This document discusses industrial manufacturing and provides definitions and examples. It summarizes the manufacturing process which begins with product design and materials specification and involves transforming raw materials through processes into finished goods. Modern manufacturing includes all intermediate steps to produce and integrate a product's components. The document also briefly outlines the history and economics of manufacturing, safety considerations, and trends in manufacturing investment globally.

1. INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURE
NAME : NOVIA NATALIA
NIM : 20190900009
STUDY PROGRAM INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITAS BUDDHI DHARMA

2. INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURE
Manufacturing is the production of products for use or sale using labor and machines, tools,
chemical or biological processing or formulation and is the essence of secondary industry. The term may
refer to a range of human activity from handicraft to high tech but is most commonly applied
to industrial design, in which raw materials from primary industry are transformed into finished goods on a
large scale. Such finished goods may be sold to other manufacturers for the production of other more
complex products (such as aircraft, household appliances, furniture, sports equipment or automobiles), or
distributed via the tertiary industry to end users and consumers (usually through wholesalers, who in turn
sell to retailers, who then sell them to individual customers).
Manufacturing engineering or manufacturing process are the steps through which raw materials are
transformed into a final product. The manufacturing process begins with the product design, and materials
specification from which the product is made. These materials are then modified through manufacturing
processes to become the required part.
Modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required in the production and integration
of a product's components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the
term fabrication instead.
The manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design. Examples of
major manufacturers in North America include General Motors Corporation, General Electric, Procter &
Gamble, General Dynamics, Boeing, Pfizer, and Precision Castparts. Examples in Europe
include Volkswagen Group, Siemens, FCA and Michelin. Examples in Asia
include Toyota, Yamaha, Panasonic, LG, Samsung and Tata Motors.
 History and development
In its earliest form, manufacturing was usually carried out by a single skilled artisan with assistants.
Training was by apprenticeship. In much of the pre-industrial world, the guild system protected the
privileges and trade secrets of urban artisans.

3. In the pre-industrial world, most manufacturing occurred in rural areas, where household-based
manufacturing served as a supplemental subsistence strategy to agriculture (and continues to do so in
places). Entrepreneurs organized a number of manufacturing households into a single enterprise through
the putting-out system.
The factory system was first adopted in Britain at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late
18th century and later spread around the world. (Walker, National innovation system, 1993) The main
characteristic of the factory system is the use of machinery, originally powered by water or steam and later
by electricity. Increased use of economies of scale, the centralization of factories, and standardization
of interchangeable parts were adopted in the American system of manufacturing in the nineteenth century.
Manufacturing in the Soviet Union was based on collectivism.
 Economics of manufacturing
Emerging technologies have provided some new growth in advanced manufacturing employment
opportunities in the Manufacturing Belt in the United States. Manufacturing provides important material
support for national infrastructure and for national defense.
On the other hand, most manufacturing may involve significant social and environmental costs. The
clean-up costs of hazardous waste, for example, may outweigh the benefits of a product that creates it.
Hazardous materials may expose workers to health risks. These costs are now well known and there is effort
to address them by improving efficiency, reducing waste, using industrial symbiosis, and eliminating
harmful chemicals.
The negative costs of manufacturing can also be addressed legally. Developed countries regulate
manufacturing activity with labor laws and environmental laws. Across the globe, manufacturers can be
subject to regulations and pollution taxes to offset the environmental costs of manufacturing activities.
Labor unions and craft guilds have played a historic role in the negotiation of worker rights and wages.
Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be available in the
third world. Tort law and product liability impose additional costs on manufacturing. These are significant
dynamics in the ongoing process, occurring over the last few decades, of manufacture-based industries

4. relocating operations to "developing-world" economies where the costs of production are significantly
lower than in "developed-world" economies.
 Safety
Manufacturing has unique health and safety challenges and has been recognized by the National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as a priority industry sector in the National
Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) to identify and provide intervention strategies regarding
occupational health and safety issues. (www.cdc.gov, 2019) (www.cdc.gov, 2019)
 Manufacturing and investment
Surveys and analyses of trends and issues in manufacturing and investment around the world focus on
such things as:
a) The nature and sources of the considerable variations that occur cross-nationally in levels of
manufacturing and wider industrial-economic growth;
b) Competitiveness; and
c) Attractiveness to foreign direct investors.
In addition to general overviews, researchers have examined the features and factors affecting particular key
aspects of manufacturing development. They have compared production and investment in a range of
Western and non-Western countries and presented case studies of growth and performance in important
individual industries and market-economic sectors. (manufacturing & invesment around the world: an
international survei of factors affecting growth & performance, 2002) (Research, 2002)

5. REFERENCES
1. Walker, William (1993). "National Innovation Systems: Britain". In Nelson, Richard R.
(ed.). National innovation systems: a comparative analysis. New York: Oxford University
Press. ISBN 0195076176.
2. "Manufacturing Program | NORA | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-02-11. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
3. "National Occupational Research Agenda for Manufacturing | NIOSH | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-
02-04. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
4. Manufacturing & Investment Around The World: An International Survey Of Factors Affecting
Growth & Performance, ISR Publications/Google Books, revised second edition, 2002. ISBN 978-
0-906321-25-6.
5. Research, Industrial Systems (2002-05-20). Manufacturing and Investment Around the World: An
International Survey of Factors Affecting Growth and Performance. ISBN 978-0-906321-25-6.