This document summarizes a journal club presentation on the dual inheritance theory. The dual inheritance theory proposes that human behavior is influenced by both genetic evolution and cultural evolution. Culture can influence gene frequencies over time. For example, cultures that raise cattle for milk have seen increased frequencies of the gene for lactose tolerance. The presentation also discusses how culture and genes may have co-evolved to influence traits like individualism vs collectivism.
It contains links between the psychology and genetics. Mostly we think they are far apart but they do have links. Some of intresting facts regarding this are shared with you !!
Nature-Nurture (Heredity vs environment) Backgro.docxdohertyjoetta
Nature-Nurture
(Heredity vs environment)
Background
It has long been known that certain physical characteristics are biologically determined by
genetic inheritance. Colour of eyes, straight or curly hair, pigmentation of the skin and certain
diseases (such as Huntingdon’s chorea) are all a function of the genes we inherit. Other physical
characteristics, if not determined, appear to be at least strongly influenced by the genetic make-
up of our biological parents. Height, weight, hair loss (in men), life expectancy and vulnerability
to specific illnesses (e.g. breast cancer in women) are positively correlated between biologically
related individuals. These facts have led many to speculate as to whether psychological
characteristics such as behavioural tendencies, personality attributes and mental abilities are also
“wired in” before we are even born.
Those who adopt an extreme heredity position are known as nativists. Their basic assumption is
that the characteristics of the human species as a whole are a product of evolution and that
individual differences are due to each person’s unique genetic code. Characteristics and
differences that are not observable at birth, but which emerge later in life, are regarded as the
product of maturation. That is to say we all have an inner “biological clock” which switches on
(or off) types of behaviour in a pre programmed way. The classic example of the way this affects
our physical development is the bodily changes that occur in early adolescence at puberty.
However nativists also argue that maturation governs the emergence of attachment in infancy,
language acquisition and even cognitive development as a whole.
At the other end of the spectrum are the environmentalists – also known as empiricists (not to be
confused with the other empirical / scientific approach). Their basic assumption is that at birth
the human mind is a tabula rasa (a blank slate) and that this is gradually “filled” as a result of
experience (e.g. behaviourism). From this point of view psychological characteristics and
behavioural differences that emerge through infancy and childhood are the result of learning. It is
how you are brought up (nurture) that governs the psychologically significant aspects of child
development and the concept of maturation applies only to the biological. So, when an infant
forms an attachment it is responding to the love and attention it has received, language comes
from imitating the speech of others and cognitive development depends on the degree of
stimulation in the environment and, more broadly, on the civilisation within which the child is
reared.
In practice hardly anyone today accepts either of the extreme positions. There are simply too
many “facts” on both sides of the argument which are inconsistent with an “all or nothing” view.
So instead of asking whether child development is down to nature or nurture the question has
been reformulated as .
It contains links between the psychology and genetics. Mostly we think they are far apart but they do have links. Some of intresting facts regarding this are shared with you !!
Nature-Nurture (Heredity vs environment) Backgro.docxdohertyjoetta
Nature-Nurture
(Heredity vs environment)
Background
It has long been known that certain physical characteristics are biologically determined by
genetic inheritance. Colour of eyes, straight or curly hair, pigmentation of the skin and certain
diseases (such as Huntingdon’s chorea) are all a function of the genes we inherit. Other physical
characteristics, if not determined, appear to be at least strongly influenced by the genetic make-
up of our biological parents. Height, weight, hair loss (in men), life expectancy and vulnerability
to specific illnesses (e.g. breast cancer in women) are positively correlated between biologically
related individuals. These facts have led many to speculate as to whether psychological
characteristics such as behavioural tendencies, personality attributes and mental abilities are also
“wired in” before we are even born.
Those who adopt an extreme heredity position are known as nativists. Their basic assumption is
that the characteristics of the human species as a whole are a product of evolution and that
individual differences are due to each person’s unique genetic code. Characteristics and
differences that are not observable at birth, but which emerge later in life, are regarded as the
product of maturation. That is to say we all have an inner “biological clock” which switches on
(or off) types of behaviour in a pre programmed way. The classic example of the way this affects
our physical development is the bodily changes that occur in early adolescence at puberty.
However nativists also argue that maturation governs the emergence of attachment in infancy,
language acquisition and even cognitive development as a whole.
At the other end of the spectrum are the environmentalists – also known as empiricists (not to be
confused with the other empirical / scientific approach). Their basic assumption is that at birth
the human mind is a tabula rasa (a blank slate) and that this is gradually “filled” as a result of
experience (e.g. behaviourism). From this point of view psychological characteristics and
behavioural differences that emerge through infancy and childhood are the result of learning. It is
how you are brought up (nurture) that governs the psychologically significant aspects of child
development and the concept of maturation applies only to the biological. So, when an infant
forms an attachment it is responding to the love and attention it has received, language comes
from imitating the speech of others and cognitive development depends on the degree of
stimulation in the environment and, more broadly, on the civilisation within which the child is
reared.
In practice hardly anyone today accepts either of the extreme positions. There are simply too
many “facts” on both sides of the argument which are inconsistent with an “all or nothing” view.
So instead of asking whether child development is down to nature or nurture the question has
been reformulated as .
Chapter 3BiopsychologyFigure 3.1 Different brain imagi.docxwalterl4
Chapter 3
Biopsychology
Figure 3.1 Different brain imaging techniques provide scientists with insight into different aspects of how the human
brain functions. Left to right, PET scan (positron emission tomography), CT scan (computed tomography), and fMRI
(functional magnetic resonance imaging) are three types of scans. (credit “left”: modification of work by Health and
Human Services Department, National Institutes of Health; credit “center": modification of work by
"Aceofhearts1968"/Wikimedia Commons; credit “right”: modification of work by Kim J, Matthews NL, Park S.)
Chapter Outline
3.1 Human Genetics
3.2 Cells of the Nervous System
3.3 Parts of the Nervous System
3.4 The Brain and Spinal Cord
3.5 The Endocrine System
Introduction
Have you ever taken a device apart to find out how it works? Many of us have done so, whether to attempt
a repair or simply to satisfy our curiosity. A device’s internal workings are often distinct from its user
interface on the outside. For example, we don’t think about microchips and circuits when we turn up
the volume on a mobile phone; instead, we think about getting the volume just right. Similarly, the inner
workings of the human body are often distinct from the external expression of those workings. It is the
job of psychologists to find the connection between these—for example, to figure out how the firings of
millions of neurons become a thought.
This chapter strives to explain the biological mechanisms that underlie behavior. These physiological and
anatomical foundations are the basis for many areas of psychology. In this chapter, you will learn how
genetics influence both physiological and psychological traits. You will become familiar with the structure
and function of the nervous system. And, finally, you will learn how the nervous system interacts with the
endocrine system.
Chapter 3 | Biopsychology 73
3.1 Human Genetics
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain the basic principles of the theory of evolution by natural selection
• Describe the differences between genotype and phenotype
• Discuss how gene-environment interactions are critical for expression of physical and
psychological characteristics
Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the biological basis that contributes
to certain behaviors. While all humans share certain biological mechanisms, we are each unique. And
while our bodies have many of the same parts—brains and hormones and cells with genetic codes—these
are expressed in a wide variety of behaviors, thoughts, and reactions.
Why do two people infected by the same disease have different outcomes: one surviving and one
succumbing to the ailment? How are genetic diseases passed through family lines? Are there genetic
components to psychological disorders, such as depression or schizophrenia? To what extent might there
be a psychological basis to health conditions such as childhood obesity?
To e.
Chapter 3BiopsychologyFigure 3.1 Different brain imagi.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 3
Biopsychology
Figure 3.1 Different brain imaging techniques provide scientists with insight into different aspects of how the human
brain functions. Left to right, PET scan (positron emission tomography), CT scan (computed tomography), and fMRI
(functional magnetic resonance imaging) are three types of scans. (credit “left”: modification of work by Health and
Human Services Department, National Institutes of Health; credit “center": modification of work by
"Aceofhearts1968"/Wikimedia Commons; credit “right”: modification of work by Kim J, Matthews NL, Park S.)
Chapter Outline
3.1 Human Genetics
3.2 Cells of the Nervous System
3.3 Parts of the Nervous System
3.4 The Brain and Spinal Cord
3.5 The Endocrine System
Introduction
Have you ever taken a device apart to find out how it works? Many of us have done so, whether to attempt
a repair or simply to satisfy our curiosity. A device’s internal workings are often distinct from its user
interface on the outside. For example, we don’t think about microchips and circuits when we turn up
the volume on a mobile phone; instead, we think about getting the volume just right. Similarly, the inner
workings of the human body are often distinct from the external expression of those workings. It is the
job of psychologists to find the connection between these—for example, to figure out how the firings of
millions of neurons become a thought.
This chapter strives to explain the biological mechanisms that underlie behavior. These physiological and
anatomical foundations are the basis for many areas of psychology. In this chapter, you will learn how
genetics influence both physiological and psychological traits. You will become familiar with the structure
and function of the nervous system. And, finally, you will learn how the nervous system interacts with the
endocrine system.
Chapter 3 | Biopsychology 73
3.1 Human Genetics
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain the basic principles of the theory of evolution by natural selection
• Describe the differences between genotype and phenotype
• Discuss how gene-environment interactions are critical for expression of physical and
psychological characteristics
Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the biological basis that contributes
to certain behaviors. While all humans share certain biological mechanisms, we are each unique. And
while our bodies have many of the same parts—brains and hormones and cells with genetic codes—these
are expressed in a wide variety of behaviors, thoughts, and reactions.
Why do two people infected by the same disease have different outcomes: one surviving and one
succumbing to the ailment? How are genetic diseases passed through family lines? Are there genetic
components to psychological disorders, such as depression or schizophrenia? To what extent might there
be a psychological basis to health conditions such as childhood obesity?
To e ...
Symbolic Interactionism Theory - PHDessay.com. (PDF) Symbolic Interactionism. Symbolic Interactionism In Sociology Pdf - slide share. Symbolic Interactionism | PDF | Sociology | Gender. Compare and contrast two of the following: functionalism, conflict .... Symbolic Interactionism as a Tool for Conveying Ideas: Dissecting the .... 10 Symbolic Interactionism Examples (And Easy Definition).
Summary Report: "Mental Health Throughout Life"
Herrenhausen Conference on Mental Illnesses, Hanover, April 3-5, 2013
Mechanisms of vulnerability for mental illnesses over lifetime were the focus of the Volkswagen Foundation’s second Herrenhausen Conference. Concentrating on particularly sensitive and susceptible phases of mental development, renowned experts shared their latest research and insights into risk for and resilience against mental illnesses. Building on this material, in a concluding Session new approaches for improving mental health and treating mental disorders were highlighted.
Child Development, JanuaryFebruary 2002, Volume 73, Number .docxbissacr
Child Development, January/February 2002, Volume 73, Number 1, Pages 1–21
Nature, Nurture, and Development: From Evangelism through
Science toward Policy and Practice
Michael Rutter
During the second half of the 20th century there was an immense increase in both empirical findings on, and
conceptual understanding of, the effects of nature, nurture, and developmental processes on psychological
functioning—both normal and abnormal. Unfortunately, the good science has also been accompanied by ex-
cessive polarizing claims and by unwarranted extrapolations. This article provides a summary review of the
real gains in knowledge, outlines some of the misleading claims, and notes the potential for research and for
science-led improvements in policies and practice. The need to bring about a better interpretation of genetic,
psychosocial, and developmental research strategies and theoretical concepts is emphasized.
INTRODUCTION
Over the last half century, there has been an explosion
of knowledge on the effects of nature, nurture, and
developmental processes. As a result, we have a much
improved understanding of many of the mechanisms
involved in normal and abnormal development,
which carries with it a huge potential for improving
children’s lives. Unfortunately, these advances have
been accompanied by as much misleading scientific
evangelism and journalistic hype as by good science
and honest reporting. As a consequence, both the pages
of scientific journals and the media have been full of the
most absurd confrontations and polarizations. These
have given rise to an unhelpful level of misunder-
standing of the true scientific advances and, more es-
pecially, about their meaning and the implications for
policy and practice. Of course, there have also been
numerous examples of good reporting by scientists
and by journalists. There is every reason to be in-
debted to both. The need is to avoid the twin dangers
of destructive cynicism and gullible expectation.
Nature, nurture, and development are dealt with
in this article as separate topics (with the focus being
mainly on their effects on psychopathology). In each
case, the real advances in knowledge are considered
first, some of the misleading claims are outlined sec-
ond, and the potential for research and for improve-
ments in policies and practice are noted third. Al-
though these are considered as supposedly separate
influences, the truth is that they are closely inter-
twined. The separation is heuristically useful for test-
ing causal hypotheses, but it is crucial that such hy-
potheses deal with the different forms of interplay
that may be occurring. To a considerable extent, it is
the failure to do so that has led to many of the polar-
izing battles and absurd claims.
NATURE: GENETIC RISK AND
PROTECTIVE MECHANISMS
With regard to the influences that reflect nature,
quantitative genetics and molecular genetics are dis-
cussed separately, because they have rather different
patterns .
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Chapter 3BiopsychologyFigure 3.1 Different brain imagi.docxwalterl4
Chapter 3
Biopsychology
Figure 3.1 Different brain imaging techniques provide scientists with insight into different aspects of how the human
brain functions. Left to right, PET scan (positron emission tomography), CT scan (computed tomography), and fMRI
(functional magnetic resonance imaging) are three types of scans. (credit “left”: modification of work by Health and
Human Services Department, National Institutes of Health; credit “center": modification of work by
"Aceofhearts1968"/Wikimedia Commons; credit “right”: modification of work by Kim J, Matthews NL, Park S.)
Chapter Outline
3.1 Human Genetics
3.2 Cells of the Nervous System
3.3 Parts of the Nervous System
3.4 The Brain and Spinal Cord
3.5 The Endocrine System
Introduction
Have you ever taken a device apart to find out how it works? Many of us have done so, whether to attempt
a repair or simply to satisfy our curiosity. A device’s internal workings are often distinct from its user
interface on the outside. For example, we don’t think about microchips and circuits when we turn up
the volume on a mobile phone; instead, we think about getting the volume just right. Similarly, the inner
workings of the human body are often distinct from the external expression of those workings. It is the
job of psychologists to find the connection between these—for example, to figure out how the firings of
millions of neurons become a thought.
This chapter strives to explain the biological mechanisms that underlie behavior. These physiological and
anatomical foundations are the basis for many areas of psychology. In this chapter, you will learn how
genetics influence both physiological and psychological traits. You will become familiar with the structure
and function of the nervous system. And, finally, you will learn how the nervous system interacts with the
endocrine system.
Chapter 3 | Biopsychology 73
3.1 Human Genetics
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain the basic principles of the theory of evolution by natural selection
• Describe the differences between genotype and phenotype
• Discuss how gene-environment interactions are critical for expression of physical and
psychological characteristics
Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the biological basis that contributes
to certain behaviors. While all humans share certain biological mechanisms, we are each unique. And
while our bodies have many of the same parts—brains and hormones and cells with genetic codes—these
are expressed in a wide variety of behaviors, thoughts, and reactions.
Why do two people infected by the same disease have different outcomes: one surviving and one
succumbing to the ailment? How are genetic diseases passed through family lines? Are there genetic
components to psychological disorders, such as depression or schizophrenia? To what extent might there
be a psychological basis to health conditions such as childhood obesity?
To e.
Chapter 3BiopsychologyFigure 3.1 Different brain imagi.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 3
Biopsychology
Figure 3.1 Different brain imaging techniques provide scientists with insight into different aspects of how the human
brain functions. Left to right, PET scan (positron emission tomography), CT scan (computed tomography), and fMRI
(functional magnetic resonance imaging) are three types of scans. (credit “left”: modification of work by Health and
Human Services Department, National Institutes of Health; credit “center": modification of work by
"Aceofhearts1968"/Wikimedia Commons; credit “right”: modification of work by Kim J, Matthews NL, Park S.)
Chapter Outline
3.1 Human Genetics
3.2 Cells of the Nervous System
3.3 Parts of the Nervous System
3.4 The Brain and Spinal Cord
3.5 The Endocrine System
Introduction
Have you ever taken a device apart to find out how it works? Many of us have done so, whether to attempt
a repair or simply to satisfy our curiosity. A device’s internal workings are often distinct from its user
interface on the outside. For example, we don’t think about microchips and circuits when we turn up
the volume on a mobile phone; instead, we think about getting the volume just right. Similarly, the inner
workings of the human body are often distinct from the external expression of those workings. It is the
job of psychologists to find the connection between these—for example, to figure out how the firings of
millions of neurons become a thought.
This chapter strives to explain the biological mechanisms that underlie behavior. These physiological and
anatomical foundations are the basis for many areas of psychology. In this chapter, you will learn how
genetics influence both physiological and psychological traits. You will become familiar with the structure
and function of the nervous system. And, finally, you will learn how the nervous system interacts with the
endocrine system.
Chapter 3 | Biopsychology 73
3.1 Human Genetics
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain the basic principles of the theory of evolution by natural selection
• Describe the differences between genotype and phenotype
• Discuss how gene-environment interactions are critical for expression of physical and
psychological characteristics
Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the biological basis that contributes
to certain behaviors. While all humans share certain biological mechanisms, we are each unique. And
while our bodies have many of the same parts—brains and hormones and cells with genetic codes—these
are expressed in a wide variety of behaviors, thoughts, and reactions.
Why do two people infected by the same disease have different outcomes: one surviving and one
succumbing to the ailment? How are genetic diseases passed through family lines? Are there genetic
components to psychological disorders, such as depression or schizophrenia? To what extent might there
be a psychological basis to health conditions such as childhood obesity?
To e ...
Symbolic Interactionism Theory - PHDessay.com. (PDF) Symbolic Interactionism. Symbolic Interactionism In Sociology Pdf - slide share. Symbolic Interactionism | PDF | Sociology | Gender. Compare and contrast two of the following: functionalism, conflict .... Symbolic Interactionism as a Tool for Conveying Ideas: Dissecting the .... 10 Symbolic Interactionism Examples (And Easy Definition).
Summary Report: "Mental Health Throughout Life"
Herrenhausen Conference on Mental Illnesses, Hanover, April 3-5, 2013
Mechanisms of vulnerability for mental illnesses over lifetime were the focus of the Volkswagen Foundation’s second Herrenhausen Conference. Concentrating on particularly sensitive and susceptible phases of mental development, renowned experts shared their latest research and insights into risk for and resilience against mental illnesses. Building on this material, in a concluding Session new approaches for improving mental health and treating mental disorders were highlighted.
Child Development, JanuaryFebruary 2002, Volume 73, Number .docxbissacr
Child Development, January/February 2002, Volume 73, Number 1, Pages 1–21
Nature, Nurture, and Development: From Evangelism through
Science toward Policy and Practice
Michael Rutter
During the second half of the 20th century there was an immense increase in both empirical findings on, and
conceptual understanding of, the effects of nature, nurture, and developmental processes on psychological
functioning—both normal and abnormal. Unfortunately, the good science has also been accompanied by ex-
cessive polarizing claims and by unwarranted extrapolations. This article provides a summary review of the
real gains in knowledge, outlines some of the misleading claims, and notes the potential for research and for
science-led improvements in policies and practice. The need to bring about a better interpretation of genetic,
psychosocial, and developmental research strategies and theoretical concepts is emphasized.
INTRODUCTION
Over the last half century, there has been an explosion
of knowledge on the effects of nature, nurture, and
developmental processes. As a result, we have a much
improved understanding of many of the mechanisms
involved in normal and abnormal development,
which carries with it a huge potential for improving
children’s lives. Unfortunately, these advances have
been accompanied by as much misleading scientific
evangelism and journalistic hype as by good science
and honest reporting. As a consequence, both the pages
of scientific journals and the media have been full of the
most absurd confrontations and polarizations. These
have given rise to an unhelpful level of misunder-
standing of the true scientific advances and, more es-
pecially, about their meaning and the implications for
policy and practice. Of course, there have also been
numerous examples of good reporting by scientists
and by journalists. There is every reason to be in-
debted to both. The need is to avoid the twin dangers
of destructive cynicism and gullible expectation.
Nature, nurture, and development are dealt with
in this article as separate topics (with the focus being
mainly on their effects on psychopathology). In each
case, the real advances in knowledge are considered
first, some of the misleading claims are outlined sec-
ond, and the potential for research and for improve-
ments in policies and practice are noted third. Al-
though these are considered as supposedly separate
influences, the truth is that they are closely inter-
twined. The separation is heuristically useful for test-
ing causal hypotheses, but it is crucial that such hy-
potheses deal with the different forms of interplay
that may be occurring. To a considerable extent, it is
the failure to do so that has led to many of the polar-
izing battles and absurd claims.
NATURE: GENETIC RISK AND
PROTECTIVE MECHANISMS
With regard to the influences that reflect nature,
quantitative genetics and molecular genetics are dis-
cussed separately, because they have rather different
patterns .
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
Culture-gene co evolution
1. Journal club at IEND presented by:
REHAB YOUSIF MOHAMED IDREES
Faculty of pharmacy
drrehab2008@yahoo.com
Khartoum university
2.
3.
4. was developed in the late 1970s
and early 1980s to explain how
human behavior is a product of two
different and interacting
evolutionary processes: genetic
evolution and cultural evolution.
5. DIT is a "middle-ground" between
much of social science, which views
culture as the primary cause of human
behavioral variation, and human
sociobiology and evolutionary psychology
which view culture as an insignificant by-
product of genetic selection . In DIT,
culture is defined as information in human
brains that got there by social learning
6. •Cultural evolution is considered a
Darwinian selection process that acts on
cultural information.
• Dual Inheritance Theorists often describe
this by analogy to genetic evolution, which is
a Darwinian selection process acting on
genetic information.
7. Culture can profoundly influence
gene frequencies in a population.
One of the best known examples is
the prevalence of the genotype for adult
lactose absorption in human
populations, such as Northern Europeans
and some African societies, with a long
history of raising cattle for milk.
8. Other societies such as East Asians
and Amerindians, retain the typical
mammalian genotype in which the
body shuts down lactase production
shortly after the normal age of
weaning.
9. This implies that the cultural practice of
raising cattle for milk led to a selection for
genetic traits for lactose digestion.
Recently, analysis of natural selection on
the human genome suggests that
civilization has accelerated genetic change
in humans over the past 10,000 years
10.
11. Over the last 30 years, social
psychologists have documented an
impressive array of psycho cultural
differences. For example , in East
Asian cultures the self tends to be
defined in relationship to the group,
or collective
12. whereas in Western cultures (e.g.
Europe and the nations of the
former British Commonwealth)
there is a greater proclivity for the
self to be viewed as unique, stable
and independent of the social
group .
13. A critical question raised by
such findings is how do such
cultural differences arise? Why do
some groups tend towards
collectivism, while others tend
towards individualism
14. Answering this complex question will
require integrating many levels of
analysis . A helpful means of integrating
these diverse influences is to adopt a
cultural neuroscience perspective
, because the brain is the central part or
the hub where each of these influences
converge.
15. Accordingly, genes affecting
brain function are likely to influence
the adoption and formation of cultural
norms and, conversely, culture may
also shape the expression and
selection of genes.
16. Although the study of psychological
genetics is in its infancy and much is still
to be learned, data suggesting that
variation in several genes known to affect
brain function appear to influence the
degree to which one is emotionally
responsive to the social environment
17. Individualism emphasizes personal
freedom and achievement.
Individualist culture therefore awards
social status to personal
accomplishments such as important
discoveries, innovations or great
artistic achievements
18.
19. Collectivism makes collective action
easier in the sense that individuals
internalize group interests to a
greater degree. However, it also
encourages conformity and
discourages individuals from standing
out..
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26. The promoter region of the SLC6A4 gene
contains a polymorphism with "short" and
"long" repeats in a region: 5-HTT-linked
polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR or
SERTPR). The short variation has 14 repeats
of a sequence while the long variation has 16
repeats. The short variation leads to less
transcription for SLC6A4, and it has been
found that it can partly account for anxiety-
related personality traits
27. It reuptakes serotonin in the synaptic
cleft and terminates its function. It
allows neurons, and other cells to
accumulate the chemical
neurotransmitter serotonin, which
affects emotions and drives.
28.
29. As a neurotransmitter, serotonin helps to
relay messages from one area of the brain to
another.
Of the approximately 40 million brain cells
, most are influenced either directly or
indirectly by serotonin. This includes brain
cells related to mood, appetite, memory and
learning, temperature regulation, and some
social behavior.
32. Culture-gene coevolution of individualism-collectivism and
the serotonin transporter gene
Joan Y. Chiao and Katherine D. Blizinsky
Supplementary data
tml
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/suppl/2009/10/27/rspb.2009.1650.DC1.h
"Data Supplement"
References
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/277/1681/529.full.html#related-urls
Article cited in:
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/277/1681/529.full.html#ref-list-1
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33. Here, we examined the association
between cultural values of individualism–
collectivism and allelic frequency of the
serotonin transporter functional
polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) as well as the
role this culture–gene association may play in
explaining global variability in prevalence of
pathogens and affective disorders.
34. Individuals carrying the S allele of the
5-HTTLPR produce significantly less5-
HTT mRNA and protein, resulting in
higher concentrations of serotonin in the
synaptic cleft relative to individuals
carrying the L allele Evidence from
behavioral genetics indicates that the S
allele of the serotonin transporter gene (5-
HTTLPR) is associated with increased
negative emotion.
35. In a typical East Asian sample, 70–80%
of individuals are S carriers compared with
a typical European sample where 40–45%
of individuals are S carriers of the 5-HTT
genotype .
It remains unclear why there exists
genetic selection for S relative to L allele
carriers in East Asian regions ,but not
other geographical regions of the world.
36. One possible explanation for greater
prevalence of S allele carriers in East Asia is that
geographical variability in environmental
pressures has led to cultural variability in
individualism–collectivism via genetic selection.
Recent research has shown that
geographical variability in historical and
contemporary pathogen prevalence predicts
variability in individualistic and collectivistic
cultural norms .
37. That is, nations with greater historical
and contemporary prevalence of disease-
causing pathogens or infectious diseases(e.g.
malaria, typhus and leprosy) are more likely
to endorse collectivistic cultural
norms, likely due to the anti-pathogen
defense function that collectivistic norms
may serve.
38.
39.
40. Geographical coincidence between serotonin
transporter gene diversity and cultural traits of
individualism-collectivism across countries. Gray
areas indicate geographical regions where no
published data are available.
( a ) Map of frequency distribution of Individualism-
Collectivism. ( b ) Map of frequency distribution of S
alleles of 5-HTTLPR. ( c ) Map of frequency of
global prevalence of anxiety. ( d ) Map of frequency
of global prevalence of mood disorders. Yellow to red
colour bar indicates low to high prevalence.
41. We found evidence that collectivistic
cultures were significantly more likely to
comprise individuals carrying the short(S)
allele of the 5-HTTLPR across 29 nations.
42. Results further show that historical
pathogen prevalence predicts cultural
variability in individualism–collectivism
owing to genetic selection of the S allele.
Additionally, cultural values and
frequency of S allele carriers negatively
predict global prevalence of anxiety and
mood disorder.
43. Finally, mediation analyses further
indicate that increased frequency of S
allele carriers predicted decreased
anxiety and mood disorder
prevalence owing to increased
collectivistic cultural values.
44. Taken together, our findings suggest
culture–gene co evolution between allelic
frequency of 5-HTTLPR and cultural
values of individualism–collectivism and
support the notion that cultural values
buffer genetically susceptible populations
from increased prevalence of affective
disorders
45. Importantly ,we also reveal a novel and
surprising negative association between
individualism–collectivism, frequency of S
allele carriers of the serotonin transporter
gene and global prevalence of anxiety and
mood disorder.
46.
47. Proc. R. Soc. B published online 22 September 2010
Dan T. A. Eisenberg and M. Geoffrey Hayes
48. While it is a pleasure to see Chiao
and Blizinsky test hypotheses relating
to the evolutionary origins of
behaviorally implicated genes, there are
a number of flaws in their
methodology which call their findings
into question.
49. Upon examination of the original sources cited
by Chiao and Blizinsky from which 5-HTTLPR
frequencies were derived, the above non-Eurasian
locales exhibit considerable European cultural
and genetic influence. The sampled South
Africans Brazilians Australians and
Argentineans were of Caucasian/European
descent. Additionally, the New Zealand sample is
predominantly of European descent
50. We then proceeded to examine the association
between
individualism–collectivism and 5-HTTLPR
allele frequency in Eurasia inside Europe and
Asia separately.
No association between 5-HTTLPR and
individualism–collectivism in the sample of
14 European countries is
evident r(14) 0.32, p 0.26
51. Since this lack of association could be
due to reduced sample sizes, we took
10 000 different random samples of 14
countries from the original dataset of
29 and examined the distribution of
correlation coefficients
52. Correlations0.32 or less were found less than
3 per cent of the time, suggesting that the small
correlation in the European only analysis was
not due to the limited sample size in Europe. In
fact, if Turkey is dropped from the analysis,the
relationship switches to the opposite direction of
predicted (r(13) _.18, p 0.55
53. While Chiao and Blizinsky
hypothesis is compelling and
deserves further examination, we feel
that it is not supported by the
current data in light of these
analyses.
54. Further study would benefit from a
larger number of independent samples
and controls for underlying population
structure
55. In addition, since selection probably
works on multiple loci in related
pathways simultaneously expanding to
other loci that are correlated with
similar phenotypes would further
strengthen the case.
56. Through more careful cross-
population analysis, we predict that
cases of gene culture co evolution
will be found to be prevalent .