components of fruit tree architecture including identifying shoot types and analyzing branching patterns. It also covers manipulating tree architecture through training, pruning, and other methods. Training methods like central leader, modified leader, and dwarf tree systems are described. Pruning impacts physiology by removing apical dominance and improving light penetration and fruit quality. Rootstocks also influence scion architecture and productivity. The optimal architecture allows for high light interception and photosynthesis efficiency while maintaining balanced growth and high yields.
Ginger is a flowering plant native to Southeast Asia whose rhizome is used widely as a spice. It is a herbaceous perennial grown for its underground stem. The plant produces erect shoots with narrow leaves and pale yellow flowers. India is a major ginger producer along with China. Ginger is high in nutrients and contains compounds that provide potential health benefits. Micropropagation through tissue culture is used to produce disease-free planting materials as diseases often spread through contaminated rhizomes.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Pruning and training are important operations in tea management. Pruning removes old wood and stimulates new lateral growth, while training establishes the plant structure. Common pruning methods include decentering, bending, pegging, and frame forming prunes. Pruning is done periodically based on factors like growth rate, starch reserves, and pest/disease risk. The timing, severity, and cycle of pruning varies depending on conditions like shade, soil, elevation, and desired crop levels. Pruning rejuvenates tea bushes and regulates crop production.
This document provides information on tea production technology, including details about:
- Tea's botanical classification as an evergreen shrub native to Southeast Asia.
- Important tea growing regions like India, China, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia.
- Tea varieties, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, planting, pruning, and other cultivation practices.
- Shade management using trees like silver oak and methods for weed control.
The document provides an overview of banana morphology, propagation, and breeding. It discusses the classification of banana as a giant perennial herb with underground rhizomes and suckers for propagation. The pseudostem, foliage, inflorescence, and bunch are described. Constraints to production include diseases like black sigatoka and pests like nematodes and weevils. Breeding objectives are listed as taste, yield, disease resistance, short stature and earliness. Breeding techniques include hybridization, embryo culture and evaluation of progeny for traits of interest.
Cultivation of Medicinal Plants by Vegetative/Asexual PropagationDivya Sree M S
This document discusses various methods of vegetative or asexual propagation for cultivating medicinal plants. It describes natural propagation methods using plant parts like bulbs, tubers, and rhizomes. It also details several artificial propagation techniques including cuttings, layering, division, grafting, budding, and micropropagation. Micropropagation uses plant tissue culture to rapidly multiply stock plant material. Fermentation is also discussed as a method to commercially produce some medicinal fungi using biotechnology that yields products similar to wild varieties. Advantages of asexual propagation include maintenance of plants and high yields, while disadvantages include lack of genetic diversity and reduced adaptation to environmental changes.
Purple firespike has potential as a new flowering potted plant but grows too tall without height control. This study evaluated methods for controlling the height of purple firespike, including pinching, number of cuttings per pot, and plant growth regulators (PGRs). Pinching reduced plant height the most when using one cutting per pot with two pinches. The most branches were produced with two pinches and three cuttings per pot. When testing PGRs, uniconazole and paclobutrazol root drenches were most effective at reducing height, with paclobutrazol at 10-15 ppm producing attractive plants while controlling height.
The document describes three scenarios: 1) Two people survive a plane crash in the Amazon jungle and encounter dangerous wildlife and rumors of cannibalism. 2) A teacher's plans to be kind but enforce discipline in their classroom through warnings and having misbehaving students miss snack time. 3) A person imagines having a robot servant named Cosma who can do anything they say, be kind to them, fly them places, and explore the ocean.
An individual found a stopwatch that could stop time and used it to cheat on tests, steal toys and groceries without getting caught. However, the stopwatch overheated and broke after being overused. Later, the same person mistook a cat climbing their house for a thief and briefly considered using a gun they had in a safe for self defense before realizing their mistake.
The document is a resume for Bharat Dubey applying for a sales and marketing role. He has over 9 years of experience in sales and marketing in the pharmaceutical industry, holding roles such as Area Business Manager and Scientific Business Manager. He is seeking a new role utilizing his expertise in sales, marketing, business development, client relationship management, and people management.
-- Created using PowToon -- Free sign up at http://www.powtoon.com/ -- Create animated videos and animated presentations for free. PowToon is a free tool that allows you to develop cool animated clips and animated presentations for your website, office meeting, sales pitch, nonprofit fundraiser, product launch, video resume, or anything else you could use an animated explainer video. PowToon's animation templates help you create animated presentations and animated explainer videos from scratch. Anyone can produce awesome animations quickly with PowToon, without the cost or hassle other professional animation services require.
This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for colleges. It provides information on developing KPI systems, including defining objectives, identifying key result areas and tasks, and determining methods to measure results. The document outlines common mistakes in creating KPIs, such as having too many KPIs not linked to key result areas. It also describes different types of KPIs, such as process, input, output, leading, lagging, outcome, qualitative and quantitative KPIs. Additional resources on KPIs can be found on the listed website.
Political Islam and its discrimination with Salafism in contemporary ages: fi...malisahmad
Political Islam and its discrimination with Salafism in contemporary ages: fields, opportunities and challenges
Author
Mahmud Fallah (graduated from Qum Seminary and Ph.D student in political sciences)
Magency organise tous les mois un Petit-Déj du digital. L'édition du 22 avril était sur le thème du Digital Learning.
Les ateliers ont eu pour objectif de faire découvrir aux participants les étapes clés de la transformation digitales et des solutions digitales d’engagement d’audience pour des formations d’entreprises plus efficaces, collaboratives et productives.
This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for contact centers. It provides information on common KPIs, how to develop KPIs, common mistakes in creating KPIs, how to design effective KPIs, and different types of KPIs such as leading indicators, lagging indicators, qualitative and quantitative measures. The document recommends visiting an external website for additional free resources on KPIs, including ebooks, lists of KPIs, and performance appraisal forms and methods.
Sett roots emerge from the nodes of the sugarcane sett and provide water and nutrients to developing shoots. Shoot roots later emerge from the base of new shoots and develop into the main root system. Roots are fibrous and branch repeatedly, permeating the soil. Shoot roots differentiate into superficial, buttress, and rope roots, each with different functions like water/nutrient uptake, anchorage, and accessing deep water. Root growth responds plastically to the soil environment, and the root system typically occupies the top 60cm of soil, though some roots can reach depths of 1.5-2m.
Cucumber Production in Greenhouses in Fairbanks, Alaska, Gardening Guidebook for Alaska ~ University of Alaska
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Plant Architectural Engineering in fruit crops: Physiology and Prospects MANDEEP KAUR
This document summarizes a presentation on plant architectural engineering in fruit crops. It discusses the components of fruit tree architecture including identifying shoot types and analyzing branching patterns. It also covers manipulating tree architecture through training, pruning, and other methods. Training methods like central leader, modified leader, and dwarf tree systems are described. Pruning impacts physiology by removing apical dominance and improving light penetration and fruit quality. Rootstocks also influence scion architecture and productivity. The optimal architecture allows for high light interception and photosynthesis efficiency while maintaining balanced growth and high yields.
Ginger is a flowering plant native to Southeast Asia whose rhizome is used widely as a spice. It is a herbaceous perennial grown for its underground stem. The plant produces erect shoots with narrow leaves and pale yellow flowers. India is a major ginger producer along with China. Ginger is high in nutrients and contains compounds that provide potential health benefits. Micropropagation through tissue culture is used to produce disease-free planting materials as diseases often spread through contaminated rhizomes.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Pruning and training are important operations in tea management. Pruning removes old wood and stimulates new lateral growth, while training establishes the plant structure. Common pruning methods include decentering, bending, pegging, and frame forming prunes. Pruning is done periodically based on factors like growth rate, starch reserves, and pest/disease risk. The timing, severity, and cycle of pruning varies depending on conditions like shade, soil, elevation, and desired crop levels. Pruning rejuvenates tea bushes and regulates crop production.
This document provides information on tea production technology, including details about:
- Tea's botanical classification as an evergreen shrub native to Southeast Asia.
- Important tea growing regions like India, China, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia.
- Tea varieties, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, planting, pruning, and other cultivation practices.
- Shade management using trees like silver oak and methods for weed control.
The document provides an overview of banana morphology, propagation, and breeding. It discusses the classification of banana as a giant perennial herb with underground rhizomes and suckers for propagation. The pseudostem, foliage, inflorescence, and bunch are described. Constraints to production include diseases like black sigatoka and pests like nematodes and weevils. Breeding objectives are listed as taste, yield, disease resistance, short stature and earliness. Breeding techniques include hybridization, embryo culture and evaluation of progeny for traits of interest.
Cultivation of Medicinal Plants by Vegetative/Asexual PropagationDivya Sree M S
This document discusses various methods of vegetative or asexual propagation for cultivating medicinal plants. It describes natural propagation methods using plant parts like bulbs, tubers, and rhizomes. It also details several artificial propagation techniques including cuttings, layering, division, grafting, budding, and micropropagation. Micropropagation uses plant tissue culture to rapidly multiply stock plant material. Fermentation is also discussed as a method to commercially produce some medicinal fungi using biotechnology that yields products similar to wild varieties. Advantages of asexual propagation include maintenance of plants and high yields, while disadvantages include lack of genetic diversity and reduced adaptation to environmental changes.
Purple firespike has potential as a new flowering potted plant but grows too tall without height control. This study evaluated methods for controlling the height of purple firespike, including pinching, number of cuttings per pot, and plant growth regulators (PGRs). Pinching reduced plant height the most when using one cutting per pot with two pinches. The most branches were produced with two pinches and three cuttings per pot. When testing PGRs, uniconazole and paclobutrazol root drenches were most effective at reducing height, with paclobutrazol at 10-15 ppm producing attractive plants while controlling height.
The document describes three scenarios: 1) Two people survive a plane crash in the Amazon jungle and encounter dangerous wildlife and rumors of cannibalism. 2) A teacher's plans to be kind but enforce discipline in their classroom through warnings and having misbehaving students miss snack time. 3) A person imagines having a robot servant named Cosma who can do anything they say, be kind to them, fly them places, and explore the ocean.
An individual found a stopwatch that could stop time and used it to cheat on tests, steal toys and groceries without getting caught. However, the stopwatch overheated and broke after being overused. Later, the same person mistook a cat climbing their house for a thief and briefly considered using a gun they had in a safe for self defense before realizing their mistake.
The document is a resume for Bharat Dubey applying for a sales and marketing role. He has over 9 years of experience in sales and marketing in the pharmaceutical industry, holding roles such as Area Business Manager and Scientific Business Manager. He is seeking a new role utilizing his expertise in sales, marketing, business development, client relationship management, and people management.
-- Created using PowToon -- Free sign up at http://www.powtoon.com/ -- Create animated videos and animated presentations for free. PowToon is a free tool that allows you to develop cool animated clips and animated presentations for your website, office meeting, sales pitch, nonprofit fundraiser, product launch, video resume, or anything else you could use an animated explainer video. PowToon's animation templates help you create animated presentations and animated explainer videos from scratch. Anyone can produce awesome animations quickly with PowToon, without the cost or hassle other professional animation services require.
This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for colleges. It provides information on developing KPI systems, including defining objectives, identifying key result areas and tasks, and determining methods to measure results. The document outlines common mistakes in creating KPIs, such as having too many KPIs not linked to key result areas. It also describes different types of KPIs, such as process, input, output, leading, lagging, outcome, qualitative and quantitative KPIs. Additional resources on KPIs can be found on the listed website.
Political Islam and its discrimination with Salafism in contemporary ages: fi...malisahmad
Political Islam and its discrimination with Salafism in contemporary ages: fields, opportunities and challenges
Author
Mahmud Fallah (graduated from Qum Seminary and Ph.D student in political sciences)
Magency organise tous les mois un Petit-Déj du digital. L'édition du 22 avril était sur le thème du Digital Learning.
Les ateliers ont eu pour objectif de faire découvrir aux participants les étapes clés de la transformation digitales et des solutions digitales d’engagement d’audience pour des formations d’entreprises plus efficaces, collaboratives et productives.
This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for contact centers. It provides information on common KPIs, how to develop KPIs, common mistakes in creating KPIs, how to design effective KPIs, and different types of KPIs such as leading indicators, lagging indicators, qualitative and quantitative measures. The document recommends visiting an external website for additional free resources on KPIs, including ebooks, lists of KPIs, and performance appraisal forms and methods.
The document provides information about Janashakthi insurance branch located in Kandy, Sri Lanka. It was established in 1987 and provides various insurance products. It discusses the branch's assets, liabilities, equity, income sources, expenses, marketing strategies, and problems and solutions. It notes the branch has won awards and provides a good working environment for employees while being controlled by the branch manager.
The narrator dreams of learning to fly and use magic with their pet Apprick. They wake up in a magical garden with Apprick and their robot Eve. Apprick's antenna glows, leading them to discover a rainbow-colored crystal flower that grows magical golden fruits. Eating the fruits recharges the narrator's magic and makes Apprick and Eve glow brighter. They collect the fruits before waking up back in the narrator's bedroom.
The document appears to be promoting an event called "Kitt Depatie 12.15" which is taking place on December 15th. It contains repeated references to "Kitt Depatie 12.15" across multiple lines and asks the question "How would your life be different?". It also contains the date "Kitt Depatie 8.15" and mentions reaching out to unknown people.
The document discusses the tamaraw, a critically endangered species of buffalo found only in the Philippines. It is a small species of water buffalo that has distinct coat color and markings. Their habitat has been reduced significantly due to human activities like hunting and habitat loss, making them one of the most threatened mammals in the world.
The document discusses future tense forms in English, including:
1) Words like "tomorrow", "soon", "next week" that indicate actions happening in the future.
2) The forms for positive, negative, and question sentences using "will" or "be going to".
3) Examples are provided for each future tense form.
4) The document concludes by explaining uses of the future progressive tense and providing examples.
Plant tissue culture is used widely in the plant since , forestry and in horticulture .
Plant tissue culture relies on the fact that many plant cells have the ability to regenerate a whole plant .
Tissue culture of Strawberry provides an alternative and novel possibility of enhancing the production of planting materials, including virus-free plants for large-scale planting.
Tissue culture of strawberry could also make a significant contribution in improving the qualitative and quantitative characters of the plant.
This study aimed to improve micropropagation techniques for naranjilla by standardizing procedures and comparing market seeds to those from a research institute. In the original study, different explants, hormones, and concentrations were tested. In the new study, apical buds, petioles, and hypocotyls were treated with various concentrations of NAA, BAP, and GA3 hormones. Results showed apical buds treated with 0.01 mg/L NAA produced the most leaves and longest stems on average. Next steps are to collect data on petioles and hypocotyls, and use the optimized micropropagation protocol for conservation and cultivating modified naranjilla plants.
In Vitro Shoot Regeneration and Rooting of Piper Longum L.: A valuable Medici...AnuragSingh1049
Piper longum L (Long pepper), of family Piperaceae, is an important medicinal plant in Sri Lanka. Cultivation of Piper longum L. till recently was not very common and still it is extensively collected from the wild owing to the increasing demand from the pharmaceutical industry, threatening the very existence of the plant. Poor seed viability and low germination, scanty and delayed rooting of vegetative cuttings restrict its propagation through sexual and vegetative propagation methods indicating a need of alternative approaches such as in vitro techniques for large scale propagation of this medicinally important plant. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop an effective in vitro propagation protocol for Long pepper using nodal segments as ex plants, obtained from a shade house grown mature plant. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium was used throughout the experiment. For shoot proliferation, MS medium supplemented with combination of 1-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), Kinetin (KIN) and different levels of N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) were used. In vitro rooting was achieved to 50% strength MS basal medium containing 1mg/L. The highest frequency of multiple shoot regeneration, that is 87.5% and the maximum number of, 36-40 shoots/ex plants in one sub culture (within 8 weeks after inoculation) were observed in MS media containing BAP (3 mg/L), KIN (0.5mg/L) and NAA (0.2mg/L). The maximum number of roots (6-8 per plantlet) were obtained in 50% MS basal medium + glucose (15 g/L) + Ascorbic acid (100 mg/ L) and gelled with 0.8% (w/v) agar supplemented with NAA (1 mg/L). In vitro rooted shoots were successfully acclimatized in the shade house conditions. Therefore, it is possible to deduce that the current protocol is promising for in vitro mass propagation of Piper longum L. to solve the reproduction and cultivation problem of the plant.
Leaf culture involves growing excised young leaf primordia or leaves in a chemically defined medium under controlled conditions to study leaf development. Leaf primordia or young leaves are surface sterilized and placed on agar medium, where they can grow for long periods. Smaller leaf primordia have more growth potential than mature leaves. Leaf culture has been used to study leaf formation in plants like ferns and tobacco. It allows observation of leaf development isolated from the full plant. The size of fern leaf primordia influences whether they develop into leaves or shoots in culture. Leaf culture is valuable for investigating the effects of nutrients and hormones on leaf growth.
1) The study tested the effects of different concentrations of the plant hormones indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and kinetin on root border cell production in cucumber, tomato, and lettuce seeds.
2) The results showed that IAA and kinetin stimulated increased border cell production in all three crops, but the response varied between crops and hormone concentrations.
3) Cucumber production was highest at 0.1 μM for both hormones. Tomato increased at 10 μM kinetin. Lettuce increased at 0.01 μM kinetin and 10 μM IAA.
4) DNA was successfully extracted from the border cells and amplified by PCR, demonstrating their potential as a simple research tool.
Rhs level 2 certificate year 1 session 14 overview 2019vikkis
This document discusses vegetative reproduction through cuttings. It defines vegetative reproduction and explains the physiological process by which cuttings form roots and new plants. Various types of cuttings are described, including softwood, semi-ripe, hardwood, root, leaf petiole, and leaf blade cuttings. Environmental and physical factors that influence the success of rooting cuttings are outlined. Specific plant examples are provided for each type of cutting. The learning outcomes and term dates are also stated.
In vitro propagation in Bamboo(micropropagation) (plant tissue Culture)Rahul Chandera
This document discusses the in vitro propagation of bamboo through tissue culture techniques. It describes the selection of nodal explants from juvenile bamboo shoots, sterilization procedures, and various initiation, multiplication, rooting, and hardening media compositions that produced the best results. The highest rates of shoot bud induction and multiplication were achieved using MS media supplemented with BAP and KIN plant growth regulators. Root induction was maximized with IBA or NAA in the media. Hardening involved transferring plantlets to soil mixtures in the greenhouse, resulting in 92.5% survival rates. Tissue culture is presented as an efficient method for large-scale bamboo propagation.
1. Tissue culture can be used to multiply and conserve medicinal and ornamental plants that are difficult to reproduce through conventional methods. It allows for mass production of valuable plants.
2. The document discusses tissue culture techniques for Boston fern and two medicinal plants - peganum harmala and aegle marmelos. For Boston fern, sterile runner tips are cultured on nutrient media to produce new leaves and roots. Tissue culture of aegle marmelos can be done through micropropagation, organogenic callus culture, or culturing nodal explants.
3. Micropropagation of aegle marmelos involves culturing nodal explants on media supplemented with cytokinins,
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This training report summarizes studies on micropropagation of Spilanthes acmella conducted at CSIR-IIIM. Key findings include:
1) The best growth medium for shoot induction from nodal explants was MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BAP, inducing 83.3% shoot formation with 3.2 shoots per explant.
2) Direct shoot regeneration was observed from leaf explants on medium with 2 mg/L BAP and 0.2 mg/L NAA, inducing 40% regeneration with 0.54 shoots per explant.
3) DNA was successfully isolated from Spilanthes acmella leaves using the Doyle and Doyle method and visualized via gel
Rhs level 2 certificate year 1 session 13 overview 2011vikkis
This document discusses different methods of vegetative plant reproduction through cuttings, including stem, leaf, and root cuttings. It describes the physiological factors that influence rooting success, such as juvenility and plant growth regulators. It also outlines the different types of cuttings - softwood, semi-ripe, and hardwood - and lists example plants suitable for each. Specific propagation techniques are provided for leaf petiole and leaf blade cuttings. The document concludes by describing the aftercare needs of cuttings, such as moisture, warmth, and low nutrients.
This document describes developing a tea-based crop model in wastelands in South Bengal, India to generate higher incomes. The methodology involved dividing land into plots for tea cultivation, planting six tea clones with various shade trees and border crops. Organic fertilizers and pesticides were used. Irrigation and drainage systems were implemented. Debudding, pruning, tipping and plucking were done to maintain tea bushes. A yield of 1,100 kg/ha of made tea was achieved along with fruit yields. A nursery was established to propagate tea clones. Tea processing involved withering, rolling, fermentation, drying and grading. Quality was assessed by measuring polyphenols and caffeine.
This document describes developing a tea-based crop model in wastelands in South Bengal for higher income generation. The methodology involved dividing land into plots for tea cultivation with various shade trees, spices, and green manure crops. Organic fertilizers and pesticides were used. Tea varieties were planted and managed through debudding, pruning, tipping, and plucking. A yield of 1,100 kg/ha of made tea was achieved along with fruit yields. A nursery was established for propagating tea clones. Tea processing and quality assessment showed standard quality tea was produced. The developed multistoried cropping system integrating tea, horticulture, and spices can be adopted in marginal wastelands and generate income and employment
1) The document describes a procedure for propagating cactus plants through micropropagation using auxiliary buds.
2) Through this technique, shoots can be stimulated to grow from auxiliary buds and separated, then rooted to produce new plants, allowing for rapid multiplication.
3) The procedure involves surface sterilization of explants, culture initiation on various media, subculture and separation of developing shoots, and rooting of shoots to produce finished plants. Through monthly subculturing, millions of plants can be produced from a single original explant.
In vitro STUDIES IN Baliospermummontanum (Willd) Mull. Arg.Midhun M Nair
This document summarizes an in vitro study of Baliospermum montanum, an endangered medicinal plant. Shoot tip cultures were used to regenerate plants, with the maximum elongation occurring in medium containing BA (5mg/l) and IBA (0.4mg/l). Nodal explants showed maximum axillary bud proliferation in medium with BA (4mg/l) and IAA (0.5mg/l). Stem explants produced the most callus when cultured in medium with BA (5mg/l) and 2,4-D (5mg/l). The study aims to develop tissue culture techniques to rapidly propagate B. montanum and protect it from overexploitation
Micropropagation is a technique used to propagate selected sugarcane varieties using in vitro culture. It allows for rapid multiplication of plants while eliminating diseases. The process involves culturing small explants on nutrient media to induce shoot formation, multiplying the shoots, rooting the plantlets, and hardening them for field planting. Specific media compositions and plant growth regulators are used at different stages to optimize growth. Micropropagation provides benefits for sugarcane improvement by allowing widespread distribution of new varieties and selection of plants with desired traits.
The document discusses various aspects of tobacco production including types of tobacco, growing regions, cultivation practices, and harvesting. It notes that tobacco is an important cash crop grown for its leaves, which are most commonly used as a drug smoked in various forms. Proper plant management practices such as soil management, watering, weeding, topping, and de-suckering are described to maximize tobacco yield. Harvesting occurs 90-120 days after transplanting and can involve either priming of individual leaves or cutting the entire plant.
1) The document describes methods for micropropagating date palm and guava plants through tissue culture techniques. It provides details on direct organogenesis for date palm propagation and somatic embryogenesis for guava propagation.
2) For date palms, methods are described for initiation, multiplication, elongation, rooting, and acclimatization stages. The optimal conditions found were 2 mg/L 2iP plus 1 mg/L BA for initiation, 4 mg/L 2iP with 2 mg/L BA and 1 mg/L NAA for multiplication, 0.5 mg/L GA3 for elongation, and 0.5 mg/L NAA for rooting.
3) For guava, the
Advance in production techonology of Alovera.pptxPallavi Wani
1. Welcome
2. Introduction
3. Uses
4. CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANT
Commercially cultivated species-Aloe barbadensis
Aloe arborescens, Aloe perryi
Aloe ferox
VARIETY
CIM sheetal (2005) is a barbaloin free variety released from CIMAP, Lucknow
The plant is suited for rainfed cultivation
High leaf and sap yielding, foliage yield: 400 -500 q/ha.
Soil and climate
Hardy, grows on sandy coastal to loamy soils with a pH of up to 7- 8.5
Water logged conditions and problematic soils are not suited
Commercial cultivation can be done in regions having 25-40O It can be cultivated in arid and semi arid region
Propagation and planting
Medium sized root suckers are chosen and carefully dug out without damaging the parent plant at the base and directly planted in the main field.
Root suckers (10,000/ha) or leaf cuttings
Nearly 3-4 months old suckers having 4-5 leaves and 20-25 cm length can be used Spacing - 90x90 cm Season-June-July.
15- It can also be propagated through leaf cuttings. In this case, after the harvest of the crop, the underground rhizome is also dug out and made in to 5-6 cm length cuttings which should have minimum 2-3 nodes on them.
16. It is rooted in specially prepared sand beds or containers and after it has started sprouting, it is ready for transplanting
17. Manures and fertilizers
10-15 tons of FYM/ha - during 18. land preparation- Apply 30kg/ha Nitrogen + 120kg/ha of Gypsum during field preparation
In addition 30kg N can be applied 20 DAP
17. Irrigation
Soon after planting
According to the soil moisture
4-5 irrigations are sufficient per year. Weed control
Weeding may be done twice a year
21. Pests and diseases
Normally aloe is free from pests and diseases
Major insect : Mealy bug
Major diseases : Leaf spot and Anthracnose
Control measures
1. For controlling mealy bugs spray Chlorpyriphos 2 ml in 1 litre of water.
2. Spray the crop with Bavistin 10 g with Carbendazim 2g per litre and repeat at 10 days interval for controlling anthracnose.
3. Leaf spot can be controlled by spraying the crop with 0.2% Mancozeb at weekly intervals
24. Processing- The mucilaginous pulp from the leaf parenchyma, which is mainly carbohydrate in nature, is used in skin disorders.
For the purpose of isolation of aloe gel, the portion of leaves remaining after the removal of their exudates is cut open and their mucilage is scraped out with a blunt edged knife.
This mucilage is stirred vigorously in a blender to make it into a uniform solution and is strained through a muslin cloth and filtered.
The gel is precipitated from the extract and isolated by centrifugation
The gel is re-dissolved in slightly warm water.
It is dried at high temperature and weighed
Soilless Cultivation- The cultivation of aloe in containers has also become a standard technique in central and southern Europe.
The rooted sucker is transplanted into a plastic pot, 2.5–3.5 L in volume and re-potted after 6–9 months into a 24 L container.
Hydroponic Cultivation
Rhs level 2 certificate year 1 session 13 overview 2015vikkis
This document discusses vegetative reproduction through cuttings. It describes the different types of cuttings used for propagation, including stem, leaf, and root cuttings. For each cutting type, the document outlines the process, from taking the cutting and encouraging root growth to the aftercare needed. Physiological factors that influence rooting success are also examined, such as the plant's juvenile state and growth regulators. Safety tips are provided for taking cuttings. Various plant species suited for each cutting method are listed. The learning outcomes review vegetative reproduction and propagation using cuttings.
Rhs level 2 certificate year 1 session 13 overview 2015
Informe Final
1. Effect of HormoneConcentration and Typeof Explant on Efficiency of Naranjilla
Micropropagation
AdrianneSeiden
Introduction:
Naranjilla is a fruiting shrub indigenous to the Sierra region of Ecuador and Colombia. Due to
low genetic diversity and sensitivities to disease and parasites, namely nematodes (AKA
roundworms), it has thus far been unable to be grown outside of South America. Due to its
myriad culinary uses and potential for commercial sale, there is growing interest in improving
propagation techniques for naranjilla. One way to do this would be to perfect the procedure for
in vitro micropropagation of naranjilla. In vitro micropropagation is a technique has been used
for various plants to allow quick regeneration of targeted plants in transgenic manipulations
(O’Connor-Sánchez et al. 2010) or agricultural improvement/conservation programs. This
project aims to standardize in vitro micropropagation of naranjilla via hypocotyls, apical buds,
and petioles, by manipulating levels of the hormones naphthaleneacetic acid, 6-
benzylaminopurine, and gibberellic acid in Murashige and Skoog medium, a commonly used
medium for plant studies, which contains water and other necessary micronutrients.
Naphthaleneacetic acid is an artificially made rooting hormone whose binding is not affected by
salinity (Ray and Dohrmann 1977). NAA is often used to encourage growth of explants but is
toxic to plants in high concentrations. Gibberellic acid has been shown to have positive effects
on the formation of juvenile and adult leaves as well as stemgrowth (Phinney 1956). 6-
benzylaminopurine is a cytokinin that encourages plant growth by stimulating cell division
(Siddiqui et al. 2011). The interaction of these hormones is necessary for plant growth, and
manipulating their relative concentrations can help improve the efficiency of naranjilla
regeneration.
General Objectives:
The general goal of the project is to regenerate naranjilla plants using three types of explants:
hypocotyls, apical buds, and petioles.
Specific Objectives:
Specifically, this project aims to determine the ideal concentration of naphthaleneacetic acid
in the medium for regeneration via apical buds, determine the superior type of petiole,
between those taken from the upper third or the lower third of the plant, for regeneration via
petioles, and determine the ideal concentration of 6-benzylaminopurine as well as the ideal
type of hypocotyl (curved or straight) for regeneration via hypocotyls.
Methods:
1) Market seeds are cleaned and disinfected
1) 3 min in alcohol 70%
2. 2) 18 min in hypochlorite 2.5% and 4-5 drops of tween, stirring every 3 min
3) 5 washes with sterile deionized water
2) Seeds are planted in autoclaved Murashige and Skoog medium, under sterile camera, 10
seeds per jar
3) Jars are covered with saran wrap and placed under light
4) Once plants have grown large enough explants are isolated and planted in petri dished
of MS with controlled concentrations of NAA, BAP, and GA3
Apical buds:
• All leaves are removed, stem is cut just below most recent leaves, planted right-side-up
in petri dishes, 5 explants/dish; moved to larger jars after 1 month
• Treatments: NAA .01 mg/L, NAA .05 mg/L, NAA .20 mg/L
Petioles:
• roots are removed, stalk is cut in 3, discarding the middle, leaves are removed, and
petioles are cut from the main stem, placed in petri dish of MS medium on their side, 5
explants/dish
• Treatments: Upper third petioles, lower third petioles
Hypocotyls:
• curved: as soon as a stem begins to emerge, the seed and any roots or leaves are cut
away, hypocotyl is planted on its side in petri dish of MS medium, 5 explants/dish
straight: the plant is allowed to grow until the stem is straight, at
which point the stem is cut directly below the first leaves and approx. 6mm down,
hypocotyl is planted on its side in petri dish of MS medium, 5 explants/dish
• Treatments: BAP 3 (mg/L), BAP 4.5 (mg/L), BAP 6 (mg/L)
Results:
All data was collected 25 days after planting of the explants. Apical buds grown in 0.01 mg/L
NAA MS medium had produced on average 4.85 leaves per explant while buds grown in 0.05
mg/L NAA MS medium had produced on average 4.95 leaves per explant and buds grown in 0.2
mg/L NAA MS medium had produced on average 4.9 leaves per explant.
0.01 mg/L NAA, 4.85 leaves/explant ; 0.05mg/L NAA, 4.95 leaves/explant ; 0.2 mg/LNAA, 4.9 leaves/explant
4.85
4.95
4.9
4.8
4.82
4.84
4.86
4.88
4.9
4.92
4.94
4.96
0.01 0.05 0.2
numberofleaves(avg.)
Concentration ofNAA (mg/L)
Apical Buds: Number of leaves
3. Stems of apical buds grown in 0.01 mg/L NAA MS medium grew to an average length of 2.5 cm,
while stems of buds grown in 0.05 mg/L NAA MS medium grew to an average length of 3.58 cm,
and stems of buds grown in 0.2 mg/L NAA MS medium grew to an average length of 2.93 cm.
Roots of buds grown in 0.01 mg/L NAA MS medium grew to an average length of 2.27 cm while
roots of buds grown in 0.05 mg/L NAA MS medium grew to an average length of 1.66 cm and
roots of buds grown in 0.2 mg/L NAA MS medium grew to an average length of 1.56 cm.
0.01 mg/L NAA, stem: 2.5cm (avg) root: 2.27cm (avg) ; 0.05mg/L NAA, stem: 3.58cm(avg) root: 1.66cm(avg) ;
0.20 mg/L NAA, stem: 2.93cm(avg) root: 1.56cm(avg)
Petioles sampled from the upper third of the plant produced on average 2 leaves per explant
while petioles sampled from the lover third of the plant produced on average 0.95 leaves per
explant. Stems of upper petioles grew to an average length of 1 cm while stems of lower
petioles grew to an average length of 0.6 cm.
Upper petioles, 2leaves/explant(avg.) 1cm stem (avg.) ; lower petioles,0.95 leaves/explant (avg.) 0.6cmstem(avg.)
0
1
2
3
4
0.01 0.05 0.2
Length(cm)
Concentration of NAA (mg/L)
Apical Buds: Stems and Roots
length of stem
Length of root
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
avg. number of leaves avg. length of stem (cm)
Petioles: Upper vs Lower
Upper third Lower third
4. Straight hypocotyls grown in 3 mg/L BAP MS medium produced on average 1.4 leaves per
explant while straight hypocotyls grown in 4.5 mg/L BAP MS medium produced on average 2.05
leaves per explant and straight hypocotyls grown in 6 mg/L BAP MS medium produced on
average 2.68 leaves per explant. Stems of straight hypocotyls grown in 3 mg/L BAP MS medium
grew to an average length of 1.05 cm while stems of straight hypocotyls grown in 4.5 mg/L BAP
MS medium grew to an average length of 1.04 cm and stems of straight hypocotyls grown in 6
mg/L BAP MS medium grew to an average length of 0.84 cm.
Curved hypocotyls grown in 3 mg/L BAP MS medium produced on average 1.65 leaves per
explant while curved hypocotyls grown in 4.5 mg/L BAP MS medium produced on average 0.9
leaves per explant and curved hypocotyls grown in 6 mg/L BAP MS medium produced on
average 1.45 leaves per explant. Stems of curved hypocotyls grown in 3mg/L BAP MS medium
grew to an average length of 1.31 cm while stems of curved hypocotyls grown in 4.5 mg/L BAP
MS medium grew to an average length of 1.34 cm and curved hypocotyls grown in 6 mg/L BAP
MS medium grew to an average length of 0.91 cm.
Straight 3 mg/LBAP, 1.4 leaves/explant (avg.) ; curved 3mg/L, 1.65leaves/explant (avg.) ; straight4.5mg/L BAP 2.05leaves/explant(avg.) ;
curved 4.5 mg/L BAP 0.9 leaves/explant (avg.) ; straight6 mg/L BAP,2.68 leaves/explant (avg.) ; curved6 mg/L BAP,1.45 leaves/explant (avg.)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3 mg/L 4.5 mg/L 6 mg/L
numberofleaves
Concentration of BAP
Hypocotyls: Number of leaves (avg.)
Straight hypocotyls Curved hypocotyls
5. Straight 3 mg/LBAP, 1.05cm stem (avg.) ; curved3 mg/L BAP,1.31 cmstem(avg.) ; straight 4.5 mg/LBAP,
1.04 cm stem(avg.) ; curved4.5mg/L BAP,1.34 cm stem (avg.) ; straight6 mg/L BAP,0.84 cmstem(avg.) ; curved 6 mg/LBAP, 0.91cm stem
(avg.)
Discussion:
Apical buds were clearly the most productive explant in micropropagation; every explant
sprouted roots and several leaves within 25 days of being planted, while neither petioles nor
hypocotyls produced any roots within the same time period, and produced only a few leaves on
some explants. Apical buds grew best on MS medium with a concentration of 0.05 mg/L NAA.
This concentration produced the greatest number of leaves (avg. 4.95) and the longest stems
(avg. 3.58 cm), while 0.01 mg/L NAA produced the longest roots (avg. 2.27 cm). Petioles from
the upper third of the plant were more successful than those from the lower third of the plant,
producing a greater number of leaves (avg. 2) and longer stems (avg. 1 cm). In terms of
hypocotyls, straight hypocotyls grown in 6 mg/L BAP MS medium produced the greatest
number of leaves (avg. 2.68), while curved hypocotyls grown in 4.5 mg/L BAP MS medium
produced the longest stems (avg. 1.34 cm).
Next Steps:
Continuing on with the project, petioles and hypocotyls will be moved to larger jars with regular
MS medium once they grow roots, and growth of all three explant types will be measured on
regular intervals. Measurements will be used to compare health and robustness of the plants
over time.
Bibliography:
O’Connor-Sánchez,Aileen,Ángel V.Domínguez-May,Miguel A.Keb-Llanes,TomásA.González-Estrada,
and Yuri J. Peña–Ramírez."EfficientPlantRegenerationfromLeaf Explantsof SolanumAmericanum."
2010.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
3 mg/L 4.5 mg/L 6 mg/L
lengthofstem(cm)
Concentration of BAP
Hypocotyls: Length of stem (avg.)
Straight hypocotyls Curved hypocotyls
6. Phinney,B.O."Growth Response Of Single-Gene Dwarf MutantsInMaize To GibberellicAcid."
Proceedingsof the National Academyof Sciences,1956, 185-89.
Ray, P.M., U. Dohrmann,andR. Hertel."Characterizationof NaphthaleneaceticAcidBindingto
ReceptorSitesonCellularMembranesof Maize ColeoptileTissue."PlantPhysiology,1977,357-64.
Siddiqui,MdWasim,AmritaBhattacharjya,Ivi Chakraborty,andRS Dhua. "6-Benzylaminopurine
ImprovesShelf Life,OrganolepticQualityandHealthpromotingCompoundsof Fresh-cutBroccoli
Florets."2011.