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Indian Panaroma(ALL ABOUT INDIA)

The document is a presentation on Indian culture, specifically focusing on its diverse festivals and regional customs, created by a student named Sumit Malhotra for Mr. Alan Bernard. It details various Hindu, Muslim, and Christian festivals, providing insights into their significance, customs, and historical backgrounds. The document also highlights national festivals like Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti, portraying India as a culturally rich and multifaceted society.

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St.Peter’s Sr. Sec. School A Presentation On Indian Panaroma To- Mr Alan Bernard By – Sumit Malhotra X A
Acknowledgement  I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher (Mr. Alan Bernard) as well as our principal who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on Indian Panaroma, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them. Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
CONTENTS  Introduction  Festivals In India  States In India
Introduction  With nearly 1 billion citizens, India is the second most populous nation in the world. It is impossible to speak of any one Indian culture, although there are deep cultural continuities that tie its people together. English is the major language of trade and politics, but there are fourteen official languages in all. There are twenty-four languages that are spoken by a million people or more, and countless other dialects. India has seven major religions and many minor ones, six main ethnic groups, and countless holidays.
Indian Festivals
Festivals in India  Hindu Festivals  Muslim Festivals  Christian Festivals  Sikh Festivals  Jain Festivals  National Festivals India is considered to be the land of festivals. And each of the festivals, which are celebrated here, has a reason or significance behind its celebration.
Hindu Festivals  In Hindu religion, there is a tradition of celebrating almost everything.  It is a well known fact that India is a land of fairs and festivals.  we have hundreds of festivals and fairs in Hindu Calendar every year.
Diwali  Diwali is regarded as one of the most important festival of the Hindu calendar.  The festival is mainly associated with lights as it is called the festival of light.  The literal meaning of Deepavali in Sanskrit is 'a row of lamps.'  Diwali festival is the one Hindu festival that unites the whole of India.
History of Diwali  History tells us that the festival is celebrated mainly for four days commences on Aswayuja Bahula Chaturdasi and concludes on Kartika Shudda Vijiya.  And each day has a significance and history behind its celebration.
 The first day of the festival Naraka Chaturdasi marks the killing of the demon king Naraka by Lord Krishna and his wife Satyabhama.  The second day is Amavasya. This very day Lord Vishnu rescued Goddess Lakshmi from the prison of Demon king bali and for that reason Goddess Lakshmi is worshipped on the day of Diwali.
 The third day is "Kartika Shudda Padyami." On this day Bali would come out of Pathala Loka and rule Bhuloka as per the boon given by Lord Vishnu. Hence, it is also known as "Bali Padyami".  The fourth day is referred to as "Yama Dvitiya.“ On this day, Lord Rama returned from exile to Ayodhya after fourteen years of exile.
When is Diwali  Normally according to the Hindu calendar the festival of Diwali, which is celebration of truth and light is celebrated on a nation-wide scale on Amavasya, the 15th day of the dark fortnight of the Hindu month of Ashwin (Aasho), which is usually the month of October or November every year.
Dussehra  Dussehra is also called as Navaratri Pooja or Durga Pooja.  Navratri, or 'The Festival of Nine Nights', is celebrated during the first nine days of the Hindu month of Ashvin (September-October).  The festival is dedicated to the worship of Mother Goddess or Shakti and her nine forms.
History of Durga Puja  We all celebrate Durga puja but hardly anyone knows the history or origin behind the celebration.  There are various legends associated with its origin but the most important and prevalent among them is the legend of Lord Rama.
 Lord Rama decided to seek blessings of Godess Durga during the time of war with Ravan. . For that puja, which lord Ram was performing 108 blue lotus were needed for the worship of Goddess Durga but Rama could manage only 107. But without that one lotus his puja would be incomplete
so he was on the verge of laying one of his eyes that was lotus-shaped and blue in color at the Goddess's feet when Goddess Durga appeared and satisfied with his devotion, granted her blessing and eventually he won the battle against Ravana. The time he worshipped was Spring season so from that time onwards Durga puja is celebrated.
 Another legend, which is associated with the celebration of Durga puja is the story of the defeat of the demon king, Mahishasura at the hands of Goddess Durga, the incarnation of Shakti (the power). This demon was almost invincible because of a boon granted by Lord Shiva whereby no male could defeat him.
Dussehra Celebration  The festival is celebrated for nine days.  People sow seeds on the first day, consecrate the planets, watch the sprouting and worship Goddess Durga during this festival.  The last three days are especially considered most important. The nine-day is equally divided in worshiping three goddesses.
 The first three days are dedicated to Goddess Durga.  The next three days are spent in worshipping goddess Lakshmi.  And the last three days are dedicated to Goddess Saraswati.  The festival comes to an end on the tenth day of Vjay Dashmi or Dussehra, when the idols of the Goddess Shakti are immersed in the river. Dussehra, is considered as an important festival.
Ganesh Chaturthi  Ganesh Chaturthi is the celebration of the birth of Lord Ganesha.  Ganeshji is worshipped first on all auspicious occasions, whether it is a marriage or a religious function.  He is regarded as the destroyer of all problems and obstacles.
During the festival  Larger clay made images are made by the professional craftsmen and set up in pandals and pavilions throughout the country.  On the day of the festival Hindus performs pujas at temples and even in homes.  Fasting, feasting and distribution of sweets mainly ladoos are offered to him.
 The idol is kept and offered pujas for 10 days.  After 10 days The murti is submerged on 'Parivartini' i.e. 'Jal Zilani' Ekadashi. Devotees observe a waterless fast.  Five pujas and arti are offered, together with a boat ride after each arti before Ganeshji's 'Visarjan' - submergence.
Krishna Janmashtami  Eight days after the full moon of Shravan, falls the festival of Janmashtami, the birthday of Lord Krishna.  The first day is Krishnashtami or Gokulashtami.  The second day is called Kalastami or more popularly Janmashtami.
Birth of Lord Krishna  Though exact dates cannot be stated, the period between 3200 and 3100 BC is accepted as the period in which Lord Krishna lived on earth.  It was raining heavily. At midnight a bright light appeared in the room of Devki. Vasudev woke up.  In that light the idol of Vishnu with four hands appeared.Then the child was born, Devki's eighth son.
Janmashtami Rituals People observe fast without water on this day, which is broken at midnight. At midnight, the Lord's birth hour, there is a grand worship of lord Krishna. The lord is bathed with milk while His Name is chanted 108 times. Arti is performed and offerings of flowers are made. He is also installed in the form of 'Lalji' in a swing and devotionally offered many sumptuous food dishes.
Makar Sankranti  mid-winter Hindu festival  Hindu New Year  festival is celebrated by taking dips in the Ganges River  dip is said to purify the self  celebrated for 3 days and is more of a cultural festival  the main point is that we can see the day and night same on this day.
Pongal  Another name of Makara Sankrantri that is celebrated in Tamil Nadu.  Pongal is regarded as a harvest festival of South India.  Pongal is all about thanksgiving to nature and takes its name from the Tamil word meaning "to boil" and is held in the month of Thai.
 The festival lasts for three days.  On the first day known as Bhogi, people clean out their homes thoroughly and in the evening, all unwanted goods are lit in a bonfire.  The second day is Perum Pongal, the most important. It is also called Surya Pongal because people worship Surya, the Sun God and his consorts, Chaya and Samgnya.
 The third day, Mattu Pongal, is meant to offer thanks to the cows and buffaloes, as they are used to plough the lands. Jallikattu, a violent taming the bull contest, marks this day.  On the last day, Kanum Pongal, people go out to picnic.  'Ponga' literally means overflowing and is named so because of the tradition of cooking the new rice in pots until they overflow, which is symbolic if abundance and prosperity.
Ram Navami  ninth day of the Hindu Lunar year (March)  birthday of Rama  Starts off with prey to the Sun  perform Kalyanotsavam (marriage celebration) for images of Rama and Sita  end of the day the Rama is taken to a procession on the street  Hindus are supposed to fast  Temples are decorated and readings of the Ramayana take place
Onam  The festival of Onam portrays the rich cultural heritage of Kerala, its golden past, rich traditions and prosperous present.  The festival is celebrated for a period of ten days, starting from the first day Atham and continuing till tenth and the biggest day called Thiru Onam.
 Atham - Day One First day is an important one and is considered holy and auspicious by the people of Kerala.  Chithira - Day Two On the second day of Onam, people add to the size of the Pookalam with different flowers.  Chodhi - Day Three Size of the Attha Poo gets further increased with an addition of design with different flowers.
 Visakam - Day Four Brisk activities in the market and households can be witnessed on the day of Visakam.  Anizham - Day Five High point of the day is the grand boat race event called Vallamkali.  Thriketa - Day Six People, who may be staying away from their homes, start coming to their homes as the main day approaches.
 Moolam - Day Seven With just two days left for the festival now, enthusiasm grips the state of Kerala.  Pooradam - Day Eight The day holds significance in Onam festivities. Devotees create clay idols in the shape of small pyramids.  Uthradam - Day Nine It is a day prior to Thiruvonam. Some people begin festivities on a large scale on this day.
 Thiruvonam - Day Ten The biggest day of all, is the tenth day called Thiruvon.  Thiru Onam is a big day. The best part of the festival is that it is a secular festival so people from all community and religion can take part. There are various morning rituals.  Onasadya is the most important and elaborate lunch after completing the morning rituals.
Onam Legends  The legend of King Mahabali  The Legend of Vanishing Boy  The Legend of Boat Palliodam
Muslim Festivals  There are a number of Muslim festivals.  The Muslim festivals do not correspond to any particular date or month of the Gregorian Calendar as they are based on the Hijra which follows pure lunar reckoning.
 The names of the 12 months that comprise the Islamic year are as follows: 1. Muharram  2. Safar  3. Rabi' al-awwal (Rabi' I)  4. Rabi' al-thani (Rabi' II)  5. Jumada al-awwal (Jumada I)  6. Jumada al-thani (Jumada II)  7. Rajab 8. Sha'ban 9. Ramadan 10. Shawwal 11. Dhu al-Qi'dah 12. Dhu al-Hijjah
Id-ul-Fitr  Id Ul Fitr is a festival that marks the end of the Ramzan period, and usually falls on a new moon night, in the month of September or October.  Ramzan is the ninth month in the Muslim calendar. According to legend, the Holy Koran was revealed in this month
Id-Ul-Zuha or Id-Ul-Adha  Bakriid or Id-ul-Zuha is one of the most celebrated festivals among Muslims all over the world. It is a day of sacrifice for the Muslims.  According to legends. It all started with a dream in which Allah directed the patriarch Prophet Ibrahim to sacrifice his son Ismail.  It was Ibrahim's faith in Allah and his son's faith in his father that were on test.
Id-e-Milad  Id-e-Milad is a festival of both rejoicing and mourning.  The day commemorates the birth and also the death anniversary of Prophet Mohammed.  It falls on the twelfth day of the third month Rabi-ul- Awwal of the Muslim calendar, which is usually in April.  The word 'barah' signifies the twelve days of the Prophet's sickness.
Muharram  The first Muslim month is Muharram and Muharram is observed on the tenth day of this month.  Muharram is a day of mourning as it commemorates the greatest tragedy in the history of Islam-the martyrdom of the Prophet's grandson Hussain.
Jain Festival: Pajushan  Its the most celebrated festival of Jains.  It lasts for four months. It varies from year to year.  This is celebrated to ask forgiveness for the mistakes we have made knowingly or unknowingly.  Jaanae anjaanae sey koi galti hui ho toh mann, vachan, kaya sey ‘micchami dukadam.’
Christian Festivals  India is a land of various religions and muliple cultures. Alongwith Hindu, Mulism and National festivals, Christian festivals are also celebrated with deity and devotion in different parts of India.
Christmas  The festival of Christmas celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ and conveys his message of love, tolerance and brotherhood.  Though Christmas is a primary festival of the Christian calendar but still it has a special significance in everyone's life.
History of Christmas  The first mention of 25th December as the birth date of Jesus occurred in 336 A.D.  The history of Christmas dates back over 4000 years. Many of the Christmas traditions were celebrated centuries before the Christ child was born.  Traditions say that it has been celebrated since the year 98 AD.
 In 137 AD the Bishop of Rome ordered the birthday of the Christ Child celebrated as a solemn feast.  In 350 AD another Bishop of Rome, Julius I, choose 25th December as the observance of Christmas since than it is celebrated on this day.  Fundamentally Christmas celebration is based on the intertwining of two ethnic patterns, Roman transition rites and Germano-Celtic Yule (jiuleis) rites- feasting and mortuary practice.
Good Friday  Good Friday, anniversary of Jesus' death on the cross.  According to the Gospels, Jesus was put to death on the Friday before Easter Day.  Observance include prayer and meditation at the Stations of the Cross, a succession of 14 images, usually on wooden crosses, depicting Christ's crucifixion and the events leading up to it.
Easter  Easter, also known as Pascha , the Feast of the Resurrection, the Sunday of the Resurrection or the Resurrection Day, is the most important religious feast of the Christian Calendar.  Easter celebrates the resurrection of Jesus, which occurred after his death by crucifixion.
National Festivals  Gandhi Jayanti celebrates the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. . Born on the 2nd of October 1869 at Porbandar in Gujarat.  Independence Day 15th August the red-letter day in the Indian calendar is celebrated as the Independence Day of India.
 After more than two hundred years of British rule, India finally won backs its freedom on 15th August, 1947.   Republic Day of India On 26th of January every year India celebrates its Republic Day. on this day in 1950 the constitution of India came into force and India became a truly sovereign state.
Holi  Celebrated on the day after the full moon in early March  Festival to celebrate good harvest  Spring festival  Also called the “Festival of Colors”  Day one = bonfire is lit at night  Day two = people go around and throw colored powder and water at each other  End with a feasts at a friends house in the evening
History of Holi  Hiranyakashipu, who consideration himself since toward invincible and highest beings; he had receiver of a great contribution of immortality reflection.  He has a youngster Prahlad who is a big fan of Rama.  This made him order his sister Holika to kill that child, but the spirit inturn killed her. This led to the celebration of Holi.
Raksha Bandhan  Raksha = protection  Bandhan = lasting bond  celebrates the relationship between brothers and sisters  Thread-tying ceremony (rakhi)  sister recognizes the bond between them  brother vows to look after her  Feed each other sweets
Rakhi Legends  The legend of Lord Indra and his wife Sachi.  The legend of Alexander’s wife and King Porus.  The legend of Rani Karnavati and Humayun.  The legend of Hindu Rajputs and Mughal Rulers.
INDIAN CULTURE
I AM MUSLIM HINDU BUDDHIST SIKH CHRISTAN JAIN
RELIGIONS OF INDIA
Hinduism Sanskrit: िसिन्धु "Sindhu" (Indus River) + ism  Hinduism is often regarded as the oldest religion in the world and is believed to have been existed for 5,000 years. It has neither a specific moment of origin nor a specific founder.  It is considered to be collection of sacred texts known, as a whole, as ‘Sanatana Dharma’, "The Eternal Teaching.“  Hinduism is grounded in the doctrines of ‘samsara’ (the cycle of rebirth) and ‘karma’ (the universal law of cause and effect), and fundamentally holds that one's thoughts and actions directly determine one's life.
 Hinduism is typically divided into four major sects: ‘Shaiva’ (devotees of the god Shiva), ‘Vaishnava’ (devotees of the god Vishnu), ‘Shakta’ (devotees of the goddess), and ‘Smarta’ (those who understand the ultimate form of the divine to be abstract and all encompassing, Brahman).  The Vedas form the foundation of Hinduism, the bedrock upon which the entire tradition is built. There are four vedas, namely: 1. The Rigveda 2. The Yajurveda 3. The Samaveda 4. The Atharvaveda . “Om” is composed of three separate sounds. The first embodies the three worlds—the earth, atmosphere, and heavens; the second embodies the three great gods—Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva; and the third, three of the Vedas—the Rig, Yajur, and Sama.
Islam  Islam is the second-largest religion in India, making up 13.4% of the country's population with about 176 million adherents.  The first great expansion of Islam into India came during the Umayyad Dynasty of caliphs, who were based in Damascus.  Later the leaders such as Mahmud of Ghazni and Muhammad Tughluq expanded Muslim political domains without altering the religious or social fabric of Indian society.
 The largest concentration –about 47% of all Muslims in India, live in the three states of Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Bihar.  India has four sects of Muslims, namely: 1. Shia Muslims 2. Dawoodi Bohra 3. Ahmadiyya Islam 4. Quranists . Over the years, there has been significant integration of Hindu and Muslim cultures across India and the Muslims have played a prominent role in India’s economic rise and cultural influence.
Christianity  Christianity was introduced to India by Thomas the Apostle, who visited Muziris in Kerala in 52 CE.  Christianity in India has different denominations, like Roman Catholicism, Oriental Orthodox Christianity and Protestantism.  Christianity is practised by over 17.3 million people in India which represents less than 2% of the total population.
 Christianity in India was expanded in the 15th Century by Catholic Portuguese expeditions and by Protestant British and American missionaries in the 18th century.  Most Catholics reside in South India, particularly in Goa and Kerala, there are also large Christian populations in the North-east Indian states.
Sikhism  Guru Nanak (1469–1539) was the founder of Sikhism.  Sikhism recognizes all humans as equal before Waheguru, regardless of color, caste or lineage.  It rejects the beliefs of idol worship and circumcision.  "The central teaching in Sikhism is the belief in the concept of the oneness of God." Sikhism considers spiritual life and secular life to be intertwined.
 There are few religious prohibitions in Sikhism. 1. Cutting hair 2. Intoxication 3. Blind spirituality 4. Material obsession 5. Sacrifice of creatures 6. Non-family-oriented living 7. Worthless talk 8. Priestly class 9. Eating meat killed in a ritualistic manner (Kutha meat) 10. Having extramarital sexual relations.
Buddhism  It arose in and around the ancient Kingdom of Magadha (now in Bihar, India), and is based on the teachings of Siddhārtha Gautama who was deemed a "Buddha" ("Awakened One").  The practice of Buddhism as a distinct and organized religion declined from the land of its origin in around 13th century, but not without leaving a significant impact.  In modern times, two major branches of Buddhism exist: the Theravāda in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, and the Mahāyāna throughout the Himalayas and East Asia.
Jainism  Jainism has its roots from the Indus Valley Civilization, reflecting native spirituality prior to the Indo-Aryan migration into India.  The word Jainism is derived from a Sanskrit verb ‘Jin’ which means to conquer.  Jainism prescribes a path of non-violence towards all living beings and emphasizes spiritual independence and equality between all forms of life.  During the 5th century BCE, Vardhamana Mahāvīra became one of the most influential teachers of Jainism.
Festivals in India  India, being a multi-cultural and multi-religious society, celebrates holidays and festivals of various religions.  The three national holidays in India, the Independence Day, the Republic Day and the Gandhi Jayanti, are celebrated with zeal and enthusiasm across India.
 In addition, many Indian states and regions have local festivals depending on prevalent religious and linguistic demographics.  Popular Indian festivals include the Hindu festivals which are as follows: 1. Navratri 2. Diwali 3. Maha Shivratri 4. Ganesh Chaturthi 5. Durga Puja 6. Holi 7. Ugadi 8. Rakshabandhan 9. Dusshera
Navratri  Navratri is a festival dedicated to the worship of the Hindu deity Durga.  The word Navratri means 'nine nights' in Sanskrit, nav meaning nine and ratri meaning nights.  During these nine nights and ten days, nine forms of Shakti/Devi are worshiped.  The tenth day is commonly referred to as Vijayadashami or "Dussehra”.
Diwali  Diwali is an ancient Hindu festival celebrated in autumn every year.  The festival spiritually signifies the victory of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, good over evil, and hope over despair.  Before Diwali night, people clean, renovate and decorate their homes.  Also called as ‘Festivals of Lights’.
Ganesh Chaturthi  Ganesha Chaturthi is the Hindu festival celebrated on the birthday (rebirth) of the lord Ganesha, the son of Shiva and Parvati.  It is believed that Lord Ganesh bestows his presence on earth for all his devotees during this festival.  Ganesha is widely worshiped as the god of wisdom, prosperity and good fortune and traditionally invoked at the beginning of any new venture or at the start of travel.  The festival, also known as Vinayaka Chaturthi.
 Holi is a spring festival also known as festival of colours, and sometimes festival of love.  Ancient Hindu Festival which is popular amongst Non-Hindus as well.  Famous Holika and Prahlad story behind celebrating Holi.
Rakshabandhan  Raksha Bandhan is a Hindu festival that celebrates the love and duty between brothers and sisters; the festival is also popularly used to celebrate any brother-sister like loving protective relationship between men and women who are relatives or biologically unrelated.  The Rajput queens practised the custom of sending rakhi threads to neighbouring rulers as token of brotherhood.
 Several harvest festivals such as Sankranthi, Pongal, Raja Sankaranti swinging festival, and Onam, "Nuakhai" are also fairly popular.  Certain festivals in India are celebrated by multiple religions which are as under: 1. Buddha Purnima celebrated by Buddhists. 2. Sikh Festivals, such as Guru Nanak Jayanti, Baisakhi are celebrated with full fanfare by Sikhs and Hindus. 3. The Dree Festival is one of the tribal festivals of India celebrated by the Apatanis of the Ziro valley of Arunachal Pradesh.
 Islam is the second largest religion in India with population of over 135 million.  The Islamic festivals which are observed and are declared public holiday in India are:  Eid ul Fitr  Eid ul Adha-(Bakr Eid)  Milad un Nabi  Muharram  Shab-e-Barat
 Christianity is India’s third largest religion.  With over 23 million Christians, of which 17 million are Roman Catholics, India is home to many Christian festivals.  The country celebrates Christmas and Good Friday as public holidays.
 Regional fairs are also common and festive in India. For example, Pushkar fair is one of the world's largest markets and Sonepur mela is the largest livestock fair in Asia.
Indian Architecture  Indian architecture encompasses a multitude of expressions over space and time, constantly absorbing new ideas.  The result is an evolving range of architectural production that nonetheless retains a certain amount of continuity across history.
Indus Valley Civilization  Some of its earliest production are found in the Indus Valley Civilization(2600–1900 BC) which is characterized by well planned cities and houses. 
Architecture during Mauryan and Gupta Empire  Several Buddhist Architectural complexes, such as Ajanta and Ellora Caves and the monumental Sanchi Stupa were built.
South Indian Architecture  South India produced several Hindu temples like: i. Chennakesava Temple at Belur ii. The Hoysaleswara Temple at Halebidu iii. The Kesava Temple at Somanathapura iv. Brihadeeswara Temple, Thanjavur  v. The Sun Temple, Konark vi. The Buddha stupa at Bhattiprolu
Mughal Architecture  With the advent of Islamic influence from the west, Indian architecture was adapted to allow the traditions of the new religion.  Fatehpur Sikri, Taj Mahal, Gol Gumbaz, Qutub Minar, Red Fort of Delhi are creations of this era.
British Architecture  The colonial rule of the British Empire saw the development of Indo- Saracenic style, and mixing of several other styles, such as European Gothic.  The Victoria Memorial or the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus are notable examples.
Various other contributions of Indian Architecture:  Indian architecture has influenced eastern and southeastern Asia, due to the spread of Buddhism.  Temple Mound or Stupa  Temple Tower or Pagoda  Temple Gate or Torana  The central spire is also sometimes called avimanam.  The southern temple gate, or gopuram is noted for its intricacy and majesty.
Modern Indian Architecture  Contemporary Indian architecture is more cosmopolitan.  Mumbai's Nariman Point is famous for its Art Deco buildings.  Recent creations such as the Lotus Temple and various other monuments have added their contribution towards Indian Architecture.
Vaastu Shastra  The traditional system of Vaastu Shastra serves as India’s version of Feng Shui, influencing town planning, architecture, and ergonomics.  Though Vastu is conceptually similar to Feng Shui in that it also tries to harmonise the flow of energy, through the house.
States of India
States of India State Capital Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad Arunachal Pradesh Itangar Assam Dispur Bihar Patna Chhattisgarh Raipur Goa Panaji Gujarat Gandhinagar Haryana Chandigarh Himachal Pradesh Shimla Jammu & Kashmir Srinagar & Jammu Jharkhand Ranchi Karnataka Bangalore State Capital Maharashtra Mumbai Manipur Imphal Meghalaya Shiilong Mizoram Aizawi Nagaland Kohima Orissa Bhubaneshwar Punjab Chandigarh Rajasthan Jaipur Sikkim Gangtok Tamil Nadu Chennai Tripura Agartala Uttaranchal Dehradun Uttar Pradesh Lucknow West Bengal Kolkata
Andhra Pradesh  Andhra Pradesh’s capital is Hyderabad.  The language spoken in Andhra Pradesh is Telugu.  The speciality of Andhra Pradesh is Hyderabadi Biryani.
Arunachal Pradesh  The capital of Arunachal Pradesh is Itangar.  The language of Arunachal Pradesh is Miri.  The speciality of Arunachal Pradesh is Wood Carving.
Assam The capital of Assam is Dispur. The language of Assam Assamese. The speciality of Assam is assam tea & Kaziranga National Park.
Bihar  The capital of Bihar is Patna.  The language of Bihar are Hindi.  The speciality of Bihar is Historic Monuments.
Chhattisgarh  The capital of Chhattisgarh is Raipur.  The main spoken languages of Chhattisgarh are Chhattisgarhi and Hindi.  The speciality of Chhattisgarh is that it is a newly formed state in November 2000.
Goa The capital of Goa is Panaji.  The main spoken languages in Goa are Konkani.  The speciality of Goa are their Beaches.
Gujarat  The capital of Gujarat is Gandhinagar.  The main spoken languages in Gujarat are Gujarati, Hindi & English.  The speciality of Gujarat is singing and dancing and the most popular dances are Ras and Garba.
Haryana  The capital of Haryana is Chandigarh.  The main spoken languages in Haryana is Punjabi.  The speciality of Haryana is that Haryana is one of the wealthiest states of India.
Himachal Pradesh  The capital of Himachal Pradesh is Shimla.  The main spoken languages in Himachal Pradesh is Pahari.  The speciality of Himachal Pradesh is that Himachal Pradesh can be divided into three regions.
Jammu & Kashmir  The capital of Jammu & Kashmir is Srinagar & Jammu.  The main spoken languages in Jammu & Kashmir is Urdu.  The speciality of Jammu & Kashmir is handicrafts and woolen textiles.
Jharkhand  The capital of Jharkhand is Ranchi.  The main spoken languages in Jharkhand is Bhojpuri.  The speciality of Jharkhand is that it has a very strong culture and is famous for its mineral and forest resources.
Karnataka  The capital of Karnataka is Bangalore.  The main spoken languages in Karnataka is Tamil.  The speciality of Karnataka is Their Temples.
Kerala  The capital of Kerala is Thiruvananthapuram.  The main spoken languages in Kerala are Malayalam and English.  The speciality of Kerala is its greenery and Houseboat.
Madhya Pradesh  The capital of Madhya Pradesh is Bhopal.  The main spoken languages in Madhya Pradesh are Hindi.  The speciality of Madhya Pradesh is Art and Culture.
Maharashtra  The capital of Maharashtra is Mumbai.  The main spoken languages in Maharashtra is Marathi.  The speciality of Maharashtra is Tourist places.
Manipur  The capital of Manipur is Imphal.  The main spoken languages in Manipur are Manipuri.  The speciality of Manipur is Manipuri Dance.
Meghalaya  The capital of Meghalaya is Shiilong.  The main spoken languages in Meghalaya is Khasi.  The speciality of Meghalaya is that it is an agricultural state.
Mizoram  The capital of Mizoram is Aizawi.  The main spoken language in Mizoram is Mizo.  The speciality of Mizoram is its art and craft which is famous for its bright colors. Mizoram is also famous for its cane and bamboo furniture.
Nagaland The capital of Nagaland is Kohima.  The main spoken languages in Nagaland is English.  The speciality of Nagaland is Physically the state of Nagaland is roughly triangular in shape.
Orissa  The capital of Orissa is Bhubaneshwar.  The main spoken languages in Orissa are Magdhi & Oriya.  The speciality of Orissa is its temple carvings.
Punjab  The capital of Punjab is Chandigarh.  The main spoken languages in Punjab is Punjabi.  The speciality of Punjab is its bhangara dance.
Rajasthan  The capital of Rajasthan is Jaipur.  The main spoken languages in Rajsthan is Rajasthani.  The speciality of Rajasthan is it is the largest state of India in its area.
Sikkim  The capital of Sikkim is Gangtok.  The main spoken languages in Sikkim is English.  The speciality of Sikkim is that it shares its borders with three different countries, China in the north, Nepal in the West, and Bhutan in the East.
Tamil Nadu  The capital of Tamil Nadu is Chennai.  The main spoken languages in Tamil Nadu is Tamil.  The special feature of Tamil Nadu is The Dances of Tamil Nadu like Bharatnatyam etc.
Tripura  The capital of Tripura is Agartala.  The main spoken languages in Tripura is Bengali.  The speciality of Tripura is that Tripura is the land of 14 Gods and Million Statues.
Uttaranchal  The capital of Uttaranchal is Dehradun.  The main spoken languages in Uttaranchal is Sanskrit.  The speciality of Uttaranchal is that it is referred as Land of Gods.
Uttar Pradesh  The capital of Uttar Pradesh is Lukhnow.  The main spoken languages in Uttar Pradesh are Hindi & Urdu.  The speciality of Uttar Pradesh is Kumbh Mela.
West Bengal  The capital of West Bengal is Kolkata.  The main spoken languages in West Bengal are Bengali.  The speciality of West Bengal are Their costumes.
Union Territories of India State Capital Andaman and Nicobar Islands Port Blair Chandigarh Chandigarh Dadar and Nagar Haveli Silvassa State Capital Daman and Diu Daman Delhi Delhi Lakshadeep Kavaratti Pondicherry Pondicherry
Andaman and Nicobar Islands  The capital of Andaman and Nicobar Islands is Port Blair.  The main official spoken language in Andaman and Nicobar Islands are Hindi & English.  The special feature of Andaman and Nicobar Islands is Andaman & Nicobar Islands are blessed with a unique tropical rainforest canopy, made of a mixed flora with elements from Indian.
Chandigarh  The capital of Chandigarh is Chandigarh.  The main official spoken language in Chandigarh is Punjabi.  The special feature of Sandane the Great Dog.
Dadar and Nagar Haveli  The capital of Dadar and Nagar Haveli is Silvassa.  The main official spoken language in Dadar and Nagar Haveli is Marathi, Gujrati, Bhili & Bildoli.  The special feature of Dadar and Nagar Haveli The towns of Dadra and Silvassa both lie on the north bank of the river.
Daman and Diu  The capital of is Daman and Diu Daman.  The main official spoken language in Daman and Diu are Marathi & Portuguese.  The special feature of Daman and Diu are Their beaches and liquors.
Delhi The capital of Delhi is Delhi.  The main spoken language of Delhi is Hindi.  The special feature of Delhi is Their metros.
Lakshadeep  The capital of Lakshdeep is Kavaratti.  The main spoken language in Lakshadeep are Malayalam and Mahl.  The special feature of Lakshadeep are that Lakshadeep is the smallest city in all the union territories.
Pondicherry  The capital of Pondicherry is Pondicherry.  The main spoken language of Pondicherry are Tamil and French.  The special feature of Pondicherry are Tourist Places.

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Indian Panaroma(ALL ABOUT INDIA)

  • 1.
    St.Peter’s Sr. Sec.School A Presentation On Indian Panaroma To- Mr Alan Bernard By – Sumit Malhotra X A
  • 2.
    Acknowledgement  I would liketo express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher (Mr. Alan Bernard) as well as our principal who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on Indian Panaroma, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them. Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
  • 3.
    CONTENTS  Introduction  FestivalsIn India  States In India
  • 4.
    Introduction  With nearly1 billion citizens, India is the second most populous nation in the world. It is impossible to speak of any one Indian culture, although there are deep cultural continuities that tie its people together. English is the major language of trade and politics, but there are fourteen official languages in all. There are twenty-four languages that are spoken by a million people or more, and countless other dialects. India has seven major religions and many minor ones, six main ethnic groups, and countless holidays.
  • 5.
  • 6.
    Festivals in India Hindu Festivals  Muslim Festivals  Christian Festivals  Sikh Festivals  Jain Festivals  National Festivals India is considered to be the land of festivals. And each of the festivals, which are celebrated here, has a reason or significance behind its celebration.
  • 8.
    Hindu Festivals  InHindu religion, there is a tradition of celebrating almost everything.  It is a well known fact that India is a land of fairs and festivals.  we have hundreds of festivals and fairs in Hindu Calendar every year.
  • 9.
    Diwali  Diwali isregarded as one of the most important festival of the Hindu calendar.  The festival is mainly associated with lights as it is called the festival of light.  The literal meaning of Deepavali in Sanskrit is 'a row of lamps.'  Diwali festival is the one Hindu festival that unites the whole of India.
  • 11.
    History of Diwali History tells us that the festival is celebrated mainly for four days commences on Aswayuja Bahula Chaturdasi and concludes on Kartika Shudda Vijiya.  And each day has a significance and history behind its celebration.
  • 12.
     The firstday of the festival Naraka Chaturdasi marks the killing of the demon king Naraka by Lord Krishna and his wife Satyabhama.  The second day is Amavasya. This very day Lord Vishnu rescued Goddess Lakshmi from the prison of Demon king bali and for that reason Goddess Lakshmi is worshipped on the day of Diwali.
  • 13.
     The thirdday is "Kartika Shudda Padyami." On this day Bali would come out of Pathala Loka and rule Bhuloka as per the boon given by Lord Vishnu. Hence, it is also known as "Bali Padyami".  The fourth day is referred to as "Yama Dvitiya.“ On this day, Lord Rama returned from exile to Ayodhya after fourteen years of exile.
  • 14.
    When is Diwali Normally according to the Hindu calendar the festival of Diwali, which is celebration of truth and light is celebrated on a nation-wide scale on Amavasya, the 15th day of the dark fortnight of the Hindu month of Ashwin (Aasho), which is usually the month of October or November every year.
  • 15.
    Dussehra  Dussehra isalso called as Navaratri Pooja or Durga Pooja.  Navratri, or 'The Festival of Nine Nights', is celebrated during the first nine days of the Hindu month of Ashvin (September-October).  The festival is dedicated to the worship of Mother Goddess or Shakti and her nine forms.
  • 16.
    History of DurgaPuja  We all celebrate Durga puja but hardly anyone knows the history or origin behind the celebration.  There are various legends associated with its origin but the most important and prevalent among them is the legend of Lord Rama.
  • 17.
     Lord Ramadecided to seek blessings of Godess Durga during the time of war with Ravan. . For that puja, which lord Ram was performing 108 blue lotus were needed for the worship of Goddess Durga but Rama could manage only 107. But without that one lotus his puja would be incomplete
  • 18.
    so he wason the verge of laying one of his eyes that was lotus-shaped and blue in color at the Goddess's feet when Goddess Durga appeared and satisfied with his devotion, granted her blessing and eventually he won the battle against Ravana. The time he worshipped was Spring season so from that time onwards Durga puja is celebrated.
  • 19.
     Another legend,which is associated with the celebration of Durga puja is the story of the defeat of the demon king, Mahishasura at the hands of Goddess Durga, the incarnation of Shakti (the power). This demon was almost invincible because of a boon granted by Lord Shiva whereby no male could defeat him.
  • 20.
    Dussehra Celebration  Thefestival is celebrated for nine days.  People sow seeds on the first day, consecrate the planets, watch the sprouting and worship Goddess Durga during this festival.  The last three days are especially considered most important. The nine-day is equally divided in worshiping three goddesses.
  • 22.
     The firstthree days are dedicated to Goddess Durga.  The next three days are spent in worshipping goddess Lakshmi.  And the last three days are dedicated to Goddess Saraswati.  The festival comes to an end on the tenth day of Vjay Dashmi or Dussehra, when the idols of the Goddess Shakti are immersed in the river. Dussehra, is considered as an important festival.
  • 23.
    Ganesh Chaturthi  GaneshChaturthi is the celebration of the birth of Lord Ganesha.  Ganeshji is worshipped first on all auspicious occasions, whether it is a marriage or a religious function.  He is regarded as the destroyer of all problems and obstacles.
  • 24.
    During the festival Larger clay made images are made by the professional craftsmen and set up in pandals and pavilions throughout the country.  On the day of the festival Hindus performs pujas at temples and even in homes.  Fasting, feasting and distribution of sweets mainly ladoos are offered to him.
  • 25.
     The idolis kept and offered pujas for 10 days.  After 10 days The murti is submerged on 'Parivartini' i.e. 'Jal Zilani' Ekadashi. Devotees observe a waterless fast.  Five pujas and arti are offered, together with a boat ride after each arti before Ganeshji's 'Visarjan' - submergence.
  • 27.
    Krishna Janmashtami  Eightdays after the full moon of Shravan, falls the festival of Janmashtami, the birthday of Lord Krishna.  The first day is Krishnashtami or Gokulashtami.  The second day is called Kalastami or more popularly Janmashtami.
  • 28.
    Birth of LordKrishna  Though exact dates cannot be stated, the period between 3200 and 3100 BC is accepted as the period in which Lord Krishna lived on earth.  It was raining heavily. At midnight a bright light appeared in the room of Devki. Vasudev woke up.  In that light the idol of Vishnu with four hands appeared.Then the child was born, Devki's eighth son.
  • 29.
    Janmashtami Rituals People observefast without water on this day, which is broken at midnight. At midnight, the Lord's birth hour, there is a grand worship of lord Krishna. The lord is bathed with milk while His Name is chanted 108 times. Arti is performed and offerings of flowers are made. He is also installed in the form of 'Lalji' in a swing and devotionally offered many sumptuous food dishes.
  • 31.
    Makar Sankranti  mid-winterHindu festival  Hindu New Year  festival is celebrated by taking dips in the Ganges River  dip is said to purify the self  celebrated for 3 days and is more of a cultural festival  the main point is that we can see the day and night same on this day.
  • 33.
    Pongal  Another nameof Makara Sankrantri that is celebrated in Tamil Nadu.  Pongal is regarded as a harvest festival of South India.  Pongal is all about thanksgiving to nature and takes its name from the Tamil word meaning "to boil" and is held in the month of Thai.
  • 34.
     The festivallasts for three days.  On the first day known as Bhogi, people clean out their homes thoroughly and in the evening, all unwanted goods are lit in a bonfire.  The second day is Perum Pongal, the most important. It is also called Surya Pongal because people worship Surya, the Sun God and his consorts, Chaya and Samgnya.
  • 35.
     The thirdday, Mattu Pongal, is meant to offer thanks to the cows and buffaloes, as they are used to plough the lands. Jallikattu, a violent taming the bull contest, marks this day.  On the last day, Kanum Pongal, people go out to picnic.  'Ponga' literally means overflowing and is named so because of the tradition of cooking the new rice in pots until they overflow, which is symbolic if abundance and prosperity.
  • 36.
    Ram Navami  ninthday of the Hindu Lunar year (March)  birthday of Rama  Starts off with prey to the Sun  perform Kalyanotsavam (marriage celebration) for images of Rama and Sita  end of the day the Rama is taken to a procession on the street  Hindus are supposed to fast  Temples are decorated and readings of the Ramayana take place
  • 38.
    Onam  The festivalof Onam portrays the rich cultural heritage of Kerala, its golden past, rich traditions and prosperous present.  The festival is celebrated for a period of ten days, starting from the first day Atham and continuing till tenth and the biggest day called Thiru Onam.
  • 39.
     Atham -Day One First day is an important one and is considered holy and auspicious by the people of Kerala.  Chithira - Day Two On the second day of Onam, people add to the size of the Pookalam with different flowers.  Chodhi - Day Three Size of the Attha Poo gets further increased with an addition of design with different flowers.
  • 40.
     Visakam -Day Four Brisk activities in the market and households can be witnessed on the day of Visakam.  Anizham - Day Five High point of the day is the grand boat race event called Vallamkali.  Thriketa - Day Six People, who may be staying away from their homes, start coming to their homes as the main day approaches.
  • 41.
     Moolam -Day Seven With just two days left for the festival now, enthusiasm grips the state of Kerala.  Pooradam - Day Eight The day holds significance in Onam festivities. Devotees create clay idols in the shape of small pyramids.  Uthradam - Day Nine It is a day prior to Thiruvonam. Some people begin festivities on a large scale on this day.
  • 42.
     Thiruvonam -Day Ten The biggest day of all, is the tenth day called Thiruvon.  Thiru Onam is a big day. The best part of the festival is that it is a secular festival so people from all community and religion can take part. There are various morning rituals.  Onasadya is the most important and elaborate lunch after completing the morning rituals.
  • 43.
    Onam Legends  Thelegend of King Mahabali  The Legend of Vanishing Boy  The Legend of Boat Palliodam
  • 44.
    Muslim Festivals  Thereare a number of Muslim festivals.  The Muslim festivals do not correspond to any particular date or month of the Gregorian Calendar as they are based on the Hijra which follows pure lunar reckoning.
  • 45.
     The namesof the 12 months that comprise the Islamic year are as follows: 1. Muharram  2. Safar  3. Rabi' al-awwal (Rabi' I)  4. Rabi' al-thani (Rabi' II)  5. Jumada al-awwal (Jumada I)  6. Jumada al-thani (Jumada II)  7. Rajab 8. Sha'ban 9. Ramadan 10. Shawwal 11. Dhu al-Qi'dah 12. Dhu al-Hijjah
  • 46.
    Id-ul-Fitr  Id UlFitr is a festival that marks the end of the Ramzan period, and usually falls on a new moon night, in the month of September or October.  Ramzan is the ninth month in the Muslim calendar. According to legend, the Holy Koran was revealed in this month
  • 47.
    Id-Ul-Zuha or Id-Ul-Adha Bakriid or Id-ul-Zuha is one of the most celebrated festivals among Muslims all over the world. It is a day of sacrifice for the Muslims.  According to legends. It all started with a dream in which Allah directed the patriarch Prophet Ibrahim to sacrifice his son Ismail.  It was Ibrahim's faith in Allah and his son's faith in his father that were on test.
  • 48.
    Id-e-Milad  Id-e-Milad isa festival of both rejoicing and mourning.  The day commemorates the birth and also the death anniversary of Prophet Mohammed.  It falls on the twelfth day of the third month Rabi-ul- Awwal of the Muslim calendar, which is usually in April.  The word 'barah' signifies the twelve days of the Prophet's sickness.
  • 50.
    Muharram  The firstMuslim month is Muharram and Muharram is observed on the tenth day of this month.  Muharram is a day of mourning as it commemorates the greatest tragedy in the history of Islam-the martyrdom of the Prophet's grandson Hussain.
  • 51.
    Jain Festival: Pajushan Its the most celebrated festival of Jains.  It lasts for four months. It varies from year to year.  This is celebrated to ask forgiveness for the mistakes we have made knowingly or unknowingly.  Jaanae anjaanae sey koi galti hui ho toh mann, vachan, kaya sey ‘micchami dukadam.’
  • 52.
    Christian Festivals  Indiais a land of various religions and muliple cultures. Alongwith Hindu, Mulism and National festivals, Christian festivals are also celebrated with deity and devotion in different parts of India.
  • 53.
    Christmas  The festivalof Christmas celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ and conveys his message of love, tolerance and brotherhood.  Though Christmas is a primary festival of the Christian calendar but still it has a special significance in everyone's life.
  • 54.
    History of Christmas The first mention of 25th December as the birth date of Jesus occurred in 336 A.D.  The history of Christmas dates back over 4000 years. Many of the Christmas traditions were celebrated centuries before the Christ child was born.  Traditions say that it has been celebrated since the year 98 AD.
  • 55.
     In 137AD the Bishop of Rome ordered the birthday of the Christ Child celebrated as a solemn feast.  In 350 AD another Bishop of Rome, Julius I, choose 25th December as the observance of Christmas since than it is celebrated on this day.  Fundamentally Christmas celebration is based on the intertwining of two ethnic patterns, Roman transition rites and Germano-Celtic Yule (jiuleis) rites- feasting and mortuary practice.
  • 56.
    Good Friday  GoodFriday, anniversary of Jesus' death on the cross.  According to the Gospels, Jesus was put to death on the Friday before Easter Day.  Observance include prayer and meditation at the Stations of the Cross, a succession of 14 images, usually on wooden crosses, depicting Christ's crucifixion and the events leading up to it.
  • 57.
    Easter  Easter, alsoknown as Pascha , the Feast of the Resurrection, the Sunday of the Resurrection or the Resurrection Day, is the most important religious feast of the Christian Calendar.  Easter celebrates the resurrection of Jesus, which occurred after his death by crucifixion.
  • 58.
    National Festivals  GandhiJayanti celebrates the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. . Born on the 2nd of October 1869 at Porbandar in Gujarat.  Independence Day 15th August the red-letter day in the Indian calendar is celebrated as the Independence Day of India.
  • 59.
     After morethan two hundred years of British rule, India finally won backs its freedom on 15th August, 1947.   Republic Day of India On 26th of January every year India celebrates its Republic Day. on this day in 1950 the constitution of India came into force and India became a truly sovereign state.
  • 60.
    Holi  Celebrated onthe day after the full moon in early March  Festival to celebrate good harvest  Spring festival  Also called the “Festival of Colors”  Day one = bonfire is lit at night  Day two = people go around and throw colored powder and water at each other  End with a feasts at a friends house in the evening
  • 62.
    History of Holi Hiranyakashipu, who consideration himself since toward invincible and highest beings; he had receiver of a great contribution of immortality reflection.  He has a youngster Prahlad who is a big fan of Rama.  This made him order his sister Holika to kill that child, but the spirit inturn killed her. This led to the celebration of Holi.
  • 63.
    Raksha Bandhan  Raksha= protection  Bandhan = lasting bond  celebrates the relationship between brothers and sisters  Thread-tying ceremony (rakhi)  sister recognizes the bond between them  brother vows to look after her  Feed each other sweets
  • 65.
    Rakhi Legends  Thelegend of Lord Indra and his wife Sachi.  The legend of Alexander’s wife and King Porus.  The legend of Rani Karnavati and Humayun.  The legend of Hindu Rajputs and Mughal Rulers.
  • 66.
  • 67.
  • 68.
  • 69.
    Hinduism Sanskrit: िसिन्धु "Sindhu"(Indus River) + ism  Hinduism is often regarded as the oldest religion in the world and is believed to have been existed for 5,000 years. It has neither a specific moment of origin nor a specific founder.  It is considered to be collection of sacred texts known, as a whole, as ‘Sanatana Dharma’, "The Eternal Teaching.“  Hinduism is grounded in the doctrines of ‘samsara’ (the cycle of rebirth) and ‘karma’ (the universal law of cause and effect), and fundamentally holds that one's thoughts and actions directly determine one's life.
  • 70.
     Hinduism istypically divided into four major sects: ‘Shaiva’ (devotees of the god Shiva), ‘Vaishnava’ (devotees of the god Vishnu), ‘Shakta’ (devotees of the goddess), and ‘Smarta’ (those who understand the ultimate form of the divine to be abstract and all encompassing, Brahman).  The Vedas form the foundation of Hinduism, the bedrock upon which the entire tradition is built. There are four vedas, namely: 1. The Rigveda 2. The Yajurveda 3. The Samaveda 4. The Atharvaveda . “Om” is composed of three separate sounds. The first embodies the three worlds—the earth, atmosphere, and heavens; the second embodies the three great gods—Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva; and the third, three of the Vedas—the Rig, Yajur, and Sama.
  • 71.
    Islam  Islam isthe second-largest religion in India, making up 13.4% of the country's population with about 176 million adherents.  The first great expansion of Islam into India came during the Umayyad Dynasty of caliphs, who were based in Damascus.  Later the leaders such as Mahmud of Ghazni and Muhammad Tughluq expanded Muslim political domains without altering the religious or social fabric of Indian society.
  • 72.
     The largestconcentration –about 47% of all Muslims in India, live in the three states of Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Bihar.  India has four sects of Muslims, namely: 1. Shia Muslims 2. Dawoodi Bohra 3. Ahmadiyya Islam 4. Quranists . Over the years, there has been significant integration of Hindu and Muslim cultures across India and the Muslims have played a prominent role in India’s economic rise and cultural influence.
  • 73.
    Christianity  Christianity wasintroduced to India by Thomas the Apostle, who visited Muziris in Kerala in 52 CE.  Christianity in India has different denominations, like Roman Catholicism, Oriental Orthodox Christianity and Protestantism.  Christianity is practised by over 17.3 million people in India which represents less than 2% of the total population.
  • 74.
     Christianity inIndia was expanded in the 15th Century by Catholic Portuguese expeditions and by Protestant British and American missionaries in the 18th century.  Most Catholics reside in South India, particularly in Goa and Kerala, there are also large Christian populations in the North-east Indian states.
  • 75.
    Sikhism  Guru Nanak(1469–1539) was the founder of Sikhism.  Sikhism recognizes all humans as equal before Waheguru, regardless of color, caste or lineage.  It rejects the beliefs of idol worship and circumcision.  "The central teaching in Sikhism is the belief in the concept of the oneness of God." Sikhism considers spiritual life and secular life to be intertwined.
  • 76.
     There arefew religious prohibitions in Sikhism. 1. Cutting hair 2. Intoxication 3. Blind spirituality 4. Material obsession 5. Sacrifice of creatures 6. Non-family-oriented living 7. Worthless talk 8. Priestly class 9. Eating meat killed in a ritualistic manner (Kutha meat) 10. Having extramarital sexual relations.
  • 77.
    Buddhism  It arosein and around the ancient Kingdom of Magadha (now in Bihar, India), and is based on the teachings of Siddhārtha Gautama who was deemed a "Buddha" ("Awakened One").  The practice of Buddhism as a distinct and organized religion declined from the land of its origin in around 13th century, but not without leaving a significant impact.  In modern times, two major branches of Buddhism exist: the Theravāda in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, and the Mahāyāna throughout the Himalayas and East Asia.
  • 78.
    Jainism  Jainism hasits roots from the Indus Valley Civilization, reflecting native spirituality prior to the Indo-Aryan migration into India.  The word Jainism is derived from a Sanskrit verb ‘Jin’ which means to conquer.  Jainism prescribes a path of non-violence towards all living beings and emphasizes spiritual independence and equality between all forms of life.  During the 5th century BCE, Vardhamana Mahāvīra became one of the most influential teachers of Jainism.
  • 79.
    Festivals in India India, being a multi-cultural and multi-religious society, celebrates holidays and festivals of various religions.  The three national holidays in India, the Independence Day, the Republic Day and the Gandhi Jayanti, are celebrated with zeal and enthusiasm across India.
  • 80.
     In addition,many Indian states and regions have local festivals depending on prevalent religious and linguistic demographics.  Popular Indian festivals include the Hindu festivals which are as follows: 1. Navratri 2. Diwali 3. Maha Shivratri 4. Ganesh Chaturthi 5. Durga Puja 6. Holi 7. Ugadi 8. Rakshabandhan 9. Dusshera
  • 81.
    Navratri  Navratri isa festival dedicated to the worship of the Hindu deity Durga.  The word Navratri means 'nine nights' in Sanskrit, nav meaning nine and ratri meaning nights.  During these nine nights and ten days, nine forms of Shakti/Devi are worshiped.  The tenth day is commonly referred to as Vijayadashami or "Dussehra”.
  • 82.
    Diwali  Diwali isan ancient Hindu festival celebrated in autumn every year.  The festival spiritually signifies the victory of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, good over evil, and hope over despair.  Before Diwali night, people clean, renovate and decorate their homes.  Also called as ‘Festivals of Lights’.
  • 83.
    Ganesh Chaturthi  GaneshaChaturthi is the Hindu festival celebrated on the birthday (rebirth) of the lord Ganesha, the son of Shiva and Parvati.  It is believed that Lord Ganesh bestows his presence on earth for all his devotees during this festival.  Ganesha is widely worshiped as the god of wisdom, prosperity and good fortune and traditionally invoked at the beginning of any new venture or at the start of travel.  The festival, also known as Vinayaka Chaturthi.
  • 85.
     Holi isa spring festival also known as festival of colours, and sometimes festival of love.  Ancient Hindu Festival which is popular amongst Non-Hindus as well.  Famous Holika and Prahlad story behind celebrating Holi.
  • 86.
    Rakshabandhan  Raksha Bandhanis a Hindu festival that celebrates the love and duty between brothers and sisters; the festival is also popularly used to celebrate any brother-sister like loving protective relationship between men and women who are relatives or biologically unrelated.  The Rajput queens practised the custom of sending rakhi threads to neighbouring rulers as token of brotherhood.
  • 87.
     Several harvest festivals suchas Sankranthi, Pongal, Raja Sankaranti swinging festival, and Onam, "Nuakhai" are also fairly popular.  Certain festivals in India are celebrated by multiple religions which are as under: 1. Buddha Purnima celebrated by Buddhists. 2. Sikh Festivals, such as Guru Nanak Jayanti, Baisakhi are celebrated with full fanfare by Sikhs and Hindus. 3. The Dree Festival is one of the tribal festivals of India celebrated by the Apatanis of the Ziro valley of Arunachal Pradesh.
  • 88.
     Islam isthe second largest religion in India with population of over 135 million.  The Islamic festivals which are observed and are declared public holiday in India are:  Eid ul Fitr  Eid ul Adha-(Bakr Eid)  Milad un Nabi  Muharram  Shab-e-Barat
  • 89.
     Christianity isIndia’s third largest religion.  With over 23 million Christians, of which 17 million are Roman Catholics, India is home to many Christian festivals.  The country celebrates Christmas and Good Friday as public holidays.
  • 90.
     Regional fairsare also common and festive in India. For example, Pushkar fair is one of the world's largest markets and Sonepur mela is the largest livestock fair in Asia.
  • 91.
    Indian Architecture  Indianarchitecture encompasses a multitude of expressions over space and time, constantly absorbing new ideas.  The result is an evolving range of architectural production that nonetheless retains a certain amount of continuity across history.
  • 92.
    Indus Valley Civilization Some of its earliest production are found in the Indus Valley Civilization(2600–1900 BC) which is characterized by well planned cities and houses. 
  • 93.
    Architecture during Mauryanand Gupta Empire  Several Buddhist Architectural complexes, such as Ajanta and Ellora Caves and the monumental Sanchi Stupa were built.
  • 94.
    South Indian Architecture South India produced several Hindu temples like: i. Chennakesava Temple at Belur ii. The Hoysaleswara Temple at Halebidu iii. The Kesava Temple at Somanathapura iv. Brihadeeswara Temple, Thanjavur  v. The Sun Temple, Konark vi. The Buddha stupa at Bhattiprolu
  • 95.
    Mughal Architecture  Withthe advent of Islamic influence from the west, Indian architecture was adapted to allow the traditions of the new religion.  Fatehpur Sikri, Taj Mahal, Gol Gumbaz, Qutub Minar, Red Fort of Delhi are creations of this era.
  • 97.
    British Architecture  Thecolonial rule of the British Empire saw the development of Indo- Saracenic style, and mixing of several other styles, such as European Gothic.  The Victoria Memorial or the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus are notable examples.
  • 99.
    Various other contributionsof Indian Architecture:  Indian architecture has influenced eastern and southeastern Asia, due to the spread of Buddhism.  Temple Mound or Stupa  Temple Tower or Pagoda  Temple Gate or Torana  The central spire is also sometimes called avimanam.  The southern temple gate, or gopuram is noted for its intricacy and majesty.
  • 100.
    Modern Indian Architecture Contemporary Indian architecture is more cosmopolitan.  Mumbai's Nariman Point is famous for its Art Deco buildings.  Recent creations such as the Lotus Temple and various other monuments have added their contribution towards Indian Architecture.
  • 102.
    Vaastu Shastra  Thetraditional system of Vaastu Shastra serves as India’s version of Feng Shui, influencing town planning, architecture, and ergonomics.  Though Vastu is conceptually similar to Feng Shui in that it also tries to harmonise the flow of energy, through the house.
  • 103.
  • 105.
    States of India StateCapital Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad Arunachal Pradesh Itangar Assam Dispur Bihar Patna Chhattisgarh Raipur Goa Panaji Gujarat Gandhinagar Haryana Chandigarh Himachal Pradesh Shimla Jammu & Kashmir Srinagar & Jammu Jharkhand Ranchi Karnataka Bangalore State Capital Maharashtra Mumbai Manipur Imphal Meghalaya Shiilong Mizoram Aizawi Nagaland Kohima Orissa Bhubaneshwar Punjab Chandigarh Rajasthan Jaipur Sikkim Gangtok Tamil Nadu Chennai Tripura Agartala Uttaranchal Dehradun Uttar Pradesh Lucknow West Bengal Kolkata
  • 106.
    Andhra Pradesh  AndhraPradesh’s capital is Hyderabad.  The language spoken in Andhra Pradesh is Telugu.  The speciality of Andhra Pradesh is Hyderabadi Biryani.
  • 107.
    Arunachal Pradesh  Thecapital of Arunachal Pradesh is Itangar.  The language of Arunachal Pradesh is Miri.  The speciality of Arunachal Pradesh is Wood Carving.
  • 108.
    Assam The capital ofAssam is Dispur. The language of Assam Assamese. The speciality of Assam is assam tea & Kaziranga National Park.
  • 109.
    Bihar  The capitalof Bihar is Patna.  The language of Bihar are Hindi.  The speciality of Bihar is Historic Monuments.
  • 110.
    Chhattisgarh  The capitalof Chhattisgarh is Raipur.  The main spoken languages of Chhattisgarh are Chhattisgarhi and Hindi.  The speciality of Chhattisgarh is that it is a newly formed state in November 2000.
  • 111.
    Goa The capitalof Goa is Panaji.  The main spoken languages in Goa are Konkani.  The speciality of Goa are their Beaches.
  • 112.
    Gujarat  The capitalof Gujarat is Gandhinagar.  The main spoken languages in Gujarat are Gujarati, Hindi & English.  The speciality of Gujarat is singing and dancing and the most popular dances are Ras and Garba.
  • 113.
    Haryana  The capitalof Haryana is Chandigarh.  The main spoken languages in Haryana is Punjabi.  The speciality of Haryana is that Haryana is one of the wealthiest states of India.
  • 114.
    Himachal Pradesh  Thecapital of Himachal Pradesh is Shimla.  The main spoken languages in Himachal Pradesh is Pahari.  The speciality of Himachal Pradesh is that Himachal Pradesh can be divided into three regions.
  • 115.
    Jammu & Kashmir The capital of Jammu & Kashmir is Srinagar & Jammu.  The main spoken languages in Jammu & Kashmir is Urdu.  The speciality of Jammu & Kashmir is handicrafts and woolen textiles.
  • 116.
    Jharkhand  The capitalof Jharkhand is Ranchi.  The main spoken languages in Jharkhand is Bhojpuri.  The speciality of Jharkhand is that it has a very strong culture and is famous for its mineral and forest resources.
  • 117.
    Karnataka  The capitalof Karnataka is Bangalore.  The main spoken languages in Karnataka is Tamil.  The speciality of Karnataka is Their Temples.
  • 118.
    Kerala  The capitalof Kerala is Thiruvananthapuram.  The main spoken languages in Kerala are Malayalam and English.  The speciality of Kerala is its greenery and Houseboat.
  • 119.
    Madhya Pradesh  Thecapital of Madhya Pradesh is Bhopal.  The main spoken languages in Madhya Pradesh are Hindi.  The speciality of Madhya Pradesh is Art and Culture.
  • 120.
    Maharashtra  The capitalof Maharashtra is Mumbai.  The main spoken languages in Maharashtra is Marathi.  The speciality of Maharashtra is Tourist places.
  • 121.
    Manipur  The capitalof Manipur is Imphal.  The main spoken languages in Manipur are Manipuri.  The speciality of Manipur is Manipuri Dance.
  • 122.
    Meghalaya  The capitalof Meghalaya is Shiilong.  The main spoken languages in Meghalaya is Khasi.  The speciality of Meghalaya is that it is an agricultural state.
  • 123.
    Mizoram  The capitalof Mizoram is Aizawi.  The main spoken language in Mizoram is Mizo.  The speciality of Mizoram is its art and craft which is famous for its bright colors. Mizoram is also famous for its cane and bamboo furniture.
  • 124.
    Nagaland The capitalof Nagaland is Kohima.  The main spoken languages in Nagaland is English.  The speciality of Nagaland is Physically the state of Nagaland is roughly triangular in shape.
  • 125.
    Orissa  The capitalof Orissa is Bhubaneshwar.  The main spoken languages in Orissa are Magdhi & Oriya.  The speciality of Orissa is its temple carvings.
  • 126.
    Punjab  The capitalof Punjab is Chandigarh.  The main spoken languages in Punjab is Punjabi.  The speciality of Punjab is its bhangara dance.
  • 127.
    Rajasthan  The capitalof Rajasthan is Jaipur.  The main spoken languages in Rajsthan is Rajasthani.  The speciality of Rajasthan is it is the largest state of India in its area.
  • 128.
    Sikkim  The capitalof Sikkim is Gangtok.  The main spoken languages in Sikkim is English.  The speciality of Sikkim is that it shares its borders with three different countries, China in the north, Nepal in the West, and Bhutan in the East.
  • 129.
    Tamil Nadu  Thecapital of Tamil Nadu is Chennai.  The main spoken languages in Tamil Nadu is Tamil.  The special feature of Tamil Nadu is The Dances of Tamil Nadu like Bharatnatyam etc.
  • 130.
    Tripura  The capitalof Tripura is Agartala.  The main spoken languages in Tripura is Bengali.  The speciality of Tripura is that Tripura is the land of 14 Gods and Million Statues.
  • 131.
    Uttaranchal  The capitalof Uttaranchal is Dehradun.  The main spoken languages in Uttaranchal is Sanskrit.  The speciality of Uttaranchal is that it is referred as Land of Gods.
  • 132.
    Uttar Pradesh  Thecapital of Uttar Pradesh is Lukhnow.  The main spoken languages in Uttar Pradesh are Hindi & Urdu.  The speciality of Uttar Pradesh is Kumbh Mela.
  • 133.
    West Bengal  Thecapital of West Bengal is Kolkata.  The main spoken languages in West Bengal are Bengali.  The speciality of West Bengal are Their costumes.
  • 134.
    Union Territories ofIndia State Capital Andaman and Nicobar Islands Port Blair Chandigarh Chandigarh Dadar and Nagar Haveli Silvassa State Capital Daman and Diu Daman Delhi Delhi Lakshadeep Kavaratti Pondicherry Pondicherry
  • 135.
    Andaman and Nicobar Islands The capital of Andaman and Nicobar Islands is Port Blair.  The main official spoken language in Andaman and Nicobar Islands are Hindi & English.  The special feature of Andaman and Nicobar Islands is Andaman & Nicobar Islands are blessed with a unique tropical rainforest canopy, made of a mixed flora with elements from Indian.
  • 136.
    Chandigarh  The capitalof Chandigarh is Chandigarh.  The main official spoken language in Chandigarh is Punjabi.  The special feature of Sandane the Great Dog.
  • 137.
    Dadar and NagarHaveli  The capital of Dadar and Nagar Haveli is Silvassa.  The main official spoken language in Dadar and Nagar Haveli is Marathi, Gujrati, Bhili & Bildoli.  The special feature of Dadar and Nagar Haveli The towns of Dadra and Silvassa both lie on the north bank of the river.
  • 138.
    Daman and Diu The capital of is Daman and Diu Daman.  The main official spoken language in Daman and Diu are Marathi & Portuguese.  The special feature of Daman and Diu are Their beaches and liquors.
  • 139.
    Delhi The capitalof Delhi is Delhi.  The main spoken language of Delhi is Hindi.  The special feature of Delhi is Their metros.
  • 140.
    Lakshadeep  The capitalof Lakshdeep is Kavaratti.  The main spoken language in Lakshadeep are Malayalam and Mahl.  The special feature of Lakshadeep are that Lakshadeep is the smallest city in all the union territories.
  • 141.
    Pondicherry  The capitalof Pondicherry is Pondicherry.  The main spoken language of Pondicherry are Tamil and French.  The special feature of Pondicherry are Tourist Places.

Editor's Notes