Bh

1. Scope and Application of
Microbiology

2. 1. Production of Antibiotics
 Inhibit the growth of MICROORG
 Antibiotics are 2 types
 Bacteriostatic- Inhibit the growth of Bacteria
 Bacteriocidal-kills the Bacteria
Name of Bacterium Name of Antibiotic
Streptomyces aureofaciens Tetracycline
Streptomyces venezuelae Chloramphenicol
Streptomyces erythraeus Erythromycin
Streptomyces fradiae Neomycin
Streptomyces kanamyceteus Streptomycin
Bacillus Subtilis Bacitracin
Name of fungi
Pencillium notatum Penicillin
Pencillium chryosgenum Penicillin
Pencillium griseofulvin greseofulvin

3. 2. In alcohol &Vinegar Industry
 Yeast is used in the fermentation of Carbohydrate to Alcohol
1glucose molecule- two ethanol and 2 carbon dioxide
 Production of vinegar takes place with the help of Bacterial
action
Carbohydrate---- fermentation----ethanol through the
action of yeast
Aerobic bacteria( Acetobacter aceti/ Mycoderma aceti)
oxidise the alcohol in to acetic acid

4. 3. Vitamin Production
 Riboflavin – Clostridium butylicum
 Cobalamins – Pseudomonas dentrificans
 Vit A,C,D,E-algae
 Vit B1, B12, Vit C- Fungi/yeast
4. Production of acids and Enzymes
Microorg Acids
Penicillium glacum Gallic acid
Mucor Citric acid
Aspergillus niger Gluconic acids
Microorg enzymes
Bacillus subtilis Protease
Streptomyces pyrogens streptokinase

5. 5. Baking Industry
 Yeast is used in the manufacture of bread
 Kneaded flour is mixed with yeast and allowed them
to ferment
 yeast converts starch in to sugar
 Sugar in to alcohol and carbondioxide with the help
of enzyme zymase
 Carbondioxide is released when effervescence takes
place due to bread comes spongy and get swollen
and is of light weight

6. 6. Cosmetics and perfumes
• Some species of lichens like Evernia and Ramatina are used
for making perfumery goods and soap
• Mucilaginous sub carrageenin from seaweed-icecream,
paints, shampoo
7. Used in the production of Diary product
 Curd, butter,cheese and ghee- bacterial activity
Lactobacillus lactis Cheese
Streptococcus lactis Curd
Streptococcus lactis Butter

7. 8.Agriculture and soil fertility
 Nitrogen is essential for synthesis of protein, nucleic
acids and other nitrogen containing compounds
 Nitrogen fixation is done by many org like algae, bacteria
 Saprophyte fungi disintegrate the decaying organic
matter and thus help in the release of mineral can begin
absorbed by plants
9. Used as Food
 Many algae Gelidium, Gracilaria produce agar-agar,jelly
sub used in manufacture of ice cream
 Saragassum and macrocystis are used as food for marine
as well as domestic animal
 Laminaria contain lots of Iodine- Thyroid

8. Application and Scope of
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
1. Production of Antibiotics
2. Production of enzymes, vaccines, biosurfactants, and other
Pharmaceutical Product
3. Diagnosis of diseases and treatment- widal test
4. Treatment of Industrial waste material
5. Plant growth promotion
1. Soil fixing bacteria, rhizospheric
6. Sterile product preparation
1. Preparation of sterile room, aseptic technique, detection of microbes
by sampling and sterility testing of different sterile preparation

9. 7) Sterilization
Method of sterilization depends on type of microbes
Biological indicators
Moist heat sterilization/dryheat sterilization
8) Steroid biotransformation
Imp steroid can be prepared from microbiological transformation of
naturally occuring steroids with the help of enzymes secreted by selected
stains of microorg
9) Identification of microorg
Micro org are isolated and identified by morphological, biochemical,
cultural, microscopicaland genetical studies
10.) Testing of Pharmaceuticals
microbiological assay of Antibiotics
evaluation of disinfectant
antimicrobial preservative efficacy testing
endotoxin testing