Zero inflation and rising food price finalNeel Kolageri
1) The document discusses inflation and factors influencing food prices in India. It provides background on inflation types and how it is measured.
2) Zero inflation occurs when the inflation rate is 0%, providing economic stability but limiting growth. Examples discussed are the US and UK reaching zero inflation briefly.
3) Food inflation in India is currently around 4.4% due to factors like government policies, rising minimum support prices, international commodity prices, changes in dietary consumption, and issues around production and supply chains.
This document discusses inflation and deflation in India. It defines inflation as a general increase in the prices of goods and services, while deflation is a general decrease. The Reserve Bank of India works to maintain a balance between the two through monetary policy actions like interest rate adjustments. Inflation can have both advantages and disadvantages. It identifies several common causes of inflation, like demand outpacing supply, rising input costs, and wage/price spirals. Deflation is considered harmful as it can reduce incomes, production, and increase unemployment for the national economy.
This document discusses inflation, defining it as a persistent increase in the general price level or decline in the real value of money. It categorizes inflation as either price inflation or money inflation and discusses various causes of inflation including increases in money supply, deficit financing, agricultural issues, and inadequate supply growth. It also covers measuring inflation using indexes like WPI and CPI, as well as the effects of inflation on different groups such as consumers, producers, debtors, creditors, wage earners and fixed income groups.
This document discusses inflation, including its definition, types, theories, causes, and impact in India. Inflation is defined as a rise in general price levels over time. The main causes of inflation are an increase in demand for goods/services and a decrease in supply. There are two theories of inflation - demand-pull (excess demand) and cost-push (rising costs). Factors that can cause inflation include increased money supply, disposable income, deficit financing, and foreign exchange reserves on the demand side, and rising administered prices, erratic agriculture, price policies, and inadequate industry on the supply side. Measures to control inflation focus on underlying causes and include investment, interest rate adjustments, demonetization, fiscal
Inflation in Economics - Types, Properties, Methods to overcomesharafudheenka5
This document discusses types and causes of inflation as well as methods for measuring and controlling inflation. It defines inflation as a persistent rise in general price levels. There are different types of inflation classified by rate of increase, including creeping inflation under 3%, walking inflation from 3-6%, running inflation from 10-20%, and hyperinflation over 20%. Causes include increases in money supply, deficit financing, costs, wages, and population. Inflation is measured using price indices like the Consumer Price Index. Control methods include monetary policies of open market operations, adjusting interest rates, and cash reserve ratios, as well as fiscal policies by the government.
Inflation and its role in Agricultural marketingDharmendra Kumar
Inflation and its role in Agricultural marketing
The document discusses inflation and its effects on agricultural marketing. It defines inflation as a sustained rise in the general price level over time which lowers purchasing power. Inflation can be caused by factors that increase demand or decrease supply. Higher inflation raises input costs for farmers like seeds, fertilizers, fuel and labor. It also increases marketing costs like transportation, loading/unloading, and middleman charges. As a result, when farmers sell crops, prices may be lower while middlemen can buy cheap and sell high, reducing farmer profits. Controlling inflation through monetary and fiscal policy helps stabilize agricultural prices and marketing.
Zero inflation and rising food price finalNeel Kolageri
1) The document discusses inflation and factors influencing food prices in India. It provides background on inflation types and how it is measured.
2) Zero inflation occurs when the inflation rate is 0%, providing economic stability but limiting growth. Examples discussed are the US and UK reaching zero inflation briefly.
3) Food inflation in India is currently around 4.4% due to factors like government policies, rising minimum support prices, international commodity prices, changes in dietary consumption, and issues around production and supply chains.
This document discusses inflation and deflation in India. It defines inflation as a general increase in the prices of goods and services, while deflation is a general decrease. The Reserve Bank of India works to maintain a balance between the two through monetary policy actions like interest rate adjustments. Inflation can have both advantages and disadvantages. It identifies several common causes of inflation, like demand outpacing supply, rising input costs, and wage/price spirals. Deflation is considered harmful as it can reduce incomes, production, and increase unemployment for the national economy.
This document discusses inflation, defining it as a persistent increase in the general price level or decline in the real value of money. It categorizes inflation as either price inflation or money inflation and discusses various causes of inflation including increases in money supply, deficit financing, agricultural issues, and inadequate supply growth. It also covers measuring inflation using indexes like WPI and CPI, as well as the effects of inflation on different groups such as consumers, producers, debtors, creditors, wage earners and fixed income groups.
This document discusses inflation, including its definition, types, theories, causes, and impact in India. Inflation is defined as a rise in general price levels over time. The main causes of inflation are an increase in demand for goods/services and a decrease in supply. There are two theories of inflation - demand-pull (excess demand) and cost-push (rising costs). Factors that can cause inflation include increased money supply, disposable income, deficit financing, and foreign exchange reserves on the demand side, and rising administered prices, erratic agriculture, price policies, and inadequate industry on the supply side. Measures to control inflation focus on underlying causes and include investment, interest rate adjustments, demonetization, fiscal
Inflation in Economics - Types, Properties, Methods to overcomesharafudheenka5
This document discusses types and causes of inflation as well as methods for measuring and controlling inflation. It defines inflation as a persistent rise in general price levels. There are different types of inflation classified by rate of increase, including creeping inflation under 3%, walking inflation from 3-6%, running inflation from 10-20%, and hyperinflation over 20%. Causes include increases in money supply, deficit financing, costs, wages, and population. Inflation is measured using price indices like the Consumer Price Index. Control methods include monetary policies of open market operations, adjusting interest rates, and cash reserve ratios, as well as fiscal policies by the government.
Inflation and its role in Agricultural marketingDharmendra Kumar
Inflation and its role in Agricultural marketing
The document discusses inflation and its effects on agricultural marketing. It defines inflation as a sustained rise in the general price level over time which lowers purchasing power. Inflation can be caused by factors that increase demand or decrease supply. Higher inflation raises input costs for farmers like seeds, fertilizers, fuel and labor. It also increases marketing costs like transportation, loading/unloading, and middleman charges. As a result, when farmers sell crops, prices may be lower while middlemen can buy cheap and sell high, reducing farmer profits. Controlling inflation through monetary and fiscal policy helps stabilize agricultural prices and marketing.
This document discusses inflation in India, including defining different types of inflation rates and causes of inflation. It outlines how inflation is measured in India using the Wholesale Price Index and Consumer Price Index. The document then analyzes current factors contributing to low inflation rates in India, such as falling international crude oil prices and lower food price increases. It also discusses potential consequences and sustainability issues regarding India's recent achievement of near-zero inflation rates.
Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in the general level of prices for goods and services. It is measured as an annual percentage increase. As inflation rises, every dollar you own buys a smaller percentage of a good or service.
The document discusses inflation in India, including its types, causes, measurement, and current trends. It provides details on key inflation indices like the wholesale price index and consumer price index. Recent inflation in India has fallen towards zero inflation due to several factors: a large drop in international crude oil prices, stagnant food prices, compressed demand from lower rural wages and spending, and tight monetary policy from the RBI. However, the document notes this decline may not be sustainable as the key drivers of falling prices are volatile and outside monetary policy control.
Inflation refers to a general increase in the prices of goods and services in an economy over time. The inflation rate is the percentage increase or decrease in prices during a specified period. Inflation can be caused by demand-pull factors when demand outpaces supply, or cost-push factors when supply is restricted but demand remains the same. In India, inflation is calculated using the wholesale price index (WPI) and consumer price index (CPI). The government can control inflation through fiscal policy like taxes and spending, and monetary policy like interest rate adjustments by the central bank. India has experienced inflation rates from -11.3% to 34.7% with the current rate around 4.62%. Forecasts suggest inflation will
This document discusses various aspects of inflation including definitions, types, causes, effects, and measures to control inflation. It provides information on how inflation is measured using indices like the Consumer Price Index and Wholesale Price Index. Theories on inflation from Keynesian and Monetarist perspectives are presented. The impact of COVID-19 on inflation in India, with food inflation as a major contributing factor, is also summarized.
The document discusses various aspects of inflation including its definition, causes, effects, and methods to control it. It defines inflation as a general rise in price levels and discusses how it is measured using indices like the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Wholesale Price Index (WPI). The types and causes of inflation are also outlined, along with its negative effects on the economy like uncertainty and reduced purchasing power. Finally, the document lists several monetary, fiscal and other measures that can be used to control inflation, such as credit control, increasing taxes, and boosting production.
Inflation is defined as a general and sustained rise in prices of all goods and services within a nation. It is caused by excess demand relative to supply and an oversupply of money. Inflation can be moderate, galloping, or hyper (over 1000% annually). It has both positive and negative effects. Positively, it can increase profits, investment returns, and output. Negatively, it reduces real incomes, increases inequality, harms capital accumulation, and disrupts planning. Inflation is measured using indicators like the wholesale price index and consumer price index. Stagflation refers to high inflation combined with high unemployment.
Inflation refers to a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy. It results from an imbalance between the supply and demand for money. When there is too much money supply, prices rise as each currency unit buys fewer goods. This leads to a reduction in purchasing power. Deflation is the opposite of inflation, where the general price level declines. Hyperinflation refers to an extreme case where prices increase rapidly in a short period of time, potentially causing an economic breakdown. Stagflation is when high unemployment and economic stagnation occur alongside inflation.
This document defines inflation and discusses its types, causes, measurement, economic impacts, and measures to control it. It defines inflation as a sustained increase in the general price level over time. The three main types of inflation discussed are creeping inflation (under 5%), running inflation (8-10%), and hyperinflation (double or triple digit increases). The causes of inflation discussed include demand-pull factors like excess money supply, and cost-push factors like increases in production costs. Inflation is typically measured using wholesale price indices and consumer price indices. The economic impacts discussed include effects on income distribution and wealth, and changes to production patterns. Measures to control inflation discussed include monetary policies like interest rate increases and fiscal policies like tax
This document defines inflation and discusses its types, causes, measurement, economic impacts, and measures to control it. It defines inflation as a sustained increase in the general price level over time. The three main types of inflation discussed are creeping inflation (under 5%), running inflation (8-10%), and hyperinflation (double or triple digit increases). The causes of inflation discussed include demand-pull factors like excess money supply, and cost-push factors like increases in production costs. Inflation is typically measured using wholesale price indices and consumer price indices. The economic impacts discussed include effects on income distribution and wealth, and changes to production patterns. Measures to control inflation discussed include monetary policies like interest rate increases and fiscal policies like tax
This document discusses various topics related to inflation including:
- The meaning and causes of inflation including a rise in prices over time due to growth in money supply outpacing economic growth.
- The types of inflation including wage, cost-push, demand-pull, pricing power, and sectoral inflation.
- Measures to control inflation including increasing supply through greater production, controlling money supply through monetary policy, and reducing demand through fiscal policy and population control.
- Deflation is defined as a continuous fall in prices typically during a recession, which can harm economic growth if sustained, requiring government policies to boost incomes, jobs, and production.
This document discusses inflation, defining it as a continuous rise in general price levels over time which decreases purchasing power. It outlines different types of inflation like demand-pull, cost-push, stagflation, deflation, and hyperinflation. Common inflation indexes like CPI, PPI, and GDP deflator are also explained. Causes of inflation in Pakistan include factors like increased wages, money supply, and population growth as well as external factors like global inflation. Fiscal, monetary, and structural measures can be used to control inflation by reducing demand, costs, or money supply.
Ujala d upadhyay analyzed inflation in Sri Lanka from 2008-2013 based on an assignment from their macroeconomics module. Key points included:
1) Inflation increased sharply in 2008 due to rising global commodity prices but declined in 2009 as monetary policy tightened and prices fell.
2) Inflation remained low and stable in 2010 due to improved supply and fiscal policies but rose in 2011 due to supply disruptions and price increases.
3) Inflation remained under 10% in 2012 and 2013 but was impacted by factors like administered price increases, currency depreciation, and food price volatility.
4) Recommendations to control inflation included targeting a low positive rate,
This document discusses inflation crises and their impacts. It defines inflation as a rise in general price levels and identifies several causes like increased money supply, high demand, and shortages. The document notes the current global inflation crisis is driven by supply chain issues from COVID-19 and the Ukraine war exacerbating food and energy shortages. Negative impacts of inflation crises include reduced real incomes and inequality, while positives include higher profits and investment returns. The document examines inflation in India, its drivers like the Ukraine war, and measures to control inflation.
This document provides information about economics and inflation. It defines economics as the study of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. It defines inflation as a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. It discusses different types of inflation including demand-pull, cost-push, and built-in inflation. It outlines some key causes of inflation like monetary policy, fiscal policy, and demand-pull and cost-push factors. It also discusses how to measure inflation using the consumer price index and the inflation rate formula.
Inflation in Pakistan has increased to its highest level since 2009. Some of the key causes of inflation include expansionary monetary and fiscal policies, supply shocks, and indirect taxes. The State Bank of Pakistan aims to control inflation and keep it close to its 5% target through contractionary monetary policies like increasing interest rates. High inflation negatively impacts economic growth, the financial sector, and increases poverty. To control inflation, Pakistan must focus on improving agricultural production, reducing government spending, and paying special attention to food prices.
Pakistan has faced high inflation rates in recent years, averaging 11.6% annually. Inflation is caused by increases in demand, such as rising money supply, and decreases in supply, like slow agricultural growth. While low inflation can stimulate production, high inflation harms Pakistan's economy by reducing purchasing power and living standards. To control inflation, the government needs to reduce corruption and unproductive spending while improving growth, monetary policy, the tax system, and the balance of payments.
Inflation refers to a general rise in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money. There are different types of inflation including demand-pull inflation, cost-push inflation, and pricing power inflation. Demand-pull inflation occurs when demand grows faster than supply, cost-push inflation is caused by increases in the costs of important goods, and pricing power inflation results from businesses increasing prices to boost profits. High inflation hurts consumers and businesses, and poses a threat to the Indian economy by slowing growth and worsening poverty. While India has experienced high food inflation in recent years, the government and RBI are taking steps to bring inflation back down to acceptable levels.
This document discusses inflation in India, including its causes and effects. It provides definitions of inflation and deflation, and shows India's inflation rates from 1950-2011. Inflation is problematic as it redistributes wealth and income in unequal ways. The main causes of inflation in India are an increase in the money supply, higher disposable income, deficit financing, agricultural price policies, and inadequate industrial growth. Controlling inflation requires focusing on its underlying drivers, such as reducing demand if demand-pull inflation is the issue. Recommended measures include fiscal consolidation, prioritizing infrastructure to support growth, and ensuring food supply stability.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This document discusses inflation in India, including defining different types of inflation rates and causes of inflation. It outlines how inflation is measured in India using the Wholesale Price Index and Consumer Price Index. The document then analyzes current factors contributing to low inflation rates in India, such as falling international crude oil prices and lower food price increases. It also discusses potential consequences and sustainability issues regarding India's recent achievement of near-zero inflation rates.
Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in the general level of prices for goods and services. It is measured as an annual percentage increase. As inflation rises, every dollar you own buys a smaller percentage of a good or service.
The document discusses inflation in India, including its types, causes, measurement, and current trends. It provides details on key inflation indices like the wholesale price index and consumer price index. Recent inflation in India has fallen towards zero inflation due to several factors: a large drop in international crude oil prices, stagnant food prices, compressed demand from lower rural wages and spending, and tight monetary policy from the RBI. However, the document notes this decline may not be sustainable as the key drivers of falling prices are volatile and outside monetary policy control.
Inflation refers to a general increase in the prices of goods and services in an economy over time. The inflation rate is the percentage increase or decrease in prices during a specified period. Inflation can be caused by demand-pull factors when demand outpaces supply, or cost-push factors when supply is restricted but demand remains the same. In India, inflation is calculated using the wholesale price index (WPI) and consumer price index (CPI). The government can control inflation through fiscal policy like taxes and spending, and monetary policy like interest rate adjustments by the central bank. India has experienced inflation rates from -11.3% to 34.7% with the current rate around 4.62%. Forecasts suggest inflation will
This document discusses various aspects of inflation including definitions, types, causes, effects, and measures to control inflation. It provides information on how inflation is measured using indices like the Consumer Price Index and Wholesale Price Index. Theories on inflation from Keynesian and Monetarist perspectives are presented. The impact of COVID-19 on inflation in India, with food inflation as a major contributing factor, is also summarized.
The document discusses various aspects of inflation including its definition, causes, effects, and methods to control it. It defines inflation as a general rise in price levels and discusses how it is measured using indices like the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Wholesale Price Index (WPI). The types and causes of inflation are also outlined, along with its negative effects on the economy like uncertainty and reduced purchasing power. Finally, the document lists several monetary, fiscal and other measures that can be used to control inflation, such as credit control, increasing taxes, and boosting production.
Inflation is defined as a general and sustained rise in prices of all goods and services within a nation. It is caused by excess demand relative to supply and an oversupply of money. Inflation can be moderate, galloping, or hyper (over 1000% annually). It has both positive and negative effects. Positively, it can increase profits, investment returns, and output. Negatively, it reduces real incomes, increases inequality, harms capital accumulation, and disrupts planning. Inflation is measured using indicators like the wholesale price index and consumer price index. Stagflation refers to high inflation combined with high unemployment.
Inflation refers to a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy. It results from an imbalance between the supply and demand for money. When there is too much money supply, prices rise as each currency unit buys fewer goods. This leads to a reduction in purchasing power. Deflation is the opposite of inflation, where the general price level declines. Hyperinflation refers to an extreme case where prices increase rapidly in a short period of time, potentially causing an economic breakdown. Stagflation is when high unemployment and economic stagnation occur alongside inflation.
This document defines inflation and discusses its types, causes, measurement, economic impacts, and measures to control it. It defines inflation as a sustained increase in the general price level over time. The three main types of inflation discussed are creeping inflation (under 5%), running inflation (8-10%), and hyperinflation (double or triple digit increases). The causes of inflation discussed include demand-pull factors like excess money supply, and cost-push factors like increases in production costs. Inflation is typically measured using wholesale price indices and consumer price indices. The economic impacts discussed include effects on income distribution and wealth, and changes to production patterns. Measures to control inflation discussed include monetary policies like interest rate increases and fiscal policies like tax
This document defines inflation and discusses its types, causes, measurement, economic impacts, and measures to control it. It defines inflation as a sustained increase in the general price level over time. The three main types of inflation discussed are creeping inflation (under 5%), running inflation (8-10%), and hyperinflation (double or triple digit increases). The causes of inflation discussed include demand-pull factors like excess money supply, and cost-push factors like increases in production costs. Inflation is typically measured using wholesale price indices and consumer price indices. The economic impacts discussed include effects on income distribution and wealth, and changes to production patterns. Measures to control inflation discussed include monetary policies like interest rate increases and fiscal policies like tax
This document discusses various topics related to inflation including:
- The meaning and causes of inflation including a rise in prices over time due to growth in money supply outpacing economic growth.
- The types of inflation including wage, cost-push, demand-pull, pricing power, and sectoral inflation.
- Measures to control inflation including increasing supply through greater production, controlling money supply through monetary policy, and reducing demand through fiscal policy and population control.
- Deflation is defined as a continuous fall in prices typically during a recession, which can harm economic growth if sustained, requiring government policies to boost incomes, jobs, and production.
This document discusses inflation, defining it as a continuous rise in general price levels over time which decreases purchasing power. It outlines different types of inflation like demand-pull, cost-push, stagflation, deflation, and hyperinflation. Common inflation indexes like CPI, PPI, and GDP deflator are also explained. Causes of inflation in Pakistan include factors like increased wages, money supply, and population growth as well as external factors like global inflation. Fiscal, monetary, and structural measures can be used to control inflation by reducing demand, costs, or money supply.
Ujala d upadhyay analyzed inflation in Sri Lanka from 2008-2013 based on an assignment from their macroeconomics module. Key points included:
1) Inflation increased sharply in 2008 due to rising global commodity prices but declined in 2009 as monetary policy tightened and prices fell.
2) Inflation remained low and stable in 2010 due to improved supply and fiscal policies but rose in 2011 due to supply disruptions and price increases.
3) Inflation remained under 10% in 2012 and 2013 but was impacted by factors like administered price increases, currency depreciation, and food price volatility.
4) Recommendations to control inflation included targeting a low positive rate,
This document discusses inflation crises and their impacts. It defines inflation as a rise in general price levels and identifies several causes like increased money supply, high demand, and shortages. The document notes the current global inflation crisis is driven by supply chain issues from COVID-19 and the Ukraine war exacerbating food and energy shortages. Negative impacts of inflation crises include reduced real incomes and inequality, while positives include higher profits and investment returns. The document examines inflation in India, its drivers like the Ukraine war, and measures to control inflation.
This document provides information about economics and inflation. It defines economics as the study of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. It defines inflation as a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. It discusses different types of inflation including demand-pull, cost-push, and built-in inflation. It outlines some key causes of inflation like monetary policy, fiscal policy, and demand-pull and cost-push factors. It also discusses how to measure inflation using the consumer price index and the inflation rate formula.
Inflation in Pakistan has increased to its highest level since 2009. Some of the key causes of inflation include expansionary monetary and fiscal policies, supply shocks, and indirect taxes. The State Bank of Pakistan aims to control inflation and keep it close to its 5% target through contractionary monetary policies like increasing interest rates. High inflation negatively impacts economic growth, the financial sector, and increases poverty. To control inflation, Pakistan must focus on improving agricultural production, reducing government spending, and paying special attention to food prices.
Pakistan has faced high inflation rates in recent years, averaging 11.6% annually. Inflation is caused by increases in demand, such as rising money supply, and decreases in supply, like slow agricultural growth. While low inflation can stimulate production, high inflation harms Pakistan's economy by reducing purchasing power and living standards. To control inflation, the government needs to reduce corruption and unproductive spending while improving growth, monetary policy, the tax system, and the balance of payments.
Inflation refers to a general rise in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money. There are different types of inflation including demand-pull inflation, cost-push inflation, and pricing power inflation. Demand-pull inflation occurs when demand grows faster than supply, cost-push inflation is caused by increases in the costs of important goods, and pricing power inflation results from businesses increasing prices to boost profits. High inflation hurts consumers and businesses, and poses a threat to the Indian economy by slowing growth and worsening poverty. While India has experienced high food inflation in recent years, the government and RBI are taking steps to bring inflation back down to acceptable levels.
This document discusses inflation in India, including its causes and effects. It provides definitions of inflation and deflation, and shows India's inflation rates from 1950-2011. Inflation is problematic as it redistributes wealth and income in unequal ways. The main causes of inflation in India are an increase in the money supply, higher disposable income, deficit financing, agricultural price policies, and inadequate industrial growth. Controlling inflation requires focusing on its underlying drivers, such as reducing demand if demand-pull inflation is the issue. Recommended measures include fiscal consolidation, prioritizing infrastructure to support growth, and ensuring food supply stability.
Similar to INFLATION EFFECTS [Autosaved].pptx (20)
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
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By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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3. Inflation- meaning and measurement, Causes of
inflation, Effects of inflation,
• Inflation- meaning and measurement, Causes of inflation, Effects of
inflation,
• “Inflation poses a serious threat to the growth momentum. Whatever
be the cause, the fact remains that inflation is something which needs
to be tackled with great urgency …”
• Inflation and unemployment are the two most talked-about
words in the contemporary society.
4. • when compared with inflation figures of other countries. Data available with Trading
Economics showed that Zimbabwe’s inflation stood on the top at 285 per cent in August
2022. It was followed by Lebanon (168 per cent), Syria (139 per cent), Sudan (125 per
cent) and Venezuela (114 per cent). Overall, the data further indicated that more than 100
countries have inflation higher than India.
• Among the major economies in Asia, inflation in Sri Lanka stood at 64.30 per cent in
August. Iran, Pakistan, Myanmar and Kazakhstan had inflation of 52.20 per cent, 27.26 per
cent, 17.78 per cent and 16.1 per cent, respectively.
• In the Americas, Colombia’s inflation was hovering around 10.84 per cent last month.
Other major countries including Paraguay, Jamaica, Brazil and the United States hit
inflation of 10.50 per cent, 10.2 per cent, 8.73 per cent and 8.3 per cent, respectively in
August.
5. • Saugata Bhattacharya, VP and Chief Economist, Axis Bank said, “Inflation
remains a problem. I don’t think just a monetary policy response that is going
to moderate this. It has to be coordinated with fiscal, trade and industry policy,
even a diplomatic initiative using oil to tame inflation. Fortunately, in India,
inflation is nowhere close to being the problem like the developed markets.
6.
7. • The annual inflation rate in India increased to a five-month high of
7.41% in September of 2022 from 7% in August, above market
forecasts of 7.3%. Prices increased faster for food (8.6% vs 7.62% in
August), with vegetables (18.05%), spices (16.88%), cereals and
products (11.53%) recording the biggest rises as erratic rainfall
impacted the local crops and supply shock from the Russian
invasion of Ukraine remained. Prices of housing (4.57% vs 4.06%);
education (5.68% vs 5.51%); transportation & communication
(5.39% vs 5.2%); and health (5.52% vs 5.43%) also accelerated. On
the other hand, the cost of fuel and light grew at a slightly slower
pace (10.39% vs 10.78%). Compared to the previous month,
consumer prices were up 0.57%
8. • In India, the most important category in the consumer price index is Food
and beverages (45.86 percent of total weight), of which Cereals and
products (9.67 percent), Milk and products (6.61 percent), Vegetables
(6.04 percent), Prepared meals, snacks, sweets, etc. (5.55 percent), Meat
and fish (3.61 percent), and Oils and fats (3.56 percent). Miscellaneous
accounts for 28.32 percent, of which Transport and communication (8.59
percent), health (5.89 percent), and education (4.46 percent). Housing
accounts for 10.07 percent; Fuel and light for 6.84 percent; Clothing and
footwear for 6.53 percent; and Pan, tobacco and intoxicants for 2.38
percent. Consumer price changes in India can be very volatile due to
dependence on energy imports, the uncertain impact of monsoon rains on
its large farm sector, difficulties transporting food items to market because
of its poor roads and infrastructure and high fiscal deficit. In 2013, the
consumer price index replaced the wholesale price index (WPI) as a main
measure of inflation.
9. Inflation explained with an example
• Suppose for Rs.100, last week you bought 5 Kg. of rice. This means
that the cost of 1Kg of rice was Rs. 20. This week when you
approached the same shop-keeper and paid Rs.100 to get rice, he
gave only 4 Kg of rice. He also explained that the price of rice has
increased, and now it is Rs.25 per Kg.
• This example clearly explains the fall in the purchasing power of
money. For Rs. 100 you could get 5 Kg rice before, but now only 4
Kg. So purchasing power of money got reduced. This is inflation.
And let’s us calculate the inflation rate (percentage). If price of rice,
which was Rs.20 per Kg increased to Rs.25, this corresponds to
Rs.5 increase on Rs.20, ie. 25% increase. So the inflation rate is
25%, which is obviously a very high rate.
10.
11.
12.
13. • 1] Creeping Inflation
• Creeping inflation also known as mild inflation is as the name
suggests a very slow rise in prices of goods and services. If the
prices increase by 3% or less annually, then such inflation is
creeping inflation. Such inflation is not harmful to the economy. In
fact, as per the Federal Reserve, a 2% inflation rate is desirable. It is
necessary for the economic growth of a country.
• 2] Walking Inflation
• In this case, the inflation rate falls between 3% to 10%. Such inflation
can be harmful to the economy. The economic growth of the country
is too accelerated to sustain. Consumers start stocking goods
fearing the prices will rise further. This causes excess demand and
the prices increase further.
14. • 3] Galloping Inflation
• When creeping and walking inflation are left unchecked, the rate of
inflation will rise above 10%. This is galloping inflation. The currency of the
country will lose value in the global economy. The salaries and income of
common people will not be able to keep up with the ever-increasing prices
of commodities. This will lead to the general instability of the economy and
the country as a whole.
• 4] Hyperinflation
• Next in the classification of inflation is hyperinflation. This when the
inflation is completely out of control. No measures taken by the monetary
authorities can control the prices. The rate of inflation can be 50% on a
monthly basis. This is the last stage of inflation. A real-world example is
that of Venezuela, where the IMF has predicted prices rose 13,000% in
2018.
15. How to measure Inflation rate?
• Inflation can be measured at three levels – producer, wholesaler
and retailer (consumer).
• Prices generally rise in each level till the commodity finally
reach the hand of consumer.
• Inflation at Producer Level
• As of now in India, there is no index to measure inflation at
producer level. A Producer Price Index (PPI) is proposed, but so
far this type of inflation calculation has not started in India.
16. Inflation at Wholesale Level
• This is the most popular inflation rate calculation methodology in
India. The index used to calculated wholesale inflation is known as
Wholesale Price Index (WPI). WPI is released by the Ministry of
Commerce and Industry.
• Though RBI used WPI for most of its policy decisions before 2014.
WPI shows the combined price of a commodity basket comprising
676 items.
• But WPI does not include services, and it neither reflect the
bottlenecks between producer and wholesaler nor between
wholesaler and retailer (consumer).
• Hence from 2014, as part of the reforms initiated by RBI governor
Raghu Ram Rajan, RBI shifted to CPI for policy decisions.
17. Inflation at Retail Level (Consumer Level)
• Inflation at Retail Level (Consumer Level)
• Consumer often directly buys from retailer. So the inflation
experienced at retail shops is the actual reflection of the price
rise in the country. It also shows the cost of living better.
• In India, the index which shows the inflation rate at retail level is
known as Consumer Price Index (CPI).
• CPI is based on 260 commodities, but includes certain services
too.
18. • There were four Consumer Price Indices covering different
socio-economic groups in the economy.
• These four indices were Consumer Price Index for Industrial
Workers (CPI-IW);
• Consumer Price Index for Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL);
Consumer Price Index for Rural Labourers (CPI -RL) and
Consumer Price Index for Urban Non-Manual Employees (CPI-
UNME).
19. • CPI is now using a new series on the base 2010=100 for all-
India and States/UTs separately for rural, urban and combined.
• The Central Statistics Office (CSO), Ministry of Statistics
and Program Implementation releases Consumer Price Indices
(CPI).
• CPI is based on retail prices and this index is used to calculate
the Dearness Allowance (DA) for government employees.
20.
21.
22. • 1. A depreciation of the exchange rate which makes exports more competitive in
overseas markets leading to an injection of fresh demand into the circular flow and a rise
in national and demand for factor resources – there may also be a positive multiplier
effect on the level of demand and output arising from the initial boost to export sales.
• 2. Higher demand from a government (fiscal) stimulus e.g. via a reduction in direct or
indirect taxation or higher government spending and borrowing. If direct taxes are
reduced, consumers will have more disposable income causing demand to rise. Higher
government spending and increased borrowing feeds through directly into extra demand
in the circular flow.
• 3. Monetary stimulus to the economy: A fall in interest rates may stimulate too much
demand – for example in raising demand for loans or in causing rise in house price
inflation.
• 4. Faster economic growth in other countries – providing a boost to UK exports overseas.
5. Improved business confidence which prompts firms to raise prices and achieve better
profit margins
23.
24. • 1. Component costs: e.g. an increase in the prices of raw materials and components. This
might be because of a rise in global commodity prices such as oil, gas copper and
agricultural products used in food processing – a good recent example is the surge in the
world price of wheat.
• 2. Rising labour costs - caused by wage increases that exceed improvements in
productivity. Wage and salary costs often rise when unemployment is low (creating
labour shortages) and when people expect inflation so they bid for higher pay in order to
protect their real incomes.
• 3. Higher indirect taxes imposed by the government – for example a rise in the duty on
alcohol, cigarettes and petrol/diesel or a rise in the standard rate of Value Added Tax.
Depending on the price elasticity of demand and supply, suppliers may pass on the
burden of the tax onto consumers.
• 4. A fall in the exchange rate – this can cause cost push inflation because it normally
leads to an increase in the prices of imported products. For example during 2007-08 the
pound fell heavily against the Euro leading to a jump in the prices of imported materials
from Euro Zone countries.
25. Effects of Inflations
• (a) Debtors and Creditors
• During inflation, borrowers tend to gain. Hence, lenders tend to
lose.
• Borrowers gain because they repay less in real terms as
compared to when they had borrowed the money
• Lenders lose because when they receive repayment of
their debts, the real value of their money declines by the
amount of increase in the price levels
• In other terms, a borrower receives ‘dear rupees’ but pays back
‘cheap rupees’.
26. • (b) Producers and workers:
• Producers gain because they get higher prices and thus more
profits from the sale of their products. As the rise in prices is
usually higher than the increase in costs, producers can earn
more during inflation. But, workers lose as they find a fall in
their real wages as their money wages do not usually rise
proportionately with the increase in prices. They, as a class,
however, gain because they get more employment during
inflation.
27. • (c) Fixed income-earners:
• Fixed income-earners like the salaried people, rent-earners, landlords,
pensioners, etc., suffer greatly because inflation reduces the value of their
earnings.
• (d) Investors:
• The investors in equity shares gain as they get dividends at higher rates
because of larger corporate profits and as they find the value of their
shareholdings appreciated. But the bondholders lose as they get a fixed
interest the real value of which has already fall
• (e) Traders, speculators, businesspeople and black-marketers:
• They gain because they make more profits from the persistent rise in
prices.
28. • (f) Farmers:
• Farmers also gain because the rise in the prices of agricultural
products is usually higher than the increase in the prices of
other goods.
• Thus, inflation brings a shift in the pattern of distribution of
income and wealth in the country, usually making the rich
richer and the poor poorer. Thus during inflation there is more
and more inequality in the distribution of income.
29. 2. Effects on Production:
• The rising prices stimulate the production of all goods—both of
consumption and of capital goods. As producers get more and
more profit, they try to produce more and more by utilising all
the available resources at their disposal.
• But such favourable effects of inflation upon production are not
always found. Sometimes, production may come to a standstill
position despite rising prices, as was found in recent years in
developing countries like India, Thailand and Bangladesh. This
situation is described as stagflation.
30. • 3. Effects on Income and Employment:
• Inflation tends to increase the aggregate money income (i.e.,
national income) of the community as a whole on account of
larger spending and greater production. Similarly, the volume of
employment increases under the impact of increased
production. But the real income of the people fails to increase
proportionately due to a fall in the purchasing power of money.
31. • 5. Effects on the Government Finance:
• During inflation, the government revenue increases as it gets
more revenue from income tax, sales tax, excise duties, etc.
Similarly, public expenditure increases as the government is
required to spend more and more for administrative and other
purposes. But the rising prices reduce the real burden of public
debt because a fix sum has to be paid in instalment per period.
• 4. Effects on Business and Trade:
32. • 6. Effects on Growth:
• A mild inflation promotes economic growth, but a runaway
inflation obstructs economic growth as it raises cost of develop-
ment projects. Although a mild dose of inflation is inevitable
and desirable in a developing economy, a high rate of inflation
tends to lower the growth rate by slowing down the rate of
capital formation and creating uncertainty.
33. • Conclusion:
• But inflation, especially a runaway inflation, is an unstable
situation. It makes the business world uneasy and uncertain.
Society gets disturbed as there grows discontentment among the
salaried people and they demand an increase in their wages and
salaries.
• The middle-class people suffer hard as the real value of their
income becomes very low. Inflation is also unjust as it makes
one class of people richer and the other poorer. But the most
serious effect of inflation from the standpoint of the economy is
that it makes the economic environment of business unstable.