Information literacy in Illinois high schools, IACRL 2016
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Research findings from a mixed methods study analyzing budgets of Illinois school districts, and surveys of high school teachers and librarians regarding information literacy. Results show declining library budgets in southern Illinois and inconsistent information literacy teaching practices among high school subjects. By: Kelly Grossmann & Michelle Guittar
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Information literacy in Illinois high schools, IACRL 2016
- 1. Information Literacy in Illinois High Schools: Budgets, Staffing, Perceptions, and Pedagogy Kelly Grossmann & Michelle Guittar Illinois Association of College and Research Libraries 2016
- 2. Research questions How have Illinois high school budgets for Educational Media Services changed over time? How and/or when do Illinois school faculty teach information literacy skills at the high school level?
- 3. Research activities - Analysis of Illinois State Board of Education school district budget data - 2009 & 2014 - Survey of high school media specialists/librarians, teachers, and technology coordinators in Illinois - Northeastern Illinois University IRB - Chicago Public Schools RRB
- 4. Goals of research activities Short-term - Update the NEIU information literacy program for incoming students to reflect the diversity of information literacy preparation in different high school environments Long-term - Design interventions and explore collaborations between secondary schools and academic librarians to better prepare students for college research
- 5. Part 1. Analyzing library budgets of Illinois public school districts
- 6. How have school district budgets for Educational Media Services in Illinois high schools changed in recent years?
- 7. Methods Data mining recent budgets for school districts from the Illinois State Board of Education
- 8. Data mining Illinois State Board of Education district budgets Illinois Public School District Budgets - 2009 & 2014 - Coded by Region, County, District, and Type of District - “Publicly Available”
- 9. ISBE - Budgets by school district 2200 Support Services - Instructional Staff 2220 Educational Media Services 2221 Service Area Direction 2222 School Library Services 2223 Audio-Visual Services 2224 Educational Television Services 2225 Computer-Assisted Instruction Services ISBE budgets for school districts, http://www.isbe.net/sfms/html/financial_archive.htm
- 10. Budget categories 100 SALARIES Regular, Temporary, and Overtime 200 EMPLOYEE BENEFITS Retirement, Insurance, etc. 300 PURCHASED SERVICES Professional and Technical Services, Printing and Binding 400 SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS General Supplies Textbooks Library Books Periodicals Software 500 CAPITAL OUTLAY Land, Buildings, Improvements Construction in Progress
- 12. School districts analyzed Compared change over 2009 to 2014 in 844 public school districts 2009 Access to 878 public school districts 494 public districts with high schools 2014 Access to 862 public school districts 491 public districts with high schools
- 13. Evidence
- 14. Educational Media Services budgets, average expenditures, 2009 All districts (n=844) Districts w/ HS (n=473) Budget ($) 431,884 (avg) 135,050 (median) 491,827 (avg) 141,192 (median) Salaries ($) 314,335 (avg) 111,024 (median) 336,701 (avg) 99,000 (median) Supplies ($) 49,806 (avg) 18,175 (median) 54,003 (avg) 17,450 (median)
- 15. Educational Media Services budgets, average expenditures, 2009 to 2014 All districts (n=816) Districts w/ HS (n=473) Budget $444,388 +2.9% 377 districts gained funds 424 districts lost funds $464,694 -5.5% 212 districts gained funds 257 districts lost funds Salaries $316,105 +.56% 367 districts gained funds 369 districts lost funds $320,775 -4.73% 220 districts gained funds 226 lost funds Supplies $46,898 -5.8% 280 districts gained funds 518 districts lost funds $45,978 -14.86% 140 districts gained funds 323 districts lost funds
- 16. Changes in expenditures, with and without CPS, 2009 to 2014 2009 2014 % change Budget 48.1m 37.4m -22% Staffing 35.6m 27.4m -23% Supplies 323,098 99,305 -69% Districts w/ HS (n=491) w/o CPS (n=490) Budget -5.5% -1.25% Staffing -4.73% -0.35% Supplies -14.86% -14.04% Chicago Public Schools EMS expenditures Changes in expenditures, with and without CPS
- 17. Changes in library budgets, school districts with high schools, -5.5%
- 18. Percent change by district Map assistance provided by Andy Donakowski
- 19. Changes in salaries, districts with high schools, -4.73%
- 20. Changes in supplies, districts with high schools, -14.86%
- 21. % of districts w/o budget, salaries, or supplies, 2009 to 2014 All districts (2009,2014) Districts w/ HS (2009,2014) No budget 6% (n=48,52) 2.4% (n=9,12) 5 districts zero to zero No salaries 18.6% (n=129,168) 12.8% (n=36,63) 26 districts zero to zero No supplies 9% (n=61,77) 5.4% (n=12,27) 7 districts zero to zero
- 22. Districts with high schools are cutting support for salaries and supplies, in some cases eliminating funds altogether. Summary of findings
- 23. Part 2. Pedagogy & Perceptions Survey of Teachers and Librarians
- 24. How and/or when do Illinois school faculty teach information literacy skills at the high school level?
- 25. Methods Survey of high school media specialists/librarians, teachers, and technology coordinators in Illinois
- 26. Survey design SurveyMonkey - Approximately 30 questions - Different tracks for librarians/technology coordinators and teachers - 2014/2015 school year Based on the work by: Islam, Ramona L., and Lisa Anne Murno. "From perceptions to connections: Informing information literacy program planning in academic libraries through examination of high school library media center curricula." College & Research Libraries 67.6 (2006): 491-514. Zoellner, Kate, and Charlie Potter. "Libraries across the education continuum: Relationships between library services at the University of Montana and regional high schools." Behavioral & Social Sciences Librarian 29.3 (2010): 184-206.
- 27. Survey recruitment Listservs - Illinois School Library Media Association - Teachers.net Conferences - Illinois Library Association conference presentation - Illinois Science Teachers Association as exhibitor - Illinois Computing Educators as exhibitor NEIU Campus flyers, College of Education, Center for College Access & Success Facebook
- 28. Survey respondents - 146 total respondents from 91 high schools (and an additional 31 unidentified schools) - 42 self-reported librarians and media specialists or technology coordinators - 104 self-reported high school teachers - 76% Public Schools, 8% Private Schools, 4% Other, 12% NR
- 29. Survey respondents school demographics School type, by % of total responses % Students on Free-/Reduced-Lunch, by % of total responses
- 30. Characteristics of teacher respondents
- 31. Evidence Where are students expected to access information?
- 32. Teacher expectations Where do you expect students to find resources for research assignments?
- 33. Schools without Libraries Teachers from 17 out of 74 schools reported that their school did not have a library.
- 34. Teacher expectations What resources do teachers expect students to use? What search tools do teachers expect students to use?
- 35. Summary of findings Teachers expect students to find the majority of sources for research through textbooks or search engines.
- 36. What information literacy skills are taught and by whom? Evidence
- 37. Skills addressed: Identified by teachers
- 38. Skills addressed: Identified by librarians
- 39. Comparison of skills addressed by... Teachers Librarians
- 40. Comments on skills teachers address “I felt that I could have done a better job with the above listed tasks if my school had a functioning library (i.e. a library and a librarian).” “Most of my seniors do not have what I consider to be basic information literacy skills (evaluating sources, constructing efficient searches for information, respecting copyright and fair use, and recognizing the sources of information with proper citations). I think this is related to the lack of a librarian in our school. I worry about their ability to succeed in college and postsecondary jobs without these skills. There is a limit to how many of these topics can woven into other subject areas.” “I attempt, but I have no training.” “Skills extended only to web-based research - not formally taught.” “We attempted to teach many of these skills throughout the year during all units, including our research unit. Our librarian was very involved in our research unit.” “Identifying sources, differentiating between sources, and recognizing bias among primary and secondary sources are such important skills, but that I do not spend a lot of time in class. I will briefly address this, and then tell students to see the school librarian for further help and clarification as necessary.”
- 41. Summary of findings Not all information literacy skills are consistently taught in Illinois high schools, by teachers or librarians.
- 42. Evidence What high school classes include the most and least library instruction?
- 43. Subjects identified by librarians as... Subject n % English Language Arts & Literature 34 87 History & Social sciences 20 51 Science 9 23 Physical education, health & wellness 6 15 Technology & Computer Science 6 15 World Languages 3 8 Fine Arts and Music 2 5 Math 0 0 Subject n % Math 28 70 Fine Arts and Music 20 50 Physical education, health & wellness 9 23 Science 7 18 History & Social sciences 6 15 Technology & Computer Science 5 13 World Languages 5 13 English Language Arts & Literature 2 5 Most taught Least taught
- 44. Library/librarian use reported by teachers Among teachers who reported these subjects as their primary teaching assignment: Requested materials Librarian presented to class Developed lessons w/librarian Co-taught a lesson None of these occurred English (n=19) 4 9 4 1 9 History & Social Sciences (n=8) 3 2 4 1 1 Science (n=29) 10 4 1 0 16 PE Health (n=2) 1 0 0 0 1 Tech & CS (n=2) 1 0 0 0 1 World Languages (n=9) 4 1 2 0 3 Math (n=26) 2 1 1 1 21
- 45. Summary of findings The majority of library instruction occurs through English & Language Arts classes, and much less frequently in STEAM disciplines.
- 46. Why is this research significant for Illinois academic librarians?
- 47. Findings 1. Districts with high schools are cutting support for salaries and supplies, in some cases eliminating funds altogether. Illinois high school students will have decreased exposure to school librarians and library collections. 2. Teachers expect students to find the majority of sources for research through textbooks or search engines. 3. Not all information literacy skills are consistently taught in Illinois high schools, by teachers or librarians, and library instruction occurs mostly in English & Language Arts and less frequently in STEAM subjects.
- 48. Recommendations 1. Scaffold library instruction to ease students’ transitions to college-level research, i.e. starting with Google and resources that may be familiar to students. 2. Collaborating with receptive faculty to develop introductory research assignments focused on building basic information literacy skills. 3. Conduct outreach to local high schools and/or feeder institutions to offer space and/or support for college or university preparation programs.
- 49. Thanks to... Northeastern Illinois University Committee on Organized Research Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois Illinois Library Association Illinois Computing Educators Illinois Science Teachers Association Andy Donakowski, MS in Geography and Environmental Studies, NEIU Dave Green, Associate Dean of Libraries, NEIU James Rosenzweig, Education Librarian, Eastern Washington University
- 50. Questions?
Editor's Notes
- Kelly - Science Librarian Michelle - Social Sciences Librarian Reporting on results of research we’ve conducted over the past two years or so, as part of an NEIU COR grant and CARLI research subsidy received in 2014.
- Subset of 2200 "Support Services - Instructional Staff" Activities associated with assisting the instructional staff with the content and process of providing learning experiences for pupils. "Educational Media Services" Activities related to media resource centers and concerned with the use of all teaching and learning resources including hardware and content materials. Educational media are defined as any devices, content materials, methods, or experiences used for teaching and learning purposes. These include printed and non-printed materials. 2221 "Service Area Direction" 2222 "School Library Services" 2223 "Audio Visual Services" 2224 "Educational Television Services" 2225 "Computer-Assisted Instruction Services"
- To look at school district budgets for Educational Media Services, we downloaded the district budget reports for 800+ schools for 2009 and 2014, and were able to compare change in 844 districts (that existed both in 2009 and 2014). The numbers available changed slightly over the five-year period due to school district reporting and/or not having data accessible for certain districts. CUSD - Community Unified School District USD - Unified School District HSD - High School District SD - School District CCSD - Community Consolidated School District
- The average budget for all districts (including elementary only districts), is 431,884. The median, however, is much lower - 135,050. There are several large districts, including CPS, that pull the average way up. Salaries and Supplies reflect a similar tendency. The average for salaries in 2009 was 314,335, the median is 111,024; the average for supplies is 49,806, and median is 18,175. For districts that specifically include high schools (and omitting from this list elementary or junior-only districts), we see some slight differences. Slightly higher average and median budgets, slightly higher salary average (though not median), and similarly, slightly higher average and slightly lower median.
- When you look at all districts, these changes average out to being slight increases for budget, salaries, and a slight decrease for supplies. However, when you focus on districts with high schools, the budget actually dropped by 5%, salaries dropped by 5%, and supplies dropped by almost 15%. That’s what we’re going to focus on, is the approximate 473 school districts that include high schools. See similar trends in terms of percentages of gains/losses, but the losses are more consistent and more dramatic.
- Isolating data concerning CPS, because its budget is dramatically larger than the vast majority of other school districts, does make the negative changes in high school districts not quite as dramatic in every category. From 2009 to 2014, CPS dropped almost 25% from its overall budget for Educational Media Services, especially from staffing (losing almost 8 million alone from staffing), and its supplies budget dropped by 70%. A reason for this dramatic shift in supplies particularly is likely due to the FY2014 shift of student-based budgeting in CPS, based on enrollment and number of pupils, that also gave principals control over large portions of their budgets (50%) that had originally been controlled by the district. Includes money for core staff, educational support personnel, supplies, and additional instructional programs. EMS coded under “Educational Support Services.” http://www.cps.edu/finance/FY14Budget/Pages/schoolsandnetworks.aspx When you isolate the changes at CPS from the overall statewide changes in districts with high schools, the situation isn’t quite as dire. Budgets dropped on average 1.25%, staffing dropped -0.35%, and supplies still dropped -14.04%.
- Average losses and gains can be misleading. -5.5% is not equal to a slight drop across the board. In districts with high schools: more districts lost overall than gained. The cases were libraries gained 100% or more of their budgets were 3 zero budget to $$$; 18 times just increased more than 100% 5 no change (all zero to zero) 3 lost entire budget, but see larger amounts of losses in the 25-50%, 50-75%, and 75-100%.
- Note: Many >100% increases are due to budget changes from 0 to a non zero amount. Distinct red south I-80.
- See similar changes in salaries, and misleading averages. -4.73% loss in salary budgets in Illinois school districts on average. See lots of 0-25% positive changes (n=142) perhaps keeping up with rate of inflation, but only 17 >=100% (hiring staff where staff were not in 2009). Many more cuts fell for salaries in those schools with a negative change. The majority of cuts were between 25-75%, and there were 28 districts (not schools, districts) that completely lost its salaries line for educational media services. 26 districts went from zero to zero (no change).
- All districts: No salaries: 14 to 18.6% (n=129 to 168) No supplies: 7 to 9% (n=61 to 77) No budget: 5 to 6% (n=48 to 52)
- 2014/2015 school year.
- Demographics of population surveyed
- we asked teacher to select one class and respond regarding that particular class.
- Nearly 23%
- Websites = Search engines Textbooks, reference sources Peer reviewed journals = Databases
- Selected NOT TAUGHT in my class curriculum Most taught: synthesizing information, using technology Least taught: Advanced search strategies, freedom of speech, identifying gaps
- Less developing a thesis Exploring and identifying resources
- Survey respondents were asked to select the top two most frequent subject taught. And the top two least frequent subjects taught.
- How often did teachers request librarian support, request materials, or develop lessons with librarians? Out of 19 teachers that identified English as their subjects, 9 presented to class…. Science teachers = 10/29 (30%) requested materials for the library, but 16/29 (50%) said none of these things occurred. Math, 21/26 respondents, said none of these events occurring.
- Finishing up research through spring, still recruiting participants for focus.