This report was developed as part of term project at IIM Bangalore.
As part of study we analyzed global solar industry and how huge capacities at off-shore locations is limiting domestic manufacturing. An interesting dimension was then explored by incorporating end-of life solar waste treatment to demonstrate viability of domestic manufacturing
2012 deep research report on china distributed energy resources industrysmarter2011
This 270-page report from 2012 provides an in-depth analysis of China's distributed energy resources (DER) industry. It defines DER, examines the industry's development status in China and globally, and identifies opportunities and challenges for various DER technologies in key Chinese regions. The report also evaluates equipment markets and provides recommendations to further develop China's DER sector.
The document is India's National Telecom Policy from 2012. It aims to transform India into an empowered and inclusive knowledge-based society using telecommunications. Key goals include increasing rural teledensity, providing affordable broadband nationwide, and leveraging mobile devices and broadband to enable citizens to participate in e-governance and development initiatives in sectors like health, education, and agriculture. The policy also aims to make India a global hub for telecom manufacturing and establish standards and policies to promote innovation and R&D in the industry.
Effective communication involves both verbal and nonverbal skills. It is important to be aware of tone, body language, and how messages may be interpreted by the receiver. Developing communication skills requires practicing active listening, maintaining eye contact, using body language to appear open and approachable, and speaking clearly without judgment of others. Both interpersonal skills like listening and understanding others as well as intrapersonal skills like self-awareness and internal dialogue are important for communication.
The document discusses social media marketing strategies of FC Barcelona. It notes that FC Barcelona has over 100 million followers across various social media platforms, making it the most followed sports club globally. It achieves this large following through regular posting of club news and content on platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram. The club also has social media policies for staff and players to educate them on proper social media use. Finally, it discusses how FC Barcelona has used platforms like Weibo and Line to help expand its reach and fanbase to Asia through localized social media strategies.
Nokia 888 is a concept phone from Nokia that is ultra thin at 5mm, has a flexible touch display, liquid battery, and can change shapes based on electronic messages. It was designed by Tamer Nakisci and won the Nokia Benelux Design Award. The phone can be rolled, bent, folded to fit in clothes or on the wrist, and takes the shape of calls, like a phone or heart, to match the context and user's mood.
This article features a collection of photographs taken by two photographers, Ashley Pospisil and Ed Ryan, for The Daily Campus. The photographs document various events and scenes around campus, such as student activities and events. Pospisil and Ryan took multiple pictures each that were included in the article.
Norway has developed a highly successful national sports system through consistent policy and funding since 1970. Over 40% of adults regularly participate in sports, and nearly half of Norwegians are members of the Norwegian Sports Federation. The government allocates significant funds to sports and works closely with voluntary sports organizations to promote participation from childhood through elite competition levels. As a result, Norway enjoys high levels of public health, wealth, and life expectancy according to UN reports. The country's approach has demonstrated how integrated sports policy and programs can benefit individuals and society.
2012 deep research report on china distributed energy resources industrysmarter2011
This 270-page report from 2012 provides an in-depth analysis of China's distributed energy resources (DER) industry. It defines DER, examines the industry's development status in China and globally, and identifies opportunities and challenges for various DER technologies in key Chinese regions. The report also evaluates equipment markets and provides recommendations to further develop China's DER sector.
The document is India's National Telecom Policy from 2012. It aims to transform India into an empowered and inclusive knowledge-based society using telecommunications. Key goals include increasing rural teledensity, providing affordable broadband nationwide, and leveraging mobile devices and broadband to enable citizens to participate in e-governance and development initiatives in sectors like health, education, and agriculture. The policy also aims to make India a global hub for telecom manufacturing and establish standards and policies to promote innovation and R&D in the industry.
Effective communication involves both verbal and nonverbal skills. It is important to be aware of tone, body language, and how messages may be interpreted by the receiver. Developing communication skills requires practicing active listening, maintaining eye contact, using body language to appear open and approachable, and speaking clearly without judgment of others. Both interpersonal skills like listening and understanding others as well as intrapersonal skills like self-awareness and internal dialogue are important for communication.
The document discusses social media marketing strategies of FC Barcelona. It notes that FC Barcelona has over 100 million followers across various social media platforms, making it the most followed sports club globally. It achieves this large following through regular posting of club news and content on platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram. The club also has social media policies for staff and players to educate them on proper social media use. Finally, it discusses how FC Barcelona has used platforms like Weibo and Line to help expand its reach and fanbase to Asia through localized social media strategies.
Nokia 888 is a concept phone from Nokia that is ultra thin at 5mm, has a flexible touch display, liquid battery, and can change shapes based on electronic messages. It was designed by Tamer Nakisci and won the Nokia Benelux Design Award. The phone can be rolled, bent, folded to fit in clothes or on the wrist, and takes the shape of calls, like a phone or heart, to match the context and user's mood.
This article features a collection of photographs taken by two photographers, Ashley Pospisil and Ed Ryan, for The Daily Campus. The photographs document various events and scenes around campus, such as student activities and events. Pospisil and Ryan took multiple pictures each that were included in the article.
Norway has developed a highly successful national sports system through consistent policy and funding since 1970. Over 40% of adults regularly participate in sports, and nearly half of Norwegians are members of the Norwegian Sports Federation. The government allocates significant funds to sports and works closely with voluntary sports organizations to promote participation from childhood through elite competition levels. As a result, Norway enjoys high levels of public health, wealth, and life expectancy according to UN reports. The country's approach has demonstrated how integrated sports policy and programs can benefit individuals and society.
Sports club and corporate social responsibilityYoungsub Chun
1. Large sports clubs like FC Barcelona, Real Madrid, Manchester United, and Bayern Munich have foundations that support corporate social responsibility initiatives through philanthropic activities and community partnerships.
2. FC Barcelona partners with UNICEF in particular as a model of successful sports patronage that has helped the club gain a reputation as "more than a club".
3. For sports clubs to be successful, corporate social responsibility needs support from high-level management and integration at all levels of the organization to positively influence customer perception.
YG Entertainment is a leading South Korean entertainment company known for managing successful K-pop groups like Big Bang, 2NE1, and Psy. Through innovative marketing strategies on social media and reality competition shows, YG has engaged fans worldwide and established strong brands for its artists. The document discusses YG's customer-centric approach, focusing on developing musicians' unique styles and empowering fan participation. It attributes YG's success to visionary leadership, effective management practices, and an emphasis on creativity, social responsibility, and continuous innovation.
- The document proposes the "La Masia Project for East Asia", a youth football academy modeled after Barcelona's famed La Masia academy.
- It would be located in Jeju, South Korea and aim to teach over 100,000 Asian youth who travel abroad each year professional football techniques through partnerships with clubs in China, Korea, and Japan.
- The new academy hopes to introduce Barcelona to Asian football fans and clubs while creating a new profitable business model for the club through services like player development, camps, and club consulting.
- East Asia Sport Management Institute (EASMI) will provide a top-quality Master's program in sport marketing and sponsorship, as well as competitive consulting services.
- EASMI aims to establish a cooperative network between itself and sport representatives in Korea, China, Japan, and Taiwan to provide advanced sport education and expertise to the East Asian market.
- The financial plan projects that EASMI will have no revenue in 2015 but will generate $70,000 in 2016 from consulting and product sales, growing to $1.66 million in revenue and $450,000 in net income by 2017 from its Master's program.
Embedded war correspondents are limited in their ability to provide an unbiased and comprehensive view of war. Being embedded with a single military unit restricts reporters from seeing the full scope and impact of the conflict. They are also subject to ground rules set by the military that censor what they can report. True coverage of war requires speaking to civilians and multiple sides, not just the experiences of the embedded unit. Overall alternatives like minimizing embedding time or using new technologies can provide better war reporting.
This document discusses the marketing strategies of YG Entertainment (YGE), a major South Korean entertainment company known for launching the careers of popular K-pop groups like Big Bang and Psy. It summarizes how YGE focuses on developing talented trainees into skilled musicians, builds strong brand value for its artists, partners with global companies for international expansion, and activates social media marketing to interact directly with fans. Overall, the document analyzes YGE's approach as setting the standard for the next "Jobs and Apple" of the entertainment industry.
Sustainability of Residential Solar PV in Calgary- A Comparative Study.pdfShruthiPrakash18
Analyzed Energy Choices by the residents of Calgary, assessing conventional vs. PV systems with regard to Social, Economic and Environmental factors. Advocated for a renewable transition to address fossil fuel challenges. Examined gas industry's impact on jobs, revenue, communities, and environment.
USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR SOLAR HOTSPOTS INSTALLATION IN TH...meijjournal
Solar energy has been widely tapped around the world replacing conventional non-renewable energy. Currently, one of the most challenging problems is to increase the quantity of energy tagged from solar energy. Before installing solar panels, assessing where solar panels should be placed can significantly benefit panel performance. This study aims to conduct a site selection analysis for solar panel installation using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The focus of the analysis is on building rooftop PVC panel installation. In this study, Google Earth images were used to digitize the rooftop that is potential for solar PVC panel and derive the areas using ArcGIS software.
USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR SOLAR HOTSPOTS INSTALLATION IN TH...meijjournal
This study aimed to identify suitable rooftop locations for solar panel installation in Thiru Nagar, Dindigul District, India using GIS and remote sensing techniques. Google Earth images were used to digitize potential rooftops and calculate their areas in ArcGIS. Factors like solar radiation availability, shadow effects from surrounding structures, and dust accumulation were considered in determining optimal installation sites. The analysis demonstrated how spatial analysis of remote sensing data can help identify locations best suited for solar panel placement and maximize energy production potential.
USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR SOLAR HOTSPOTS INSTALLATION IN TH...meijjournal
Solar energy has been widely tapped around the world replacing conventional non-renewable energy.
Currently, one of the most challenging problems is to increase the quantity of energy tagged from solar
energy. Before installing solar panels, assessing where solar panels should be placed can significantly
benefit panel performance. This study aims to conduct a site selection analysis for solar panel installation
using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The focus of the analysis is on building rooftop PVC panel
installation.
Prospect of Nuclear Power Plant in BangladeshMd Rohel Uddin
This research report examines the prospect of establishing a nuclear power plant in Bangladesh. It discusses the country's growing energy demands and shortages. The report analyzes the benefits of nuclear energy compared to traditional fossil fuels, as well as challenges such as cost, safety regulations, waste disposal, and security concerns. Primary research was conducted including surveys of existing power plants and the proposed Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant. The report recommends creating a comprehensive legal framework and enhancing domestic nuclear technology development to safely meet Bangladesh's energy needs.
This document discusses the feasibility and challenges of nuclear energy. It provides background on the history of nuclear energy and its various uses. It then describes the key components of nuclear technology like fuel, moderators, control rods, coolants, pressure vessels and containment structures. It discusses different nuclear power generation methods and the financial and environmental implications of nuclear energy. It focuses on fast breeder technology and generation IV/V+ reactors as promising technologies to address issues and further nuclear power. It also examines the current scenario of nuclear technology in India and the scope for its growth alongside renewables to meet increasing energy demands sustainably.
Problems and prospects of setting up a thermal power plant (1)subhadip manna
The document is a report on the problems and prospects of setting up a thermal power plant. It provides background information on thermal power plants, including how they work, their advantages and disadvantages, efficiency levels, and the major power companies in India. It then discusses the key prospects and challenges to consider when setting up a new thermal power plant, such as location selection, waste management, environmental clearance requirements, and performing environmental impact assessments. The report aims to outline the major factors to examine for a new thermal power plant project in India.
AMA - Final Project Report1 dtd 20-06-2015Dhiren Patel
The document provides an overview of renewable energy potential and growth in India, as well as the enabling policy framework and incentives available for renewable energy projects. It discusses investment opportunities and financing options for solar and wind energy projects in India. The study aims to compare the investment and financing patterns of solar and wind energy projects in India. It outlines the methodology, scope, and limitations of the comparative study.
Pakistan faces an ongoing energy crisis due to a shortage in power supply compared to demand. This is caused by issues like poor management, corruption, theft, wastage, and lack of investment in alternative energy sources in the past. Developing renewable resources like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power could help address Pakistan's energy crisis.
This document analyzes the potential for woody biomass from southeastern US forests to meet renewable electricity demand under current and future climate change scenarios. It finds that biomass can only meet 19% of a proposed 15% renewable electricity standard currently due to population pressures and climate impacts. Factoring in unused pulpwood capacity increases the contribution to 27%. Projections for North Carolina indicate biomass could meet 8-17% of demand under climate change. While biomass can be part of the solution, policymakers will need a diversified portfolio to fully meet renewable targets.
This document discusses nuclear energy feasibility and challenges. It provides background on the history of nuclear technology and its various uses including power generation, agriculture, food preservation, water resources and medicine. It then describes the key components of nuclear technology including fuel, moderator, control rods and coolant. It also discusses different nuclear power generation methods and the financial and environmental implications of nuclear energy. The document examines nuclear power scenarios in India and the scope for further development.
India's Millennium Development Goals are linked to increasing access to electricity. The document discusses India's energy needs and options to meet projected electricity demand over the coming decades. Coal will remain important but India will need to increase its use of nuclear, hydro, solar and wind power to achieve its development targets in a sustainable manner. Nuclear power is presented as a viable clean energy option given India's reserves of uranium and thorium. Pressurized heavy water reactors are described as the current focus of India's nuclear program.
Sports club and corporate social responsibilityYoungsub Chun
1. Large sports clubs like FC Barcelona, Real Madrid, Manchester United, and Bayern Munich have foundations that support corporate social responsibility initiatives through philanthropic activities and community partnerships.
2. FC Barcelona partners with UNICEF in particular as a model of successful sports patronage that has helped the club gain a reputation as "more than a club".
3. For sports clubs to be successful, corporate social responsibility needs support from high-level management and integration at all levels of the organization to positively influence customer perception.
YG Entertainment is a leading South Korean entertainment company known for managing successful K-pop groups like Big Bang, 2NE1, and Psy. Through innovative marketing strategies on social media and reality competition shows, YG has engaged fans worldwide and established strong brands for its artists. The document discusses YG's customer-centric approach, focusing on developing musicians' unique styles and empowering fan participation. It attributes YG's success to visionary leadership, effective management practices, and an emphasis on creativity, social responsibility, and continuous innovation.
- The document proposes the "La Masia Project for East Asia", a youth football academy modeled after Barcelona's famed La Masia academy.
- It would be located in Jeju, South Korea and aim to teach over 100,000 Asian youth who travel abroad each year professional football techniques through partnerships with clubs in China, Korea, and Japan.
- The new academy hopes to introduce Barcelona to Asian football fans and clubs while creating a new profitable business model for the club through services like player development, camps, and club consulting.
- East Asia Sport Management Institute (EASMI) will provide a top-quality Master's program in sport marketing and sponsorship, as well as competitive consulting services.
- EASMI aims to establish a cooperative network between itself and sport representatives in Korea, China, Japan, and Taiwan to provide advanced sport education and expertise to the East Asian market.
- The financial plan projects that EASMI will have no revenue in 2015 but will generate $70,000 in 2016 from consulting and product sales, growing to $1.66 million in revenue and $450,000 in net income by 2017 from its Master's program.
Embedded war correspondents are limited in their ability to provide an unbiased and comprehensive view of war. Being embedded with a single military unit restricts reporters from seeing the full scope and impact of the conflict. They are also subject to ground rules set by the military that censor what they can report. True coverage of war requires speaking to civilians and multiple sides, not just the experiences of the embedded unit. Overall alternatives like minimizing embedding time or using new technologies can provide better war reporting.
This document discusses the marketing strategies of YG Entertainment (YGE), a major South Korean entertainment company known for launching the careers of popular K-pop groups like Big Bang and Psy. It summarizes how YGE focuses on developing talented trainees into skilled musicians, builds strong brand value for its artists, partners with global companies for international expansion, and activates social media marketing to interact directly with fans. Overall, the document analyzes YGE's approach as setting the standard for the next "Jobs and Apple" of the entertainment industry.
Sustainability of Residential Solar PV in Calgary- A Comparative Study.pdfShruthiPrakash18
Analyzed Energy Choices by the residents of Calgary, assessing conventional vs. PV systems with regard to Social, Economic and Environmental factors. Advocated for a renewable transition to address fossil fuel challenges. Examined gas industry's impact on jobs, revenue, communities, and environment.
USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR SOLAR HOTSPOTS INSTALLATION IN TH...meijjournal
Solar energy has been widely tapped around the world replacing conventional non-renewable energy. Currently, one of the most challenging problems is to increase the quantity of energy tagged from solar energy. Before installing solar panels, assessing where solar panels should be placed can significantly benefit panel performance. This study aims to conduct a site selection analysis for solar panel installation using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The focus of the analysis is on building rooftop PVC panel installation. In this study, Google Earth images were used to digitize the rooftop that is potential for solar PVC panel and derive the areas using ArcGIS software.
USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR SOLAR HOTSPOTS INSTALLATION IN TH...meijjournal
This study aimed to identify suitable rooftop locations for solar panel installation in Thiru Nagar, Dindigul District, India using GIS and remote sensing techniques. Google Earth images were used to digitize potential rooftops and calculate their areas in ArcGIS. Factors like solar radiation availability, shadow effects from surrounding structures, and dust accumulation were considered in determining optimal installation sites. The analysis demonstrated how spatial analysis of remote sensing data can help identify locations best suited for solar panel placement and maximize energy production potential.
USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR SOLAR HOTSPOTS INSTALLATION IN TH...meijjournal
Solar energy has been widely tapped around the world replacing conventional non-renewable energy.
Currently, one of the most challenging problems is to increase the quantity of energy tagged from solar
energy. Before installing solar panels, assessing where solar panels should be placed can significantly
benefit panel performance. This study aims to conduct a site selection analysis for solar panel installation
using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The focus of the analysis is on building rooftop PVC panel
installation.
Prospect of Nuclear Power Plant in BangladeshMd Rohel Uddin
This research report examines the prospect of establishing a nuclear power plant in Bangladesh. It discusses the country's growing energy demands and shortages. The report analyzes the benefits of nuclear energy compared to traditional fossil fuels, as well as challenges such as cost, safety regulations, waste disposal, and security concerns. Primary research was conducted including surveys of existing power plants and the proposed Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant. The report recommends creating a comprehensive legal framework and enhancing domestic nuclear technology development to safely meet Bangladesh's energy needs.
This document discusses the feasibility and challenges of nuclear energy. It provides background on the history of nuclear energy and its various uses. It then describes the key components of nuclear technology like fuel, moderators, control rods, coolants, pressure vessels and containment structures. It discusses different nuclear power generation methods and the financial and environmental implications of nuclear energy. It focuses on fast breeder technology and generation IV/V+ reactors as promising technologies to address issues and further nuclear power. It also examines the current scenario of nuclear technology in India and the scope for its growth alongside renewables to meet increasing energy demands sustainably.
Problems and prospects of setting up a thermal power plant (1)subhadip manna
The document is a report on the problems and prospects of setting up a thermal power plant. It provides background information on thermal power plants, including how they work, their advantages and disadvantages, efficiency levels, and the major power companies in India. It then discusses the key prospects and challenges to consider when setting up a new thermal power plant, such as location selection, waste management, environmental clearance requirements, and performing environmental impact assessments. The report aims to outline the major factors to examine for a new thermal power plant project in India.
AMA - Final Project Report1 dtd 20-06-2015Dhiren Patel
The document provides an overview of renewable energy potential and growth in India, as well as the enabling policy framework and incentives available for renewable energy projects. It discusses investment opportunities and financing options for solar and wind energy projects in India. The study aims to compare the investment and financing patterns of solar and wind energy projects in India. It outlines the methodology, scope, and limitations of the comparative study.
Pakistan faces an ongoing energy crisis due to a shortage in power supply compared to demand. This is caused by issues like poor management, corruption, theft, wastage, and lack of investment in alternative energy sources in the past. Developing renewable resources like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power could help address Pakistan's energy crisis.
This document analyzes the potential for woody biomass from southeastern US forests to meet renewable electricity demand under current and future climate change scenarios. It finds that biomass can only meet 19% of a proposed 15% renewable electricity standard currently due to population pressures and climate impacts. Factoring in unused pulpwood capacity increases the contribution to 27%. Projections for North Carolina indicate biomass could meet 8-17% of demand under climate change. While biomass can be part of the solution, policymakers will need a diversified portfolio to fully meet renewable targets.
This document discusses nuclear energy feasibility and challenges. It provides background on the history of nuclear technology and its various uses including power generation, agriculture, food preservation, water resources and medicine. It then describes the key components of nuclear technology including fuel, moderator, control rods and coolant. It also discusses different nuclear power generation methods and the financial and environmental implications of nuclear energy. The document examines nuclear power scenarios in India and the scope for further development.
India's Millennium Development Goals are linked to increasing access to electricity. The document discusses India's energy needs and options to meet projected electricity demand over the coming decades. Coal will remain important but India will need to increase its use of nuclear, hydro, solar and wind power to achieve its development targets in a sustainable manner. Nuclear power is presented as a viable clean energy option given India's reserves of uranium and thorium. Pressurized heavy water reactors are described as the current focus of India's nuclear program.
Environmental Impact on Rampal Powerplant ProjectJahid Khan Rahat
In developing country thermal powerplant is one of the major sources to produced electricity. It is capable to provide around 60% of electricity in our country. There are several reasons for high demand of thermal powerplant. It requires low cost of energy production comparatively to other methods. However, thermal powerplants have negative environmental impact. It emits greenhouse gas that is the main cause of climate change. In addition, it can be reduced biodiversity of Sundarbans. On the other hand, it can be polluted the water and soil correspondingly. The research objective is to find out environmental impact of Rampal Powerplants as well as people understanding regarding those factors.
Wharton Business School Case study; Here Comes the Sun: ESG and Dirty Solar ...Keith Krach
Wharton Business School Case study; Here Comes the Sun: ESG and Dirty Solar Supply
Chains, Kelly Currie & Keith Krach
There has been explosive growth in environmental, social and governance (ESG) investment. There is also a growing consciousness that unfettered investment in China’s economy has serious consequences for America’s economic and national security. It is increasingly clear that ESG investment in Chinese entities are in serious conflict, and nowhere is this conflict more evident than the supply chain for solar panels. Investors, consumers, and voters rightly want “clean” supply chains with clean labor practices for clean energy, but the ESG investment industry has failed to deliver them. Instead, as ESG investment has increased, the supply chain for solar panels has become deeply entangled in the ongoing genocide against the Uyghurs .
Clean Capital Markets Playbook
To address this massive issue, Krach and his team determined that the Clean Capital Markets Strategy necessitated a multi-faceted campaign involving Wall Street, major corporations, civil society, American universities, and consumers. When it came to ESG, this strategy presented one of the most comprehensive models for addressing the inconsistent application of ESG standards—not just on solar, but every industry under the sun. Clean Capital Markets Strategy consisted of four prongs: (1) calling out the CCP’s egregious behavior; (2) unveiling China’s financial ruses; (3) championing investors; (4) taking action.
“Clean Capital Markets”
Rather than replicating the convoluted EU regulatory approach that likely will serve as a brake on innovation and investment, U.S. policymakers should look to the Clean Capital Markets approach. Instead of controversial and complicated new disclosure schemes, policymakers should focus on targeted, achievable goals. As part of his broad push to protect the average American investor from unknowingly financing the CCP’s malign intentions, Krach developed the multi-pronged Clean Capital Markets Playbook to address the distortions that have arisen under the current system. The playbook’s targeted, common-sense recommendations may also have the added benefit of leveling the playing field for companies that play by the rules, do not benefit from slave labor or have the backing of a predatory party-state .
In April 2022, as the co-chair of the Global Tech Security Commission, Krach pens an article in Fortune “Present your China contingency plan at the next board meeting.”
Boards increasingly understand doing business with, in, or for China represents tremendous risk. The world saw the Ukrainian attack coming. The free world has come to learn that, just like Putin, General Secretary Xi is not to be trusted.
You can’t afford to get caught off guard on this one. So, prepare now. When that moment comes, and you’re not ready, it will already be too late. When the dreaded becomes inevitable, you need to develop a plan and execute on it.
Hybrid Biomass-Solar Power System with Establishment of Raw Material Procureijtsrd
The utilization of sustainable power sources is ending up exceptionally essential because of the restricted stores of non-renewable energy sources and worldwide ecological worries for the creation of electrical power age and usage. In remote regions, towns, it is anything but difficult to get more sum biomass. Subsequently by the utilization of crossover frameworks comprising of Biomass and PV for creation of electrical vitality in these remote regions can be more temperate. On the off chance that the advancement of a PC based approach for assessing, the general execution of independent half and half PV-Biomass creating frameworks are broke down ,at that point these outcomes are helpful for creating and introducing cross breed frameworks in remote regions This paper centers the practical thought of independent crossover frameworks having PV and Biomass for electrical generation in remote zones. Additionally in this paper a reproduction approach has been recommended for planning remain solitary network for remote regions. The normal sun powered radiation and amount of biomass required information are to anticipate the general execution of the creating framework. The batteries can likewise be utilized as a part of this framework to store the additional vitality which can additionally be utilized for reinforcement. Likewise the additional power is utilized to supply to the network. Here the reproduction is completed utilizing HOMER programming. The outcomes and investigation can used to enhance the improvement of the proposed demonstrate. Vikash Pooniya | Mr. Pravin Kumar | Dr. Deepika Chauhan | Md. Asif Iqbal"Hybrid Biomass-Solar Power System with Establishment of Raw Material Procure" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11105.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/11105/hybrid-biomass-solar-power-system-with-establishment-of-raw-material-procure/vikash-pooniya
Pakistan is facing a severe energy crisis as demand for energy exceeds supply. Non-renewable fossil fuels like natural gas, petroleum and coal currently meet most of Pakistan's energy needs but supplies are limited. Renewable resources like hydroelectric, solar and wind have significant untapped potential but have not been fully developed. The country also has plans to increase nuclear and other alternative energy capacities to help address the crisis. However, issues around infrastructure, management, funding and technology access have hindered progress in expanding energy supplies to meet growing demand.
Study of Wind biomass hybrid model for rural electrificationIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on a proposed wind-biomass hybrid system for rural electrification in Leh Ladakh, India. The system aims to address energy challenges in the region by integrating wind turbines, biomass generators, and battery storage. A techno-economic analysis of the system was conducted using HOMER software to optimize component sizing and minimize costs. Preliminary results showed the hybrid system could meet community energy demands economically while providing a reliable off-grid power supply.
China Clean Energy Industry Report, 2009 2010ResearchInChina
Clean energy refers to the energy that doesn’t discharge pollutants, mainly including nuclear energy, hydropower, wind power, solar power, bio-energy (biogas), and tidal energy. At present, China's energy consumption structure is still dominated by thermal power, and the structure won’t change in the near future. But in the long run, clean energy will account for an increasingly larger proportion in electricity generating capacity. The figure below shows that the proportion of nuclear power, hydropower and other power sources increased from 19.7% in 2007 to 23.0% in March 2010, up 3.3 percentage points. As China launches more preferential policies for nuclear power, wind power and solar energy industry, the proportion of clean energy power generation will increase substantially.
This document provides information about renewable energy and photovoltaic systems. It includes 14 figures and 10 tables describing various aspects of photovoltaic cells, modules, arrays, and systems. The key points covered are the basic components and configurations of photovoltaic systems, including stand-alone, grid-connected, and hybrid systems, as well as connections of photovoltaic cells in series and parallel. Matlab code is also included to model the performance of photovoltaic cells.
This document discusses various methods for procuring renewable energy (RE) power in India. It covers different RE sources like solar, wind, biomass and small hydro. Open access and captive power generation are identified as the two main avenues for RE procurement. Open access allows commercial and industrial consumers above 1 MW to purchase power directly from third party RE producers. Captive power involves setting up an on-premises RE system. Solar and wind are highlighted as favorable options due to large installed capacity and growth potential. Small hydro is region specific while biomass depends on stable fuel supply. Overcoming challenges like incomplete open access implementation will help facilitate wider availability of RE power.
Similar to Indian Solar Manufacturing : Revitalization (20)
ProSocial Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Aggression - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Understanding of Self - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
You may be stressed about revealing your cancer diagnosis to your child or children.
Children love stories and these often provide parents with a means of broaching tricky subjects and so the ‘The Secret Warrior’ book was especially written for CANSA TLC, by creative writer and social worker, Sally Ann Carter.
Find out more:
https://cansa.org.za/resources-to-help-share-a-parent-or-loved-ones-cancer-diagnosis-with-a-child/
Covey says most people look for quick fixes. They see a big success and want to know how he did it, believing (and hoping) they can do the same following a quick bullet list.
But real change, the author says, comes not from the outside in, but from the inside out. And the most fundamental way of changing yourself is through a paradigm shift.
That paradigm shift is a new way of looking at the world. The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People presents an approach to effectiveness based on character and principles.
The first three habits indeed deal with yourself because it all starts with you. The first three habits move you from dependence from the world to the independence of making your own world.
Habits 4, 5 and 6 are about people and relationships. The will move you from independence to interdependence. Such, cooperating to achieve more than you could have by yourself.
The last habit, habit number 7, focuses on continuous growth and improvement.
1. 6st Dec 2013
Under the Guidance of
Professor P. D. Jose
Submitted by
Dhiraj Kumar Pal (1211337)
Amrapali Bhowmik (1211246)
Clio Morfino (12E5302)
Vagish Sharma (12E5319)
Moser Baer: Reviving Domestic Manufacturing
with eco-sensitive strategy
2. Table of Contents
Indian Energy Scenario ..............................................................................................................................................................................2
Energy Security ..........................................................................................................................................................................................2
Renewable energy sources in India ...........................................................................................................................................................3
Solar Energy ...............................................................................................................................................................................................3
National Solar Mission...........................................................................................................................................................................3
Domestic manufacturing ...........................................................................................................................................................................4
Solar cell Technology: Future Outlook.......................................................................................................................................................4
Disaster in waiting......................................................................................................................................................................................5
Manufacturing Hazards.........................................................................................................................................................................5
Crystalline Silica Cells ........................................................................................................................................................................5
Thin film Technology.........................................................................................................................................................................5
Usage Hazards.......................................................................................................................................................................................5
Hazards at disposal stage......................................................................................................................................................................6
End-of-life hazards for Solar PV.............................................................................................................................................................6
Other Concerns..........................................................................................................................................................................................6
Land use pattern and utilization............................................................................................................................................................6
Water balancing....................................................................................................................................................................................6
Interference with desert ecosystem.......................................................................................................................................................6
Existing regulations....................................................................................................................................................................................6
Regulation in other nations .......................................................................................................................................................................7
China Case .............................................................................................................................................................................................7
Californian case .....................................................................................................................................................................................7
European case .......................................................................................................................................................................................7
Risk Life Cycle Assessment.........................................................................................................................................................................8
Policy imperatives for India .......................................................................................................................................................................8
Domestic Manufacturing: Case for Sustainability......................................................................................................................................9
Domestic Manufacturer: Moser Baer....................................................................................................................................................9
Issues & concerns ................................................................................................................................................................................10
Non- Market factor: Stakeholder Analysis...............................................................................................................................................11
Cost Benefit Analysis................................................................................................................................................................................11
Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................................................12
Recommendation.....................................................................................................................................................................................12
a) Initiate discussions on waste management................................................................................................................................12
b) Product insurance and take back clause.....................................................................................................................................13
c) R&D investments.........................................................................................................................................................................13
d) Collaboration on common treatment plants ..............................................................................................................................13
e) Switch to other renewable technologies.....................................................................................................................................13
f) Integrated Eco-industrial Park ....................................................................................................................................................13
References ...............................................................................................................................................................................................14
Endnotes..................................................................................................................................................................................................14
3. Indian Energy Scenario
Energy demand in India has been growing over the years and country is now placed fourth in terms of primary
energy consumption. On comparing this with world average of 1797 kilograms of oil equivalent (kgoe), India's
per capita consumption of 585 kilograms of oil equivalent (kgoe) is very low.
But, as per Planning Commission estimates consumption would rise to to 738.07 mtoe by 2016-171
and with
supply side bottlenecks there will be about 38 percent import reliance.
Country Primary Energy
Consumption
China 2210.3 mtoe
United States 2205.9 mtoe
Russian
Federation
644.4 mtoe
India 487.6 mtoe
Japan 474 mtoe
Country KGOE
United States 7034
Russian Federation 4559
Japan 3707
UK 3184
China 1698
Brazil 1240
India 585
World 1797
Table-1: Primary Energy Consumption of Top Five
Countries (2009)2
Table-2: Per Capita Energy Consumption (2009)3
Energy consumption in India is highly dependent on hydrocarbon fuels with only 10% made up by cleaner and
renewable sources.
Figure-1: Indian Energy Mix 4
Now, with huge growth in projected demands and impending import dependence, it seems reasonable that
emphasis needs to be given on sustainable abundant sources of energy.
Energy Security
Over the years challenges have emerged with lack in domestic coal production mainly attributed to
infrastructure constraints, also there are concerns of environmental in case of large hydro plants, thermal power
plant emissions and then heightened nuclear risk after Fukushima disaster. With existing supply-demand
4. imbalance in range of 12.7% peak deficits, situation is likely to worsen in near future. Add to it, 50% of
population has little or no access to commercial and majority others face erratic supplies.
To address all these requirements it is necessary to arrive at a prudent energy mix by harnessing renewable
sources which are resourceful domestically. However, high costs of energy generation associated with
renewable sources are a major restraint but supportive government policies will allow it to compete
economically with fossil fuels over time.
Integrated Energy Policy, 2006 was the first formal step by Indian govt. to rationalize domestic energy mix.
This was followed by institution of a full-fledged Ministry on New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) which is a
nodal agency to facilitate implementation of all programmes on renewable energy resources.
Renewable energy sources in India
Renewable energy can be derived from natural sources like water, sun, wind, geothermal, tidal, biofuels etc.
Being inexhaustible and replenish able source, they are clean and have no harmful effects on natural ecosystem.
As per govt. data, wind energy is the largest harnessed renewable source in India. But, supporting policies are
increasing contribution from Solar for past few years.
Figure-2: Contribution of various RES (on-grid) Source: www.mnre.gov.in (as on 30/9/2013)
Solar Energy
Annually about 5,000 trillion kWh5
of solar energy is incident on India with average insolation of about 4-7
kWh per sq. m per day over most of the land area. This makes it technologically feasible to convert this huge
reservoir of energy efficiently into heat and electricity by using solar PV and solar thermal systems. Also,
geographical location of India is such that major land mass receives the average insolation for 5 hours daily and
this presents a case for easy scalability.
National Solar Mission6
Given the context, government embarked on the ambitious goal by launching Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar
Mission. The objective was to develop solar energy as a competitive alternative for hydrocarbons based energy
sources. Additional advantage was that change in energy mix, will make development more inclusive as off-
grid systems will empower marginalized and deprived people.
The mission also earmarked goals for promoting R&D program in collaboration with leading researchers in the
field. Mission targets are:
68%
13%
4%
8%
7% 0.34%
Wind Small Hydro Biomass Bagasse Cogeneration Solar PV Other
5. Table-3: JNNSM Capacity Addition Target7
Domestic manufacturing
India’s Solar PV industry is dependent on imported components, major one being the silicon wafers. And to
promote domestic manufacturing, the mission set a target of 4-5 GW equivalent manufacturing capacity by
2020. By March 2013, the total capacity has touched 2000 MW as per MNRE announcement.8
The break-up of different components are,
Table-4: Manufacturing Facility9
However, India doesn’t have any poly-silicon production capacity and no capability in solar thermal projects;
but with new policies and sector will get boost to develop these alternate technologies.
Solar cell Technology: Future Outlook
Currently crystalline silicon is the most common technology, and its manufacturing processes are similar to that
of electronic circuitry industry. But, gradual advancements and better efficiencies are making the “thin-film”
cells as preferred choices.
c-Si : Crystalline Silicon
a-Si : Amorphous Silicon
CIS : Copper Indium Selenide
CIGS : Copper Indium Gallium Selenide
CdTe : Cadmium Telluride
Figure-4: Solar PV Module Technology10
However, the neglected piece of the growth story is the management of waste generated by solar PV technology
as no discussions is happening on the issue.
6. Disaster in waiting
Recent researches show that cell manufacturing uses raw materials that pose health hazards among living
organisms. In addition, the entire value chain is fraught with processes and systems that can be a threat to the
environment. Even the extraction process of silicon or constituent elements causes environmental damages
when trapped, underground toxic gases escape into atmosphere. Thus, a systematic analysis will help us in
determining other potential sources of hazards.
Manufacturing Hazards
Crystalline Silica Cells
Manufacturing process requires chemicals like Hydrogen Chloride and Chlorosilanes, which are toxic and
explosive in its reaction with water. Silicon Tetrachloride is also produced during the process which is a skin
irritant and can cause burns if exposed in high concentrations.
Figure-5: Crystalline Silicon Generation Process11
In order to react the substances large temperatures are required that leads to energy waste. Sulfur hexafluoride
(SF6) is also a by-product in the process and is known for its more potent harmful greenhouse effect in
comparison to Carbon dioxide. Other constituents like ethyl vinyl acetate, nitrogen, hydrogen peroxide, titanium
dioxide etc too have been identified as hazardous.
Thin film Technology
The main element is cadmium which is known to have damaging effects on livers, lungs and kidneys. Also,
being new technology very limited information is available on the toxicity of cadmium telluride (CdTe).
Usage Hazards
Solar PV systems have complex electric circuitry and associated electrical systems like inverters, power
devices. There working is based on electromagnetic induction, which is known to have carcinogenic properties
on long term exposure.
Also, being an active circuit during solar insolation makes them very dangerous during fire as de-energizing is
very difficult. The elemental constituent, Ethyl Vinyl Acetate can easily form explosive mixtures with air under
such conditions.
7. Hazards at disposal stage
Components like Cadmium, Arsenic and Tellurium can interfere with the natural food chains because of their
toxicity and pose harmful long term consequences.
EU Classification/Labelling Dangerous Substances 12
has identified Cadmium as extremely toxic and
carcinogenic.
End-of-life hazards for Solar PV
This is an important issue which has so far missed the industry notice. Much of the waste generated can be
categorized as e-waste and requires sophisticated mechanisms for disposal and recycling. Also, being a
hazardous waste only certified agencies have the capability to handle this. But, Indian scenario is not very
promising as only 5% of e-waste is handled by organized sector. Main reasons for this lackadaisical case are
ignorant society, tardy policy making and lack of recycling capacity.
With these concerns any rise in e-waste due to solar PV will surely aggravate the condition.
Other Concerns
Land use pattern and utilization
Solar plants require large tracts of land for electricity generation, as per technical estimates roughly 5 to 10
acres of land generates 1 MW13
. Following this with JNNSM’s ambitious target of 20 GW, land requirement
will rise to a whopping figure of 20 million sq. mt. 14
India is already land starved and growing urbanization is
straining arable area.
Moreover, land acquisition process is very archaic and calls for revolutionary changes to make it equitable with
the concerns of dislodged population.
When large areas are made available for solar plants, no major policy steps have been implemented to highlight
concerns on theissue of adequate compensation. Also, exploitation can’t be ruled out at hands of private parties
when acquisition is done in absence of any laid guidelines.
Water balancing
Solar thermal runs on similar energy cycles like coal based plants and thus will require large volumes of water
for cooling of systems. This restricts the choice of sites for putting up solar thermals and forces presence in
vicinity of water sources. The current thought process is narrow in sense that it considers only sun-rich areas of
Rajasthan or Gujarat,, but with scarce water availability, there’s seems to a mismatch in resource mapping .
Also, water is needed for cleaning & maintenance purposes and once large areas get covered with panels there
will be a proportional rise in demand. This concern is also neglected by the policy makers.
Interference with desert ecosystem
Desert topography and ecology is very sensitive, any external influences can greatly affect the local bio-
diversity. Cell surfaces are very shiny and often deceive aquatic insects as water source where they can lay their
eggs15
. This can be a major detriment to the life-cycle of the insects and lead to their extinction. With each
organism playing a role in local food-chain, this missing portion can interfere with the entire ecological balance.
However, current planning being a macro approach is indifferent to these aspects of ecosystem.
Existing regulations
The Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2009 is a landmark legislation to safeguard
environment and mandates regulatory clearance before any industrial activity, but even it neglects solar PV
8. plants under its ambit. With respect to hazardous chemicals, various schedules under Hazardous Chemical
Rules have failed to include cadmium compounds, silane, argon, selenide gas. Unregulated emissions of these
can have harmful effects on the environment and when discharged to water bodies become more potent as it
then easily enter the food chain of living organisms.
Regulation in other nations
China Case
Society has started witnessing the ill-effects of irresponsible behaviour of Industry and subsequently discussions
have started to put more scrutiny and onus on the manufacturing industry. Even govt. has started to take of this
Figure-6: Silicon Tetrachloride dumping in Henan, China16
issue where in one case a plant of Zhejiang Jinko Solar company in Haining city had to stop production when
public protested about the huge untreated toxic waste resulting from factory compound.17
Californian case
As per the regulations, manufacturers are accountable through a pre-financed extended producer responsibility
scheme (EPR), which would promote eco-design and would fund the needed infrastructures for the PV module
recycling. 18
Subsequently, domestic recycling treatment will come under the regulation as a check on
irresponsible practices of illegal dumping and mishandling.19
The situation now is more tensed because SVTC (Silicon Valley Toxic Coalition) issued a report stating on the
toxicity levels of the main composite (cadmium and tellurium), which classifies the PV compounds as
hazardous waste. Therefore, authorities are considering the proposal for enforcing hazardous waste control
laws, through permit issuing and fee impositions (pre-financed collection scheme).20
,21
While waiting for the regulation’s final approval, Californian solar firms have begun planning and creating
coalitions to recycle used PV panels before leaching stage through various recycling methods suggested by the
Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI).22
European case
European authorities have launched the EWL (European Waste Law), whose WEEE directive (waste for
electrical and electronic equipment) states that manufacturers must finance a system for collecting, processing,
recycling and disposing them (Take-Back policy). Moreover, producers, importers and distributors should give
incentives to design electrical and electronic equipment in a more environmentally efficient way. 23
9. Finally, increasing targets are fixed at a European level, for which treatment standards have to be met, as the
below regulation:
“Four years after the entry into force of the present directive, member states must collect annually 45% of the
average weight of electrical and electronic equipment placed on their national markets. Three years later,
member states are to achieve a 65% collection rate.”24
Thus, societies are at trending at different stages in their sensitization of the impending hazard.
Risk Life Cycle Assessment
It is very evident that India discussions are still nascent but other countries are gradually moving up the
trajectory. And with information becoming more easily accessible in digital age, there will not be substantial lag
when issue becomes pertinent in domestic arena. Now, when Indian manufacturers are facing existential threats
it is quite obvious that they too have failed to incorporate this non-market strategy. However, industry in
developed nations has started to include these developments as part of strategy to thwart competition from
cheaper and non-standard Chinese imports.
Figure-7: Issue Development Life Cycle Process25
Policy imperatives for India
The growing debate at world level presents high point for India to start rationalizing its solar mission policy.
Basic calculation to identify the potential waste India is likely to face,
Solar cell dimension = 1642 x 979 x 38 (mm) 26
Volume of one panel = 61085.68 cm3
Weight = 19 Kg
Wattage = 250 W 27
Number of panel for 1 MW = 4000
1 ton = 907185 g
Waste from 1 MW = 83 ton
When India fulfills solar mission’s commitment of 20 GW
Potential e-waste = 16, 60,000 tons
10. Thus, when the debate sets in, there will be amendment to all existing legislations like CRZ notification,
Hazardous Waste Rules, Chemical rules, factory rules to prevent the likely impact on humans and environment.
And this presents an ideal case for domestic manufacturers to proactively shape their sustenance by being
ecologically sensitive.
Domestic Manufacturing: Case for Sustainability
Domestic manufacturing lacks scale and is very fragmented. With majority of silicon wafers still procured
through imports, manufacturing is mainly a downstream module assembly process.
As industry faces challenges of limited revenue streams and impending competition, it has cut down investment
in development of new technology.
Although, govt. has included the concept of domestic content requirement (DCR) under solar mission targets
but imported components are finding more takers as they lower the cost of electricity generation and makes
solar energy competitive in relation to fossil fuels.
Figure-8: Import reliance in India’s solar story28
Domestic Manufacturer: Moser Baer
Established in New Delhi, Moser Baer is one of the leading PV modules manufacturers in India. The Strategic
Business Unit has different model from its local competitors who operates as EPC (Engineering, Procurement
and Construction) contractors.
Figure-9: Business Models in Indian Solar Industry
11. EPC contractor imports various parts and components, mostly from China, for their low cost advantage.
However, imported parts have concerns of quality, performance and longevity. The components are then
assembled and integrated and solar photovoltaic module is made ready for installation.
The value chain of Moser Baer (MB) is sensibly different and allows them to have a better control over
production costs, manufacturing processes, quality control and technological improvements. Moreover, their
manufactured items respect international quality standards and international certifications (ISO 9001:2000, SA
8000 and IEC certification). Also, thanks to its strategic alliances with American solar technology laboratories
and corporations, as Solfocus (high concentration photovoltaic tech.), Solaria (high efficiency solar tech.), Stion
Corporation (low cost high efficiency solar thin film panel) and HGS (High Gain Solar, producing durable and
easy to deploy solar systems), MB is able to complement the knowledge and capabilities. This allows the firm
to be at the forefront of technology and quality. However some compounds are still imported (from America
and Europe) because of the technological specificity and then assembled to be sold in domestic and
international market.29 30
MB implements as well recycling policies. As a member of PV Cycle, an international entity who promotes
voluntary waste management and recycling policies, Moser Baer is implementing a take-back policy which
applies nowadays just for the PV modules internationally sold. This initiative guarantees that every module at
the end of its life or warranty is recycled and its environmental impact minimized. This however, is not
practiced in India due to the lack of regulations. 31
Issues & concerns
Although, Moser Baer is a reckoning force in India, its plats are running below capacity. This is because of
higher module cost in comparison to Chinese imports, lower order book cascades into lesser plant utilization
and further higher cost. Another case is the dependency on imports of silicon wafers which exposes the firm to
exchange rate risks.
China meanwhile is going aggressive on capacity expansion and currently produces 3232
times more than what
local market demands. This additional capacity when operating under scale makes a threatening competitive
case for any countries domestic manufacturers as experienced in India.
Figure-10: Domestic manufacturing vis-à-vis global situation33
12. Non- Market factor: Stakeholder Analysis
Deriving learnings from stakeholder position in China and developed nations, gradual shift happens in the
positioning of various stakeholders. Under dormant case, courts and pollution regulators operate in the fringe
category and entire operating scope is managed by EPC, domestic manufacturers and government. But, when
India reaches Stage –III (fig.7), society activists will become stronger and shape the govt. policy through
collective voice and harsh steps will fall in place to regulate the sector.
Figure-9: Stakeholder Evolution34
Any such step will be life savior for domestic manufacturers as they have better technology and standard
products. But, analysis highlights that govt. role will mostly be reactive in nature and with no time certainty
many domestic manufacturers might fold by the time, succumbing to import competition. Thus, there is an
opportunity for Indian producers to take onus and initiate the discussion till now neglected from policy ambit.
Cost Benefit Analysis
A typical cost benefit analysis will more objectively validate this argument of how domestic manufacturers
should try and reclaim their share of market within the realms of sustainability. As per CERC benchmarkt,
installation costs have decreased over the years and driver is the 62% decrease in cost of PV module (import
phenomena). The guideline also misses any waste management cost.
S. No. Particulars (Crore/MW) 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
1 PV Modules 9.15 8.33 4.94 3.45
2 Land Cost 0.05 0.15 0.16 0.168
3 Civil & General Works 0.9 0.95 0.9 0.945
4 Mounting Structures 0.8 1.05 1 1.05
5 Power Conditioning Unit 1.8 1.6 0.98 0.6
6 Cables & Transformers 0.85 0.9 1 1.05
7 Preliminary & Pre-Operative Expenses 1.65 1.44 0.8 0.8
Total Capital Cost 15.2 14.42 9.78 8.058
Table-5: CERC benchmark capital cost for solar PV plants (as on 25/10/ 2012)35
13. Kerala Pollution Control Board has suggested that a capex of 10 crore is required for treating 1, 50,000 ton of
e-waste.36
Now, 1 MW generates = 83 ton of e-waste (proved earlier)
Therefore, capex cost per MW = Rs (10, 00, 00,000 ÷ 1, 50,000) x 83 = Rs 55,333
Also, we can find present value of investment that will be required at the end of life waste treatment for 1 MW
from waste management cost in U.K = Rs 12000 per ton (E-waste report in India)37
.
Using a discount rate of 9%, present value varies significantly with expected working life.
Expected Operating Life
Present Value of end-of-life
recycling cost (Lakh/MW)
5 yrs 10 yrs 15 yrs 20 yrs
6.49 4.22 2.74 1.78
Table-6: Present Value of end-of-life recycling cost
Conclusion
A careful observation presents this interesting point where treatment cost can vary for a player if his product
doesn’t function satisfactorily over stated lifetime. And, for any player per MW treatment plant installation cost
is less in comparison to per MW treatment cost.
Thus, a domestic manufacturer can pursue this idea of plant installation rather than accounting for treatment
cost. With current lack in capacity for e-waste treatment any plant can have alternate feeders for capacity
utilization. On the other hand, the imported product quality is unproven and concerns exist regarding
operational life. With no objective estimation, factoring for treatment cost is fraught with heavy risks and once
some parameter are developed, incorporation of ROI will push the prices for these imported components.
Indian products on the other hand have international certifications and reliable working life, which makes any
such waste treatment accounting a precise activity. According to industry sources any cost in excess of 50 Lakh
for a plant (avg. plant size in India is 15 MW) can bring domestic manufacturing at par competition with
cheaper imports.
Thus, Indian solar case can be a classic example where interplay of environment concern and sustainability is
markedly evident. Here, survival necessitates integration of non-market strategy and proactive engagement to
change industry course.
Recommendation
Following are some suggestion on how manner of strategy implementation based on time-lines and their
reasonability in achieving the intended objectives.
a) Initiate discussions on waste management
This strategy could be initiated on a short-term perspective. Replicating the Californian model, the company
would introduce the issue to the governmental authorities. With the debate, society will be also aware and more
involved in it. As a consequence, more efficient and durable products will be developed and will make domestic
14. manufacturers more competitive, thanks to their superiority in quality, performance and durability. Therefore,
this action will revitalize the Indian PV modules manufacturing sector and will promote the development of
new technologies for the recycling process.
The involved stakeholders will be:
- domestic manufacturers: new product developments and R&D expenditures;
- government : policy creation and implementation;
- pollution regulators: participation in the regulation discussion and set up of new standards.
b) Product insurance and take back clause
Moser Baer will provide a longer guarantee certifying the quality and the longevity (20 years) of its products.
This will redefine the industry standards and self-selection dynamics will force poor quality products (the
imported ones) to wind up. This will revitalize the domestic industry and strengthen the case of better quality
domestic components.
The stakeholders involved would be: domestic manufacturers, government, and consumers.
c) R&D investments
On a short/medium term, the company should invest more in R&D in order to improve the quality, longevity
and sustainability of the components, which will have more acceptability in the market. This will also help the
industry to gain learning curve advantage when more advanced technologies emerge.
d) Collaboration on common treatment plants
On a medium term perspective, the various Indian manufacturers should join their forces and invest collectively
in recycling and treatment facilities (as it is currently done in California, US). Moreover, they could lease their
recycling services to the EPCs or other e-waste generators at higher price. This will be an alternative income
stream, which could then be reinvested in the infrastructure improvement.
e) Switch to other renewable technologies
On a long run perspective, it would be necessary to convert the solar energy technologies into other ways as: 4th
generation nuclear plants, bio-fuels, small hydro, wind-offshore, geo-thermal which have tremendous potential.
However, such a shift is likely to take quite a long time to realize but will be beneficial in terms of waste
management and minimization.
f) Integrated Eco-industrial Park
By following the Kalundborg Eco-Industrial Park example, the waste derived from PV modules becomes the
raw material for another industry or re-enters in the value chain. The glass, for example, could be used in other
factories while the toxic compound could be chemically treated and recycled properly. Of course this could be
done on a more long-term perspective, but this model could have great potential for minimizing the
environmental impact and increasing the productivity of diversified industries.38
15. References
1. http://www.atkearney.com/utilities/ideas-insights/article/-/asset_publisher/LCcgOeS4t85g/content/solar-
power-in-india-preparing-to-win/10192#sthash.1SFEOYMH.dpuf
2. http://bridgetoindia.com/blog/?p=1791
3. http://www.semi.org/en/press/ctr_029193
4. India’s Energy Scenario in 2013 – Challenges & Prospects (Hydrocarbon Asia, Jan-Mar 2013)
5. http://www.thingsworsethannuclearpower.com/2012/09/the-real-waste-problem-solar-edition.html
Endnotes
1
IEC 2013 Securing tomorrow’s energy today: Policy & Regulations, Long Term Energy Security (Deloitte)
2
BP Statistical Review 2012
3
IEA Key World Statistics 2011
4
BP Statistical Review 2012
5
http://www.mnre.gov.in/schemes/grid-connected/solar/
6
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission : Towards Building SOLAR INDIA
7
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission : Towards Building SOLAR INDIA
8
http://www.intersolar.in/en/news-india/industry-news/status-of-pv-manufacturing-in-india.html
9
Future of Solar Energy in India : K. N. Subramaniam (CEO, Moser Baer Solar Ltd); Sept 23,2013
10
NPD Solarbuzz PV Equipment Quarterly
11
Toward a Just and Sustainable Solar Energy Industry : A Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition White Paper,2009
12
http://www.oehc.uchc.edu/news/EU%20and%20Labeling-%20Deeds.pdf
13
http://infochangeindia.org/environment/features/the-hidden-impacts-of-solar-india.html
14
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission : Towards Building SOLAR INDIA
15
http://news.discovery.com/animals/solar-panels-insects.htm
16
http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2008-03-09/business/36778308_1_polysilicon-plants-solar-energy-chinese-companies
17
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14963354
18
(California Department of Toxic Substances Control, 2013)
19
(PV recycling, Llc, 2010)
20
(California Department of Toxic Substances Control, 2010) http://dtsc.ca.gov/IDManifest/Fees.cfm
21
(California Department of Toxic Substances Control, 2010) http://dtsc.ca.gov/PollutionPrevention/p2gbp.cfm
22
(Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, 2010) http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/LawsRegsPolicies/upload/Norwegian-Geotechnical-Institute-Study.pdf
23
(Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, 2010) http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/LawsRegsPolicies/upload/Norwegian-Geotechnical-Institute-Study.pdf,
(European Commission, 2013) http://ec.europa.eu/environment/sme/legislation/waste_en.htm#3
24
(European Commission, 2013)http://ec.europa.eu/environment/sme/legislation/waste_en.htm#3
25
Lecture Slides: CSE Term V, PGP 2012-14 (Prof. P D Jose, IIM Bangalore)
26
http://www.solaronline.com.au/250w-k-solar-solar-panel.html
27
http://www.solaronline.com.au/250w-k-solar-solar-panel.html
28
Future of Solar Energy in India: K.N. Subramaniam (CEO, Moser Baer Solar Ltd)
29
(MoserBaer Solar, 2010)and (MoserBaer Solar, 2010) and (MoserBaer Solar, 2010)
30
(MoserBaer Solar, 2010)
31
(MoserBaer Solar, 2010) and (MoserBaer Solar, 2011)
32
Future of Solar Energy in India: K.N. Subramaniam (CEO, Moser Baer Solar Ltd)
33
Future of Solar Energy in India: K.N. Subramaniam (CEO, Moser Baer Solar Ltd)
34
Lecture Slides: CSE Term V, PGP 2012-14 (Prof. P D Jose, IIM Bangalore)
35
http://www.re-solve.in/perspectives-and-insights/cerc-revises-capital-cost-of-solar-pv-projects-to-rs-8-croresmw-for-fy-2013-14/
36
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-18/kochi/37813526_1_e-waste-plastic-waste-brahmapuram
37
Research Unit (Larrdis) Rajya Sabha Secretariat New Delhi, June 2011
38
(Wikipedia, 2013) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalundborg_Eco-industrial_Park