Manufacturing is the production of goods for use or sale using labor and machines. It can range from handicraft to high-tech industrial production. Manufacturing transforms raw materials into finished goods on a large scale and produces more complex products. The manufacturing sector is closely connected to engineering and design. Major manufacturers include companies like General Motors, General Electric, and Toyota. Manufacturing takes different forms under various economic systems and involves many processes and theories of production.

1. Manufacturing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Manufacturing is the production of goods for use or sale using labor and machines, tools, chemical
and biological processing, or formulation. The term may refer to a range of human activity,
from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw
materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. Such finished goods may be used for
manufacturing other, more complex products, such as aircraft, household appliances or automobiles,
or sold to wholesalers, who in turn sell them to retailers, who then sell them to end users – the
"consumers".
Manufacturing takes turns under all types of economic systems. In a free market economy,
manufacturing is usually directed toward the mass production of products for sale to consumersat a
profit. In a collectivist economy, manufacturing is more frequently directed by the state to supply a
centrally planned economy. In mixed market economies, manufacturing occurs under some degree of
government regulation.
Modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required for the production and integration
of a product's components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the
term fabrication instead.
The manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design. Examples of
major manufacturers in North America include General Motors Corporation, General Electric,
and Pfizer. Examples in Europe include Volkswagen Group, Siemens, and Michelin. Examples in Asia
include Toyota, Samsung, and Bridgestone.
Contents
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2. 1 History and development
o 1.1 Manufacturing systems: changes in methods of manufacturing
2 Industrial policy
o 2.1 Economics of manufacturing
o 2.2 Manufacturing and investment
3 Manufacturing processes
4 Theories
5 Control
6 See also
7 References
8 Sources
9 External links
[edit]History and development
• In its earliest form, manufacturing was usually carried out by a single skilled artisan with
assistants. Training was by apprenticeship. In much of the pre-industrial world the guild system
protected the privileges and trade secrets of urban artisans.
• Before the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in rural areas, where
household-based manufacturing served as a supplemental subsistence strategy
to agriculture (and continues to do so in places). Entrepreneurs organized a number of
manufacturing households into a single enterprise through the putting-out system.
• Toll manufacturing is an arrangement whereby a first firm with specialized equipment
processes raw materials or semi-finished goods for a second firm.
Assembly of Section 41 of a Boeing 787 Dreamliner
[edit]Manufacturing systems: changes in methods of manufacturing

3. • Craft or Guild system
• Agile manufacturing
• American system of manufacturing
• English system of manufacturing
• Fabrication
• Flexible manufacturing
• Just In Time manufacturing
• Lean manufacturing
• Mass customization
• Mass production
• Ownership
• Packaging and labeling
• Prefabrication
• Publication
• Putting-out system
• Rapid manufacturing
• Reconfigurable manufacturing system
• Soviet collectivism in manufacturing
[edit]Industrial policy
Main article: industrial policy
[edit]Economics of manufacturing
According to some economists, manufacturing is a wealth-producing sector of an economy, whereas
a service sector tends to be wealth-consuming.[1][2]
Emerging technologies have provided some new
growth in advanced manufacturing employment opportunities in the Manufacturing Belt in the United
States. Manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and for national
defense.
On the other hand, most manufacturing may involve significant social and environmental costs. The
clean-up costs of hazardous waste, for example, may outweigh the benefits of a product that creates
it. Hazardous materials may expose workers to health risks. Developed countries regulate
manufacturing activity with labor laws and environmental laws. Across the globe, manufacturers can
be subject to regulations and pollution taxes to offset the environmental costs of manufacturing
activities. Labor Unions and craft guildshave played a historic role in the negotiation of worker rights
and wages. Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be
available in the third world. Tort law and product liability impose additional costs on manufacturing.

4. These are significant dynamics in the on-going process, occurring over the last few decades, of
manufacture-based industries relocating operations to "developing-world" economies where the costs
of production are significantly lower than in "developed-world" economies.
Manufacturing may require huge amounts of fossil fuels. Automobile construction requires, on
average, 20 barrels of oil.[3]
[edit]Manufacturing and investment
Surveys and analyses of trends and issues in manufacturing and investment around the world focus
on such things as:
• the nature and sources of the considerable variations that occur cross-nationally in levels of
manufacturing and wider industrial-economic growth;
• competitiveness; and
• attractiveness to foreign direct.
In addition to general overviews, researchers have examined the features and factors affecting
particular key aspects of manufacturing development. They have compared production and investment
in a range of Western and non-Western countries and presented case studies of growth and
performance in important individual industries and market-economic sectors.[4][5]
On June 26, 2009, Jeff Immelt, the CEO of General Electric, called for the United States to increase its
manufacturing base employment to 20% of the workforce, commenting that the U.S. has outsourced
too much in some areas and can no longer rely on the financial sector and consumer spending to drive
demand.[6]
Further, while U.S. manufacturing performs well compared to the rest of the U.S. economy,
research shows that it performs poorly compared to manufacturing in other high-wage countries.[7]
A
total of 3.2 million – one in six U.S. manufacturing jobs – have disappeared between 2000 and 2007.
[8]
In the UK, EEF the manufacturers organisation has led calls for the UK economy to be rebalanced to
rely less on financial services and has actively promoted the manufacturing agenda.
[edit]Manufacturing processes
• List of manufacturing processes
• Manufacturing Process Management
[edit]Theories

5. • Taylorism/Scientific management
• Fordism
[edit]Control
• Management
• List of management topics
• Total Quality Management
• Quality control
• Six Sigma
[edit]See also
Main article: Outline of manufacturing
• Howstuffismade
• Metal fabrication
• Microfabrication
• Optics fabrication
• Semiconductor device fabrication
[edit]References
1. ^ Friedman, David (2006). "No Light at the End of the Tunnel". Los Angeles Times. New America
Foundation. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
2. ^ Joseph, Keith (1976). "Monetarism Is Not Enough". Center for Policy Studies. Margaret Thatcher
Foundation. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
3. ^ "World oil supplies are set to run out faster than expected, warn scientists". The Independent. June 14,
2007.
4. ^ Manufacturing & Investment Around The World: An International Survey Of Factors Affecting Growth &
Performance, ISR Publications/Google Books, revised second edition, 2002. ISBN 978-0-906321-25-6.
5. ^ Research, Industrial Systems (2002-05-20). Manufacturing and Investment Around the World: An
International Survey of Factors Affecting Growth and Performance. ISBN 978-0-906321-25-6.
6. ^ Bailey, David and Soyoung Kim (June 26, 2009).GE's Immelt says U.S. economy needs industrial
renewal.UK Guardian.. Retrieved on June 28, 2009.
7. ^ Brookings Institution, Why Does Manufacturing Matter? Which Manufacturing Matters?, February 2012
8. ^ "Factory jobs: 3 million lost since 2000". USATODAY.com. April 20, 2007.