Indian Ocean Trade Study Guide

Indian Ocean Trade Study Guide
Indian Ocean Trade: The Indian Ocean Trade routes connected Southeast Asia, India,Arabia and
East Africa In the classical era, major empires involved the Mauryan empire in India, the Han
Dynasty in China, the Achaemenid Empire in Persia and the Roman Empire in Mediterranea.
Silkroad: The Silk Road was opened up by Zhang Qian in the Han Dynasty. It is famous and still
treasured because many glorious travelers passed through the route and many soldiers lost their lives
protecting it.
Trans–Saharan Trade: Commercial links were established between 4th and 5th century. It made a lot
of states in both regions to be very rich. It also played an important role on the spread of Islam from
North America to West America.
Maritime Trade:
Genoese Trade: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On his voyage he discovered what is now known as the strait of Magellan and became the first
European to cross the Pacific Ocean.
James Cook:
Vitus Bering: A Danish explorer, known for his explorations of the north–eastern coast of Asia and
from there the western coast of North America.
John Cabot:
Francis Drake: Participate in some of the earliest english sailing voyages to Africa. Sent by queen
Elizabeth ii to South America in 1577, he returned home via the Pacific and became the first
Englishman to circumnavigate the globe.
Amerigo Vespucci: Took part in early voyages to the new world on behalf of Spain around the late
15th century.
Henry Hudson: Made first voyage west from England in 1607, when he was hired to find a shorter
to Asia from Europe through the Arctic Ocean. He was forced to turn back three times due to the ice
and glaciers, but on his fourth and final voyage for England in 1610–11 he spent months drifting
thru what is now the Hudson Bay.
Jacques Cartier: On March 19, 1534 Cartier was assigned to explore the new world for gold and
riches. His three expeditions along the St. Lawrence River would later allow France to claim the
area that would become
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Ap World History Midterm Review
AP World History Midterm Review History The study of past events and changes in the
development, transmission, and transformation of cultural practices. Earliest Farming Location
Fertile crescent Swidden Agriculture a place temporarily cleared for agriculture by cutting back and
burning off previous growth Catal Huyuk early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture
Mesopotamia "between the rivers"; civilizations that arose between the Tigris–Euphrates river
valleys Hyksos a member of an ancient nomadic people from western Asia, probably of Semitic
ancestry, who conquered and ruled Egypt between 1720 bc and 1560 bc Hittites a member of an
ancient Anatolian people whose empire was based in Asia Minor during the second millennium bc
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An early inscription likens him to the sun as compared to stars, and later official language avoids
calling the Aten a god, giving the solar deity a status above mere gods. King Tut an Egyptian
pharaoh of the 18th dynasty (ruled c.1333 BC – 1323 BC in the conventional chronology), during
the period of Egyptian history known as the New Kingdom. His original name, Tutankhaten, means
"Living Image of Aten", Minoan relating to the Bronze Age civilization on Crete that lasted from
around 3000 to 1100 bc Schlieman a German businessman and archaeologist, and an advocate of the
historical reality of places mentioned in the works of Homer. Schliemann was an important
archaeological excavator of Troy, along with the Mycenaean sites Mycenae and Tiryns. His
successes lent material weight to the idea that Homer's Iliad and Virgil's Aeneid reflect actual
historical events. Gilgamesh the fourth king of Uruk (Early Dynastic II, first dynasty of Uruk),
ruling 126 years, according to the Sumerian king list. He was said to be contemporary with some of
the earliest archaeologically–known figures, placing his reign ca. 2500 BC. Iliad an epic poem in
dactylic hexameters, traditionally attributed to Homer. Set in the Trojan War, the ten–year siege of
Ilium by a coalition of Greek states, it tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel
between King Agamemnon and the warrior

Books Were an Important Part of Life in the Late 18th...
Paheeradan Nagulan
Learning is one of important processes in human being life. It is self–evident that human
development cannot stand without a proper learning. Since Learning provides unlimited Benefits,
people should learn and experience it. The Reading is being reimagined over the time period. I'll
discuss about it later in this section. There are several ways that promotes Learning such as Books,
electronic books, Movies, Periodicals such as Magazine, journals or Newspapers and Audio/Visual
clips. Nowadays Libraries plays a critical role on keeping the Books alive due to the invention Mass
media communications. I'll talk further about this later in this section. Let's take a closer look about
Books. The book is one of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Eighteenth Century Americans were mainly interested in reading books about practical arts,
religious and the politics as well. American does have a long tradition on reading habits since long
back. Thus they are proved to be improved in vocal, public expressions both towards and against
throughout reading skills. Novels are the entertaining seldom read by Americans in the 18th century.
The nation's first novel was published in the late 18th century. The first two novels to be published
were Digges' "Adventure of Alonso" and Brown's "The power of Sympathy". Women were also
contributed to the success of Novels, Such writers were Susuana Rowson for her novel "Charlotte: A
tale of truth". This navel was re–issued under the title of Charlotte Temple, which sold more than
million and half copies. The growth of novel reading grew rapidly towards the end of the year
1750.The main reason for the growth of novel readers was the rapid growth of the source of book
materials such as book seller, public library and lending library. An average person was able to
obtain their reading materials from booksellers, public libraries as well through lending libraries
which were a cheaper option since they were able to rent the books for a small fee. Due to the vast
number of readers between the year 1773 and 1798 the number of book trading companies as well
as the number of public libraries grew rapidly at faster rate than the increasing population. While

My Informative Clothing
My Informative Clothing Essay
Did you know the history of clothing and textiles traces back to the availability of textiles and other
materials? The development of technology for making clothing has evolved over the years. Based
upon the discoveries with clothing, there has been a lot of developments with the relationship in
clothing and its history.
The wearing of clothing is exclusively a human characteristic and a feature of human societies. It is
not known when humans began wearing clothes. Anthropologists believe that animal skins as well
as vegetation were adapted into coverings as their protection. As humans migrated to new climates,
an alternative hypothesis was that covering may have been first used for other purposes. Clothing
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Earliest examples of needles originate from the Soultrean culture, which existed in France from
19,000 BC to 15,000 BC. Dyed flax fibers have been found at a prehistoric cave in the Republic of
Georgia, and date back to 36,000 BC. Evidence of weaving comes from the impressions of textiles
and basketry as well as nets with little pieces of hard clay, dating from 27,000 years ago; found in
Dolni Vestonice in the Czech Republic. 25,000 years ago the Venus figurines were depicted with
clothing. Western Europe was adorned with basket hats or caps, belts worn at the waist, and a strap
of cloth that wrapped around the body right above the breast. Eastern European figurines wore belts,
hung low on the hips and sometimes string skirts.
The first actual textile was probably felt. Examples of nail binding, another early textile method,
date from 6500 bc. Knowledge of ancient textiles and clothing have expanded in the recent past,
thanks to modern technological developments. The Middle East and the arid fringes of China have
provided many early samples in good condition. The early development of textiles in the Indian
subcontinent, sub–Saharan Africa and other moist parts of the world remain unclear. Northern
Eurasia peat bogs can also preserve textiles very well. Woven clothing was often made of full loom
widths draped, tied, or pinned in

Impact Of Writing Research Paper
The Impact of Writing
Exactly how important is writing in today's society? Can we go through college without
writing skills? More important, how do writing skills will affect our lives professionally? When
we think of a writer, a novelist or a journalist come to our minds, although those are two of the
most popular career choices, there are many paths to a writing career. But how much does
learning how to write essays can help us develop different skills and how much does that affect
our relationship with others? Our history, all we know about the human kind, all living things,
our world and the universe, everything can be found in books or online. But none of this could be
accomplished without the use of writing.
Writing is the physical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Much of the research on writing and happiness deals with "expressive writing" or jotting
down what you think and how you feel, expressive writing has also been linked to improved
mood, well–being, and reduced stress levels for those who do it regularly, says Adam Grant.
Writing your thoughts, feelings, concerns and plans for the future can help you relief stress, be
more organized and keep goals that can be accomplished in a near or far future. Keeping a
journal of your daily life can also help you become a better writer as you begin to develop much
fluent ideas and it becomes easier to put down in words your thoughts.
Writing is simultaneously a physical activity and a cognitive activity. Empirical research

overwhelmingly shows that we learn and synthesize new information and connections during the
actual act of writing, no matter how much we may think we already know what we want to say
when we actually sit down to write. Too often though we are taught, wrongly, that writing is
only a physical act, the mere transcription of ideas already hatched and thought through. Such a
mental model could not possibly be further from the cognitive truth. And this mistaken

Laos
Laos
Laos, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia,
bordered by Burma and the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east,
Cambodia to the south, and Thailand to the west.
Capital: Vientiane
Currency: Lao kip
Population: 6.77 million (2013)
Government: Communist state, Socialist state
Official language: Lao
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Etymology
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In the Lao language, the country's name is "Muang Lao" or "Pathet Lao" both literally mean "Lao
Country".[17]The French, who united the three Lao kingdoms in French Indochina in 1893, named
the country as the plural of the dominant and most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By 1940, around 600 French citizens lived in Laos.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Independence & Communist Rule (1953–present)
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
In 1955 – the US Department of Defense created a special Programs Evaluation Office to replace
French support of the Royal Lao Armyagainst the communist Pathet Lao as part of the US
containment policy.
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In 1960 – amidst a series of rebellions in the Kingdom of Laos, fighting broke out between the
Royal Lao Army and the communist North Vietnam–backed, and Soviet Union–backed Pathet Lao
guerillas.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
In 1962 – A second Provisional Government of National Unity formed by PrinceSouvanna Phouma
proved to be unsuccessful, and the situation steadily deteriorated into large scale civil war between
the Royal Laotian government and the Pathet Lao. The Pathet Lao were backed militarily by the
NVA and Vietcong.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
In 1968 – the North Vietnamese Army launched a multi–division attack to help the Pathet Lao to
fight the Royal Lao Army. The attack resulted in the army largely demobilising, leaving the conflict

to irregular ethnic Lao Hmong Hmong people forces of the "U.S. Secret Army" backed by the
United States and Thailand, and led by

The Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphics
Introduction
The Egyptian hieroglyphs were a prescribed writing system by the ancient Egyptians to represent
their language, it was a combined system with logographic and alphabetic elements. Logographic
systems were the earliest form of writing system, which were used in Africa, China and Central
America (History–world, 2015). Egyptians used hieroglyphs for religious literature on papyrus and
wood. The early hieroglyphs dates back to 3,300 BCE and was still used up until the end of the
fourth century CE. This was when the non–Christian temples were closed and their monumental was
no longer needed. Many other important Greeks believed that the Egyptian hieroglyphs were sacred,
so they referred to them as 'holy writing'. The word hieroglyphs comes from the Greek (hiero
meaning holy and glypho means writing). The Ancient Egyptians believed that their writing was an
invention of the gods, that is why the hieroglyphs were called 'medu netjer'; 'the gods' words'. The
hieroglyphics script were composed of three types of signs: logograms, representing words;
phonograms, which represent sounds and the determinatives, placed at the end of a word to clarify
its meaning (Scoville, P. 2015). This essay will outline the historical aspects of ancient Egypt, the
ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics and how the writing system was developed. It will also talk about
the decipherment of the hieroglyphs, the discovery of the Rosetta stone and how Jean Francais
Champollion was the first modern person

Mark Hogancamp's 'Therapy In Marwencol'
book Cathy mention therapy for Kelly but it did not start out well. The first Therapist is a bad fit and
neither Cathy nor Kelly like her. Cathy gets Kelly a different Therapist but Kelly still wants to quit
therapy. There isn't any detail about whether she does quit or not. If she was my child I would have
asked Kelly to give therapy a try at least for a few more months, to see if it could help her to have a
person outside of the current situation to talk things through with. I feel this is so important that I
would have changed therapists weekly if need be. I would find somebody that Kelly would be
comfortable talking to, if that was possible at this point. "I would do anything–––anything–––to
erase the accident from her childhood. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Would Mark be driving and working again if he had been able to afford treatment? That is a
question for the researchers and government health care here in the United States. Had the
healthcare system allowed Mark the care he needed after his injury, it more than likely would have
cost them less then it will to support him, and provide his medical coverage for the rest of his life.
Cathy Crimmins tells the story of Alan just three short years, or very long ones depending on
prospective. The progress in recovery that Alan has experienced in that time is more than I would
have ever hoped for after seeing the extent of his TBI. Cathy and Kelly are also making their own
progress in adapting to a new Alan and ultimately acceptance. How far all of their recovery goes
over the years is an unknown. I do know it will never be complete. They will always live with their
fears, disappointments, unrealistic expectations, and more than likely many setbacks. Many of us
have had experience in one way or another with friends or family members developing cognitive
difficulty, but for most it didn't happen all at once with an accident. We are given time to slowly
adapt to the new course life has taken. Alan, Cathy, Kelly, friends, and family woke up one day and
everything was different from that day

The Paolilithic And Paleolithic
Paleolithic – The period of human history up to about 9000 BCE. The same time of which tools
were made from stone and bone and people gained their food through foraging. Neanderthals – The
family of humans, 45,000 years ago they lived in Europe, they disappeared due to the interaction
with the early homo sapiens. Flourished in Europe and Southeast Asia, then completely vanished.
Evidence of brutal violence between these groups. They didn't develop the technology when the
weather altered. Cro–Magnon – Were the first kind of beings that had signs of being a human, this
was proven by the discovery of the materials left behind. Neolithic – The period after 9000 BCE
which is also the following the Paleolithic era. This is when people developed agriculture,
domesticated animals, and used tools made of stone and wood. Mesopotamia – Emerged during the
4th millennium. The land between the rivers in the fertile crescent. Early cultivators realized by
tapping these rivers, they were able to produce crops, and produce. Artificial irrigation manipulating
the environment. Sumer – Populations: 100,000 people. 3000 BCE. The dominant people of
Mesopotamia. Sumer is a region which contains little cities such as Ur, Eridu. Sumerians build the
first cities, have militaries. House bustling marketplaces, attracting producers from both near and
far. Building ziggurats. Also, established the military, tax collectors, and administrators to establish
order. Metallurgy – Nile River – The Greek historian and traveler Herodotus in the 5th century BCE
called Egypt the gift of the Nile. The Nile flooded once a year for a period of several months
bringing fertile soil and moisture for farming, and agricultural villages developed along its banks by
at least 6000 BCE. Although the Egyptians worried at times these floods would be too high or too
low, they also praised the Nile as a comforting force. The Egyptians based their calendar on the
Nile, dividing the year into three four–month periods. Pyramids – Hammurabi's Code – A
proclamation issued by Babylonian king Hammurabi to establish laws regulating many aspects of
life. Hammurabi ordered his code to be inscribed on stone pillars and set up in public throughout the
Babylonian empire.

Technology Is A Helpful Tool For Teaching The Writing Process
Technology is a helpful tool for teaching the writing process, and Marchisan and Alber (2001)
concluded that writers can be taught to write using the writing process approach paired with tools of
technology, direct instruction, and committed well–trained teachers. Graham, (2008), Graham & and
Perin (2007a), and Rogers & and Graham, (2008), agreed that technology makes the process of
writing easier and often provides very specific types of support. Word processing provides at least
four advantages: (a) revisions are easily made, (b) publishing is professional–looking, (c) typing
provides an easier means for children with fine motor skill challenges to produce text, and (d)
word–processing programs have software programs, such as spell and stylistic checkers designed to
reduce specific types of miscues. Other tools are speech synthesis (i.e., the writer's spoken words are
transcribed to electronic text) and word–prediction programs (i.e., the computer program reduces
the key strokes by predicting the writer's next word). This is helpful for students with difficulties
with spelling and the mechanics of writing. In addition, outlining and semantic mapping software
can aide with the planning process, and the use of computer networks and the Internet can help to
promote communication and collaboration among writers.
Students prefer technology–based assignments and are found to use more words and an expanded
vocabulary when expressing themselves in blog posts (Berezina, 2011;

Mesopotamia Social Structure
Mesopotamia
Years active:
Mesopotamia was active from 5000 BC – 3500 BC.
Location:
Mesopotamia is parallel to today's Iraq mostly and also with Iran, Syria, and turkey. In it's years
active Mesopotamia was an ancient region in the eastern Mediterranean and in the southeast.
Geography:
The rivers of Mesopotamia are the Tigris and Euphrates (flows through Iraq and Syria).
Social Structure:
In Mesopotamia the Priests and rulers shared control, the series of rulers in families also shared
control. The social hierarchy leveled from from lowest to highest; lowest were the
servants,labourers,and peasants. Then second to lowest class was the craftsmen then middle class
were the officials, scribes, and minor priests. The highest were the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The reliefs showed men in strange clothes building a palace or city, and others rowing in boats
across a sea in which huge fish, crabs and other sea creatures, including a merman, are floating. The
first types of art from this part of the world to be seen by human eye for more than 2,000 years –
were Assyrian. The Sumerians produced multiple Megalithic art, they also had examples of religious
art, sculptures of animals, and Assyrian and Babylonian sculptures.A musician played music in
Mesopotamia. Musicians played music for their gods, and on special occasions, musicians played
many different instruments. Musicians were considered lower class. Historians have found great
evidence indicating that people in Mesopotamia were very interested in body care. They even used
perfume, made from soaked plants with water and oil, used for both cosmetic and medical purposes.
Historians also found that they were using makeup; makeup was held in sea shells and a lot of them
have been discovered in tombs, containing red, while, yellow, blue, green, and black pigments.
Artifacts found in royal tombs provide evidence of fitted sewn garments, gold appliqués, and
elaborately decorated clothes. The earliest evidence of

Argumentative Essay on "Telivision Is the Leading Cause of...
Date range Phase Era
7000 – 5500 BCE Mehrgarh I (aceramic Neolithic) Early Food Producing Era
5500–3300 Mehrgarh II–VI (ceramic Neolithic) Regionalisation Era
5500–2600
3300–2600 Early Harappan
3300–2800 Harappan 1 (Ravi Phase)
2800–2600 Harappan 2 (Kot Diji Phase, Nausharo I, Mehrgarh VII)
2600–1900 Mature Harappan (Indus Valley Civilization) Integration Era
2600–2450 Harappan 3A (Nausharo II)
2450–2200 Harappan 3B
2200–1900 Harappan 3C
1900–1300 Late Harappan (Cemetery H); Ochre Coloured Pottery Localisation Era
1900–1700 Harappan 4
1700–1300 Harappan 5
1300–300 Painted Gray Ware, Northern Black Polished Ware (Iron Age) Indo–Gangetic
TraditionThe Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization (3300–1300 ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
J. H. MacKay, and Sir John Marshall. By 1931, much of Mohenjo–Daro had been excavated, but
excavations continued, such as that led by Sir Mortimer Wheeler, director of the Archaeological
Survey of India in 1944. Among other archaeologists who worked on IVC sites before the partition
of the subcontinent in 1947 were Ahmad Hasan Dani, Brij Basi Lal, Nani Gopal Majumdar, and Sir
Marc Aurel Stein.
Following the Partition of India, the bulk of the archaeological finds were inherited by Pakistan
where most of the IVC was based, and excavations from this time include those led by Sir Mortimer
Wheeler in 1949, archaeological adviser to the Government of Pakistan. Outposts of the Indus
Valley civilization were excavated as far west as Sutkagan Dor in Baluchistan, as far north as at
Shortugai on the Amudarya or Oxus River in current Afghanistan.
Chronology
Main article: Periodization of the Indus Valley Civilization
The mature phase of the Harappan civilization lasted from c. 2600 to 1900 BCE. With the inclusion
of the predecessor and successor cultures–Early Harappan and Late Harappan, respectively–the
entire Indus Valley Civilization may be taken to have lasted from the 33rd to the 14th centuries

BCE. Two terms are employed for the periodization of the IVC: Phases and Eras.[15][16] The Early
Harappan, Mature Harappan,

How Did Rome Increase In Etruria And Campania?
One will look at the roman expansion and look at the changing landscapes and changes in local
culture of both Etruria and Campania
A vast road network throughout Etruria and Campania shows that the Roman territories were being
expanded into other regions within Italy this is probably due to the Augustus vision of a more unify
Italy
Romanization was a slow process occurring throughout both Etruria and Campania. Etruria and
Campania both had fertile land that could have greatly helped feed the roman empire and its armies
Great roads were made throughout Etruria and Campania which suggest that the Augustus desire for
a more unified people was slowly becoming reality and with the spread of the roads so it would
seem that roman culture and influence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is though that the roman where in etruria and this evident from an acheological veiw however the
romans took some of the etruria culture and made it one of there own. According to blah they took
the etruria gods and
When the romans arrived in south Etruria it a major impact on settlement patterns and decrease in
once populated areas (107p, Potter). A steady decline of the population in towns aof Narce, Falerri,
Veteres, Corchuzno, Ponte del Ponte, Grotta, Parcolosa, Vignanella and Capena. (107p, Potter).
With the descrease in population came the romans. Archaeological evidence tells that by the 4th
century that a Latin colony was established at Nepi (107p, Potter). With the latin colony establish, a
sharp growth in population at Nepi and its countryside, which lasted till the 1st millennium BC
(107p, Potter).
The Romans had a major impact on wouth Etruria for example the city of Volaterra by the second
century funerary inscriptions where mainly in latin (105p

The Epic of Gilgamesh and Sumerian Culture Essay
The Epic of Gilgamesh and Sumerian Culture The Epic of Gilgamesh is generally regarded as the
greatest literature about tales of a great king. The Epic of Gilgamesh served to show us a lot of
things. The time period of BCE is very blurry, and this story attempts to describe many different
things in not only Sumerian beliefs, but also Sumerian's culture as a whole. Like many stories from
BCE the truth itself is questionable, even though a lot of the information is fact. The factual
information that Gilgamesh teaches us about Sumerian Civilization is that had had many craftsman
and artistic skills, and also a strong belief in Gods. Gilgamesh is introduced as knowing all things
and countries including mysteries and secrets that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is proof of the Sumerian architectural abilities. The architecture in Mesopotamia are considered
to have been contemporary with the founding of the Sumerian cities, but there was some complexity
in the architectural design during this Protoliterate period (c. 3400–c. 2900 BC). This is shown in
the design of many religious buildings. Typical temples of the Protoliterate period––both the
platform type and the type built at ground level––are, however, much more elaborate both in
planning and ornament. The interior was decorated with cones sunk into the wall, covered in bronze.
Most cities were simple in structure, but the ziggurat was one of the world's first complex
architectural structures. The Sumerian temples, called ziggurats was a small brick house that the god
was supposed to visit periodically. This house, however, was set on a brick platform, which became
larger and taller as time progressed. Along with showing many types of Sumerian craftsmanship, the
epic shows the strong belief in many gods. All through out the story Gilgamesh comes in contact
with many gods. But even before the contact with the gods, there was talk about Gilgamesh being
created by them. "When the Gods created him they gave him a perfect body...Shamash...endowed
him with beauty, Adad endowed him with

Compairson Between the Inca Government and American...
The ancient Inca government and the government of the United States of America have some things
in common; while at the same time both very different. The powers possessed by the Inca monarch
are similar to those of the U.S. government. However, Inca punishments for criminals are very
different from American punishments for criminals. The Inca government had a very strong
structure, which enabled it to last for hundreds of years. One major distinction between the two
governments though, is that the Inca government was invaded about two hundred years before the
U.S. government was founded.
The powers possessed by the Inca monarch are similar to those that are exercised by the entire U.S.
government. The Inca monarch had complete control ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was all made possible by strong centralized control over sources of raw material and labor,
through the office of the vizier.
In order to more efficiently run the nation, some responsibilities had to be decentralized, placing
authority in the hands of local nobles and governors. Some were too tempted by the thought of
holding power, and began to break away from the royal government at Memphis up in the Delta.
Others, like Qar, who served in the 6th Dynasty under King Merenra, recalled that he "sailed
upstream to the nome of Edfu as sole companion, nomarch, overseer of Upper Egyptian barley and
overseer of prophets, because I was capable and appreciated in the esteem of his Majesty. I came to
be accorded the office of lord of every leader of all Upper Egypt I gave bread to the hungry and
clothing to the one who went naked in this nome It was I who buried every name in this nome who
had no heir, with linen drawn from my own property." Qar was later deified and a cult for him grew.
After the First Intermediate Period, authority was not given to important regional families, but
capable members of the middle class were appointed to offices, creating a devoted class of civil
servants. The capital was also moved away from the Delta, to Lisht, in Middle Egypt.
The autobiographical text of Vizier Ankhu of the 13th Dynasty refers to other family members who
served as vizier, and indicates that the office was passed from father to son.

The Discipline Of Military History
Military history is a humanities discipline within the scope of general historical recording of armed
conflict in the history of humanity, and its impact on the societies, their cultures, economies and
changing intra and international relationships.
Professional historians normally focus on military affairs that had a major impact on the societies
involved as well as the aftermath of conflicts, while amateur historians and hobbyists often take a
larger interest in the details of battles, equipment and uniforms in use. The essential subjects of
military history study are the causes of war, the social and cultural foundations, military doctrine on
each side, the logistics, leadership, technology, strategy, and tactics used, and how these changed ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When certifying military history instructors the Combat Studies Institute deemphasizes rote detail
memorization and focuses on themes and context in relation to current and future conflict, using the
motto "Past is Prologue."
The discipline of military history is dynamic, changing with development as much of the subject
area as the societies and organisations that make use of it. The dynamic nature of the discipline of
military history is largely related to the rapidity of change the military forces, and the art and
science of managing them, as well as the frenetic pace of technological development that had taken
place during the period known as the Industrial Revolution, and more recently in the nuclear and
information ages.
An important recent concept is the Revolution in Military Affairs which attempts to explain how
warfare has been shaped by emerging technologies, such as gunpowder. It highlights the short
outbursts of rapid change followed by periods of relative

The Characteristics Of The Humanist Movement In The Iliad
There are many unknowns regarding who Homer was. His date of birth and death are still a mystery
to modern day historians, ranging anywhere between the twelfth to eighth century BCE. As to where
he was born, no one knows the exact location. Although there are many mysteries revolving around
Homer's life, there is one known fact: his epics changed history forever. Homer's epics are one of
the only few artifacts historians have to learn about Homer, which can reveal a lot if read carefully.
After reading the Iliad, it became clear that Homer was an early Humanist, one who possibly shaped
or inspired the Humanist movement in Classical Greece during the fifth and fourth century BCE.
The Humanist movement during Classical Greece glorified the human body, which can be shown
through the many sculptures and paintings created during the era. These sculptures resembled the
ideal human body, the body every Greek should strive to achieve. The ideal body type was that of an
athlete (PBS, 2017). There are hints of this image of the "ideal body" in Homer's Iliad. The section
of the text that indicates that Homer can be an early humanist is when he writes, "Here was the
ugliest man who ever came to Troy. Bandy–legged he was, with one foot clubbed, both shoulders
humped together, curving over his caved–in chest, and bobbing above them his skull warped to a
point, sprouting clumps of scraggly, woolly hair" (Homer 750 BCE, 250–255). In this description of
Thersites, Homer never calls him

The Greek Temple
The architecture of ancient Greece is the architecture produced by the Greek–speaking people
whose culture flourished on the Greek mainland, the Peloponnese, the Aegean Islands, and in
colonies in Anatolia and Italy for a period from about 900 BC until the 1st century AD, with the
earliest remaining architectural works dating from around 600 BC. Nikolaus Pevsner refers to "the
plastic shape of the temple.....placed before us with a physical presence more intense, more alive
than that of any later building". There is an abundance of high quality white marble both on the
mainland and islands, particularly Paros and Naxos. This finely grained material was a major
contributing factor to precision of detail, both architectural and sculptural, ... Show more content on
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The propylon or porch, formed the entrance to temple sanctuaries and other significant sites with the
best–surviving example being the Propylaea on the Acropolis of Athens. The bouleuterion was a
large public building with a hypostyle hall that served as a court house and as a meeting place for
the town council . Remnants of bouleuterion survive at Athens, Olympia and Miletus, the latter
having held up to 1200 people. Every Greek town had an open–air theatre. These were used for both
public meetings as well as dramatic performances. The theatre was usually set in a hillside outside
the town, and had rows of tiered seating set in a semicircle around the central performance area, the
orchestra. Behind the orchestra was a low building called the skênê, which served as a store–room, a
dressing–room, and also as a backdrop to the action taking place in the orchestra. A number of
Greek theatres survive almost intact, the best known being at Epidaurus, by the architect Polykleitos
the Younger. Greek towns of substantial size also had a palaestra or a gymnasium, the social centre
for male citizens which included spectator areas, baths, toilets and club

The 6th Millennium BC Bandkeramik Culture
After the last ice age, the European continent was transformed as climate warmed and sea levels
rose. Increased rainfall and warmer temperatures allowed communities to depend more on plant
foods and exploit their surroundings. Communities took advantage of new resources and grew in
size and complexity as hunter–gatherers became farmers. Farming spread into Europe from
Southwest Asia. Both DNA analysis of European skeletal remains and domesticated plant and
animal species confirm that migration of farmers helped spread agriculture into Europe. The first
farming settlements mainland were established around 6500BC in east–central Greece on settlement
mounds. As populations outgrew the lowland basins, communities moved to adjacent sites with ...
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This complexity incorporated larger size communities with more structure, interregional
connections, and increased material culture. The 6th millennium BC Bandkeramik culture in
western Hungary is highly characterized by its pottery with banded intricate decoration and timber–
built longhouses. By 500BC, Bandkeramik was replaced by regional groups defined by their pottery
types as well. Rossen and Michelsberg in the west and Lengyel in the east. The Trichterbecher
culture is best known for their funnel–necked beakers. Megalithic, or large stone, monuments are
another characteristic of the Neolithic transition. Stonehenge in southern Britain is one of the most
famous. Chambered tombs also became common containing the remains of hundreds of people. The
Carnac area in southern Brittany contains clusters of impressive monuments including stone rows
and adjacent burial mounds. Many axes that were found within these mounds have been compared
using spectroradiometric analysis and are tracked back to other regions throughout the continent.
Another prominent 6th millennium BC culture was that of the Ertebolle–Ellerbek in northern
Germany. They were known for their pottery vessels of either pointed–base pots or oval bowls.
Their culture demonstrated social complexity through their cemeteries in which social ranking
played a

History of Science & Technology in Indian Subcontinent
History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent * Outline of South Asian history *
History of Indian subcontinent | Stone age (7000–3000 BC)[show] * Mehrgarh Culture (7000–3300
BC) | Bronze age (3000–1300 BC)[show] * Indus Valley Civilization (3300–1700 BC) * – Early
Harappan Culture (3300–2600 BC) * – Mature Harappan Culture (2600–1900 BC) * – Late
Harappan Culture (1700–1300 BC) * Ochre Coloured Pottery culture (from 2000 BC) * Swat
culture (1600–500 BC) | Iron age (1200–26 BC)[show] * Vedic period (2000–500 BC) * – Black
and Red ware culture (1300–1000 BC) * – Painted Grey Ware culture (1200–600 BC) * – Northern
Black Polished Ware (700–200 BC) * – Maha Janapadas (700–300 BC) * – ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The British colonial rule introduced some elements of western education in India. Following
independence science and technology in the Republic of India has included automobile engineering,
information technology, communications as well as space, polar, and nuclear sciences.

Constellations
Constellation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In modern astronomy, a constellation is an internationally defined area of the celestial sphere. These
areas are grouped around asterisms (which themselves are generally referred to in non–technical
language as "constellations"), which are patterns formed by prominent stars within apparent
proximity to one another on Earth's night sky. There are 88 standard constellations recognized by
the International Astronomical Union (IAU) since 1922. The majority of these go back to the 48
constellations defined by Ptolemy in his Almagest (2nd century). The remaining ones were defined
in the 17th and 18th century; the most recent ones are found on the southern sky, defined in Coelum
australe ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Greeks adopted the Babylonian system in the 4th century BC. A total of twenty Ptolemaic
constellations are directly continued from the Ancient Near East. Another ten have the same st
different names.[9]
Graeco–Roman
[citation needed]
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation
1/4
There is only limited information on indigenous Greek constellations. Some evidence is found in
Hesiod. Greek astronomy essentially adopted the older Babylonian system in the Hellenistic er
introduced to Greece by Eudoxus of Cnidus in the 4th century BC. The original work of Eudoxus is
lost, but it survives as a versification by Aratus, dating to the 3rd century BC. The most c existing
works dealing with the mythical origins of the constellations are by the Hellenistic writer termed
pseudo–Eratosthenes and an early Roman writer styled pseudo–Hyginus. The basis of

The Children Burial Of Ancient Egypt
The children burial in ancient Egypt:
Ironically, the oldest human grave so far discovered in Egypt is that of a child. The grave was
discovered in 1994 at Taramsa Hill (near Qena in Upper Egypt, located near the modern site of the
temple of Hathor at Dendara). It contained the skeleton of a child between 8 and 10 years, buried
about 55,000 years ago (Middle Paleolithic age). The child found sitting against the wall of a
shallow pit, its face skyward, legs pulled up, left arm on its hip and right arm behind its back (Pl. 1).
The pre–dynastic period provided us with cemeteries intended for the children. This was found at
Adaima (8 km south of Esna) precisely the eastern cemetery that contains 60 graves. The southern
part of this cemetery contained only children's graves dating to the Naqada period (4th millennium
BC). The percentage of the children graves in this cemetery is 87 %. Most of the dead children
varied in age from six months to 9 years. However, most of the burials belonged to children from 0
to 4 years. The children were either placed in pottery jars (pl. 2) or buried in pits (Pl. 3–4). They
were buried in a crouching position. It seems that the child mortality here related to a tuberculosis
epidemic.
Pre–dynastic children burials (4th millennium BC) were found at Riqqa (site between Lisht and
Medum at El–Fayoum) in an area called Gerzeh, where 51 burials of infants and children were
found among a total of 249 intact burials. 12 children burial among 43

Technology And Technology
When looking back on human history, it becomes clear that technological advancements will
inevitably lead to changes in some aspects of society. Although some inventions can cause more
harm than good and should thus not be used, society should embrace the inventions with benefits
that will significantly outweigh any potential disadvantages. One specific aspect of society that has
been influenced by technological innovations has been our communication via writing. From marks
on clay tablets to ink on paper to pixels on screens, writing has had to continually adapt to new
mediums throughout its five–millennia–old history due to inventions such as the quill and ink, the
printing press, and computers. Due to the decline of newspapers, some people believe that society
may be at risk of losing the written word. However, this is not the case at all; by providing a new
instrument for writing, the age of electronic communication will extend the lifespan of writing. The
reason why writing was created in 3200 BC was due to humanity's necessity to record information
and communicate (Mark). Humanity's need for writing can easily be seen by the fact that multiple
writing systems were independently developed in three different places – cuneiform script was
developed in 3200 BC in Mesopotamia, oracle bone script in 1200 BC in China, and multiple
writing systems in 300 BC in Mesoamerica. Since its creation five millennia ago, writing has
persistently adapted to become the form that most

Similarities And Differences Between Ancient And...
There are subtle stylistic differences that occur in the Piombino Apollo that make it more advanced
than the archaic kouros, which lead many scholars to distinguish this statue as Hellenistic rather
than Archaic. The modelling of the back is one of the biggest alterations that occurs between actual
kouros from the archaic period and the Piombino Apollo. The back of the statue is much more
artistically advanced than the front regarding modelling (Ridgway 1967: 48). The subtle modelling
of the muscular structures and ridges of the spine of the back suggest the desired realism of the
Hellenistic era, instead of the basic and ridged 'idealized' form found in the archaic period (Ridgway
1967: 48). More subtle differences between a true archaic sculpture and a retrograded Hellenistic
sculpture are also present in this statue in other areas, such as the feet. On most kouros, the feet are
high arched, but on the Piombino Apollo, they are small and flat (Ridgway 1967: 49). Also the toes
are a discrepancy between the two eras. Usually "archaic statues have [the toes] aligned with the
central part of the other foot" (Ridgway 1967: 49) in a very geometric fashion. However, the toes on
the right foot of the Apollo do not align with the middle of the left foot, and instead align with the
left heel (Ridgway 1967: 49). As stated earlier, the hair is a defining feature in archaic kouros and it
is typically flat and in a bulky beaded shape to best attempt to represent the different

Constellations
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Constellation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the star grouping. For other uses, see Constellation (disambiguation). | | | | *
Top: Baroque drawing of the constellation Orionfrom Johannes Hevelius' celestial catalogue *
Bottom: Contemporary map of Orion from the IAUand photography of the night sky |
In everyday usage, a constellation is a traditional or recognizable group of stars in the night sky, or
the region of the sky containing them. In technical usage these meanings have been separated, with
groupings of stars being called asterisms, and the word constellation being reserved for a specific
area of the celestial sphere with boundaries ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A more modern astronomical sense of the term is as a recognisable pattern of stars whose
appearance is identified with mythological characters or creatures, or associated earthbound animals
or objects.[citation needed]
Colloquial usage does not draw a sharp distinction between "constellation" in the sense of an
asterism (pattern of stars) and "constellation" in the sense of an area surrounding an asterism.
[citation needed] The modern system of constellations used in astronomy employs the latter
concept. For example, the northern asterism known as the Big Dippercomprises the seven brightest
stars in the IAU constellation (area) Ursa Major while the southern False Cross includes portions of
the constellations Carina and Vela.
The term circumpolar constellation is used for any constellation that, from a particular latitude on
Earth, never sets below the horizon. From the North Pole or South Pole, all constellations north or
south of the celestial equator are circumpolar constellations. In the equatorial or temperate latitudes,
the informal term equatorial constellation has sometimes been used for constellations that lie to the

History of Astronomy
HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY
Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the
religious, mythological, and astrological practices of pre–history: vestiges of these are still found in
astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy, and not
completely disentangled from it until a few centuries ago in the Western World . In some cultures
astronomical data was used for astrological prognostication.
Ancient astronomers were able to differentiate between stars and planets, as stars remain relatively
fixed over the centuries while planets will move an appreciable amount during a comparatively
short time.
Early history
Early cultures identified celestial objects with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The original mechanism is displayed in the Bronze collection of the National Archaeological
Museum of Athens, accompanied by a replica. India
Ancient Indian astrology is based upon sidereal calculation. The sidereal astronomy is based upon
the stars and the sidereal period is the time that it takes the object to make one full orbit around the
Sun, relative to the stars. It can be traced to the final centuries BC with the Vedanga Jyotisha
attributed to Lagadha, one of the circum–Vedic texts, which describes rules for tracking the motions
of the Sun and the Moon for the purposes of ritual. After formation of Indo–Greekkingdoms, Indian
astronomy was influenced by Hellenistic astronomy (adopting the zodiacal signs or rāśis). Identical
numerical computations for lunar cycles have been found to be used in India and in early
Babylonian texts.[11]
Astronomy was advanced during the Sunga Empire and many star catalogues were produced during
this time. The Sunga period is known as the "Golden age of astronomy in India".
China
The astronomy of East Asia began in China. Solar term was completed in Warring States Period.
The knowledge of Chinese astronomy was introduced into East Asia.
Astronomy in China has a long history. Detailed records of astronomical observations were kept
from about the 6th century BC,

Cuneiform Vs. Cuneiform : Cuneiform
The capacity to write is one of the hallmark activities that define humans. We developed a language
of our own and then created a symbolic means by which to turn an auditory activity into one that
could be deciphered by another sense: sight. This transformation reflects the developing complexity
of our ancestors and species. What can we learn about the lives of ancient civilizations and people
by looking at the archaeological evidence and analysis of the development of early writing
methods? The answers to this questions lies in the uncovering of the past remains of our oldest
deciphered evidence of writing: Cuneiform. Cuneiform is a style of writing that is the earliest
known. The oldest archaeological evidence of it was found in the ancient city Uruk in Mesopotamia
where they have unearthed nearly 4000 clay tablets. Their estimated age is dated to roughly 3000
BC; any more specific of a time frame is debated. Cuneiform was a style of writing written on clay
tablets where the characters were carved into the tablets with a reed stylus. The type of stylus tip
changed over time and affected the appearance of the pictographs from straight lines to more curved
or 'wedgelike'. The change in styluses represented advancements in technology as well as the
increased use of writing. By making a more specialized tool for carving in clay tablets it showed
that the Sumerian people were beginning to write more frequently.
Early writing, otherwise known as proto–cuneiform, was

Cultural Components That Make Up The Country India
India is a country often described as being the most unforgettable place you can visit. It attracts
those who seek to experience spiritual awakening, those who crave inspiration and wish to engulf
themselves in rich culture, and sometimes merely those who have a passionate desire to learn.
Having lived in the USA as a Mexican–American for more than 10 years already, I know much
about living a life that balances out different beliefs and traditions, as well as profoundly
appreciating that which is multicultural. I hope to not just speak about the specifics of the country in
my paper, but rather to also facilitate in helping understand the people within it. I will attempt to
describe certain cultural components that make up the country ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Unified under the famous Gupta Dynasty (4th& 5th century), northern India was ushered into what
was known as the Golden Age, where Hindu culture and political administration reached new
heights. It was also during this time that Isla began spreading across the subcontinent over a period
of 700 years
By 600 BC, approximately sixteen dynasties ruled the north Indian plains spanning the modern day
Afghanistan to Bangladesh. Some of the most powerful dynasties were the ones ruling the kingdoms
of Magadha, Kosla, Kuru and Gandhara. Economically speaking, the most notable dynasty was
however, the Mauryas, which started in about 1526 and last for 3 centuries. The Mauryas are known
to have established a common currency, and as a result trade began to flourish.
During the 16th century, European explorers began establishing footholds in India. And by the 19th
century, Great Britain had become the dominant political power. The British expanded their
influence from these footholds until, by the 1850s, they controlled most of present–day India,
Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Great Britain began administering most of India directly while
controlling the rest through treaties with local rulers. Years of nonviolent resistance to British rule,
notably known to have been led by Mohandas Gandhi, eventually resulted in Indian independence
which was granted in 1947.
Challenges
Becoming familiar with the countries

The Marine Corps Should Have No Restrictions On Tattoos Essay
Winston Churchill, President Theodore Roosevelt, and John Fetterman they all have something in
common and that is tattoos. I am here to argue that tattoos can view as freedom of expression,
strong Naval tradition, and more importantly no hindrance on job performance. The Marine Corps
should have no restrictions on tattoos. Over the past 50 years' tattoos have continued to grow in
popularity, yet the Marine Corps wants to place restrictions on their service members; claiming their
policy is design to help their service members to maintain a discipline appearance. It would be
proven that tattoo is viewed as favorable by royalty and the elite. Freedom of expression, Before one
can truly understand the stance of an argument, you have to understand the topic. After carefully
reviewing reliable resource it was discovered that the art of tattooing can easily be dated back to the
4th millennium BC (Before the Common Era) mummified bodies discovered in ancient Egypt.
Archeologists found themselves identifying tribes as well as historical information the marking and
body tattooing. It became clear and concise that ancient rulers would brand their bodies to inform
others of their rank and accomplishments, whereas other royal family alleged that tattoos meant
magical talents. On the other hand, tattoos replicate a standout amongst the most trustworthy known
categories of communication. Archeologists attribute pictures as earliest methods of

Children Must Become Competent in Reading Before They Have...
Introduction
Writing has existed as far back as the 7th millennium BC and the 4th millennium BC, it first started
with mnemonic symbols which later became a system of ideograms. In the early days people wrote
on different things,such as silk,rocks,wood,papyrus etc. It wasn't Until the 15th century were
parchment or vellum (calfskin) were used as pages for the first books.
A book can be said to be a set of written or printed made of ink and paper usually fastened together
or coupled electronically (e–books) for the purpose of storing or recording information. Collins and
Cheek (1999) explained that reading involves a complex thought process in order to understand a
writing or printed message. According to Rubin (2002), reading is a total integrative process that
starts with the reader and includes the affective, perceptual, and cognitive domains. Okebukola
(2004) affirms that,by reading books, humans have the tools to transmit knowledge from one
generation to another; it allows one to listen to the wisdom of those who have lived in the past and
so on. This even expressed by religious prophets. The Apostle Paul in the bible admonished Timothy
"study to show yourself approved unto God (11 timothy 2:15). Islam values acquisition of
knowledge (literacy, reading, etc.) As very important The holy Qur'an reveals that the first
communication ( between Allah and Prophet Muhammad was intellectual.
Douglas (2000) asserts that children must become competent in reading before they

Ancient Egyp Gods and Godesses: From A to Z
Anubis was the Egyptian god of embalming and the keeper of secrets. He was associated with the
mummification and protection of the dead and journey to the afterlife. He was portrayed man with a
jackal's head, or in jackal form holding a flail in the crook of his arm and wearing a ribbon. In the
Old Kingdom he was the most important God, where he was associated with the burial of the
pharaoh. He was very important because the Egyptians worshiped two things: 1. the gods and 2. The
dead. The ancient Egyptians also believed in the afterlife. So another reason why Anubis was so
important was because, on your travel to the afterlife he was there waiting for you. He takes your
heart, weighs it and decides your fate in the underworld ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Eye of Ra, in mythology is actually the right eye of Horus, because the ancient Egyptians often
referred to the sun and the moon as the "eyes" of different Gods. The right eye of Horus was
represented as the sun, and because Ra is associated with the sun it became commonly known as the
"Eye of Ra" or "Eye of Re", and the left eye remained "Eye of Horus". As the sun, the Eye of Ra is
associated with fire and flames, as well as light and heat. The Eye of Ra was very important because
it was the sun, and the Egyptians worshiped the sun. It was also associated with different goddesses.
Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in Giza Necropolis. It is
believed that the pyramid was built over a 20 year period for the pharaoh Khufu. Ti was the world
tallest man–made structure for over 3,800 years. There are three known chambers in the pyramid. A
subterranean chamber, which is at the base, higher up is the queen's chamber and lastly you have the
king's chamber which is highest. The pyramid was at the time very important because it represented
the greatness of that pharaoh (Khufu). It also belongs to the Giza Necropolis site, which shows even
more how powerful Khufu was. It is very important today because it is the last of the Seven
Wonders of the Ancient World.
Horus is one of the oldest and best known gods of ancient Egypt. "Horus" meaning "The one far
above" as he is also represented by

Triple Crossbow Research Paper
Imagine thousands of arrows flying at the enemy, giant triple crossbows that shoot metal arrows
over a mile, gunpowder–propelled missiles, a crossbow that fires like a machine gun, pinpoint
accurate catapults that can take down specific targets, and bombs exploding all over the ground. One
might think that this is ancient Europe just as one might think that the best warriors in the ancient
world were Europeans such as Anglo–Saxons, French, and Greeks. However, this is an ancient
battlefield of China. The reality is that the European warriors were always trying to catch up to the
Chinese. In fact, the Chinese made advances in sword making, archery, siege weapons, and
ballistics long before Europeans had grasped those ideas.
The sword is a weapon ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Europeans invented the trebuchet in the late Medieval Ages. It took many men to load and fire
the weapon, but the trebuchet could accurately launch projectiles from a great distance, almost one
mile. However, the triple crossbow is a true siege weapon of mass destruction. It was first depicted
in an ancient document called the Essentials Of the Military Arts, which was completed in the early
Song Dynasty (1043 AD). With a total length of 7.62 meters, this colossal weapon used three bows
to shoot a single bolt. Despite its size, the Chinese generals would mount it on a pivot that made it
extremely mobile and versatile, allowing it to turn in a full 360 degrees. According the Essentials Of
the Military Arts, the triple crossbow would be mounted on top of a tower and the bolts fired were
massive full iron and steel arrows almost the size of the triple crossbow itself, which could be fired
over a mile. The image of a massive iron arrow flying at high speeds and destroying a building into
rubble around the enemies could create fear within the ranks. The fear the bow instilled could cause
an army or town to surrender before any actual fighting begins. As Sun Tzu said, a "skillful leader
subdues the enemy's troops without any fighting." These brilliant engineers created the Triple
crossbow at the same time as the trebuchet, but it had a more versatile range of motion and could
send projectiles further than the trebuchet therefor making it more useful on the

The Epic of Gilgamesh
Jon Bosco Professor Byczkiewicz World Civilization 1 Final Paper For my final paper I will be
comparing and contrasting how women were affected and regulated by the Code of Hammurabi and
the Laws of Manu, and will examine the mythological evidence and materials related to Ancient
Mesopotamian polytheism, Egyptian polytheism, and Hinduism. The Laws of Manu were compiled
over the years between 200 – 400 C.E. While the position of women in early Vedic India had been
good, these laws illustrate the efforts of the Brahmin elite to restrict women's legal independence in
this later period. Both the laws of Manu and Hammurabi were related to marriage, family law, and
the ways in which female ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main center for worship of Amon–Re was in Thebes. As seen, Egyptian religion was complex
and complicated, as well as crucial to any Egyptian, but their polytheistic beliefs surely caused
problems. As, "god–kings," a lot of pressure was placed on the pharaohs. They were blamed for
when the land did not produce well, when there were problems with other countries, and so on. The
Egyptian gods were never considered by them to be very personal. As is almost always the case with
polytheistic religions, the gods were distant and their relationship with common people was not
strong. A big part of ancient Egyptian religion was their belief in the afterlife. Egyptians believed
the soul to be made up of three parts. The "ba" was supposed to be person's character or personality,
the "ka" was the double of the person. Finally, the "akh" represented the person's spirit after they
died. The Egyptian practice of mummification was a crucial part of their religious system. It was
believed that unless the dead person's body was preserved, the person's soul and body could not
reunited and thus they person would not be able to participate in the afterlife. Hinduism is generally
regarded as the world's oldest organized religion. It consists of thousands of different religious
groups that have evolved in India since 1500 BCE. Because of the wide variety of Hindu traditions,
freedom of belief and

Copper Statue Analysis
Mohamad Habehh Walking around The Metropolitan Museum of Art, there are many ancient pieces
of art and old artifacts on display. One of the art pieces that caught my eye was the Head of a Ruler,
from ancient Iranian or Mesopotamian times. I chose this figure because the person depicted in the
copper head looked like an important figure of the time. The man is well groomed and has an
emotionless face, but it also looks like he is portraying a little confidence in his expressionless face.
Considering this is a copper statue, I think it is safe to say it was not completed in a short amount of
time, leaving me to wonder if the man posed for the figure. Whether he posed for it or not, it still
gives off the vibe that he held a high title in society. There was no indication on the display of who
the man was or what his role was, only assumptions that supported my ideas that the man was an
important figure in that society, possibly a ruler or king. This figure makes me curious in the sense
that this man was obviously an important figure during ancient times, but he cannot be identified in
modern times. I also can't help but assume he might not have made a great impact in society,
whether he was a king, ruler, or even ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are cracks throughout the figure due to age and possible mishandling. It is fairly simple in
terms of detail. While there is some extent of texture in the man's face and skin, it is hard to tell
whether it was intentional or due to average erosion. The features of the man's face are extremely
realistic, nonetheless. The eyes are hollow, which initially led me to believe the entire figure is
hollow. While the description does say that there were other supports inside the hollow figure to
hold the figure in place, there is no other physical indication that the figure is hollow. The artist
must have been extremely talented to be able to make a very realistic looking figurine of a man
using a hollow

The Role Of Enmerkar In Sumerian Literature
Enmerkar is a legendary figure that would have lived at the "end of the 4th or beginning of the 3rd
millennium BC" (Encyclopedia Britannica). Listed in the Sumerian Kings List, Enmerkar is noted
as being "the King of Unug, who built Unug (Uruk)" and reigning for 420 years. Vanstiphout points
out that the fact that Enmerkar is the second king in the Sumerian Kings List that came after the
time of the flood and is noted as the "one who built Unug" are important aspects to the setting of
these stories (4). While the focus of this paper is on the Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta narrative,
Enmerkar is featured in three other Sumerian texts: Enmerkar and En–suhgir–anna, Lugalbanda in
the Mountain Cave, and Lugalbanda and the Anzu Bird. Each of these

Ancient Near East Essay
Yunsong Yue
August 3rd, 2017 The term "ancient Near East" was coined out by the British Empire in the 19th–
century, geographically covering the modern Middle East that was divided into eight major regions
and states: Mesopotamia, ancient Egypt, ancient Iran, Anatolia/asia Minor and Armenian Highlands,
the Levant, Cyprus, and the Arabian Peninsula. Ancient Near East begins in the 4th millennium BC
and ends either with the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BC or with the Alexander the Great
in the 4th century BC. This period of history is considered to be the cornerstone of civilization. With
agriculture practices advancing, allowing the possibilities of urban development, creating social
class, centralized government and empires. The phrase "Near East" represented Ottoman ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sumer is the earliest civilization known to mankind, stretched from the first settlement of Eridu until
the rise of Assyria and Babylon. Akkadian Empire on the other hand, was regarded as the world's
first empire until it was split into Assyria and Babylonia. At the east of Sumer and Akkad, is ancient
Elam. Before Elam was part of the Assyrian Empire in the 9th to 7th centuries BC, it is the
kingdoms on the Iranian plateau. From 3200 BC to 2700 BC, where the proto–Elamite civilization
was heavily influenced by the cultures of the iranian plateau was characterized as the Banesh period.
The Amorites, nomadic Semitic people, controlled the west of Euphrates from 3500 BC and
eventually settled in Mesopotamia. Middle Bronze Age includes Assyria, Babylonia, Canan, and the
Hittite Empire. Assyria became a powerhouse after enduring a short period of Mitanni domination,
ruling much of the near east. Babylonia founded by Amorite tribes and was under the rule of
Kassites for more than 4 centuries. Canaan was a combination of Ugarit, Kadesh, Megiddo, and
Kingdom of Israel. The Hittite Empire dominated Asia minor and the Levant until it was taken over
by

Ancient Civilizations Of Mesopotamia And Mesopotamia
Sumerian (3500–2300BC)&Babylonian (1792–1750 BC) both belong to civilizations of
Mesopotamia, but they existed different period. The ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia are the
source of the earliest surviving art; these civilizations were situated between the Tigris and the
Euphrates Rivers. Dating back to 3500 B.C.E., Mesopotamian art was intended to serve as a way to
glorify powerful rulers and their connection to divinity. Art was made from natural resources such as
stone, shells, alabaster and marble, and was often created as didactic pieces. No artist signatures can
be found on most of the work, because the pieces were meant to embody the subject matter, rather
than the creator. Popular items that typify this time period include cylindrical seals, steles, narrative
relief sculptures, and lavishly decorated tombs. More than 4,000 years ago the valleys of the Tigris
and Euphrates rivers began to teem with life––first the Sumerian, then the Babylonian, Assyrian,
Chaldean, and Persian empires. Here too excavations have unearthed evidence of great skill and
artistry. Examples of fine works in marble, diorite, hammered gold, and lapis lazuliahve been found.
Stone, wood, and metal was imported. Sumerian art and architecture was ornate and complex –
primarily used for religious purposes – painting and sculpture the main median used. Of the many
portraits produced in this area, some of the best are those of Gudea, ruler of Lagash. Some of the
portraits are in marble,

Jerusalem Research Paper
Jerusalem is an ancient city located in the State of Israel. Its history goes back to the 4th millennium
BC, making it one of the oldest cities in the world (ancient.eu). The city has seen many conquerors
and invasions since that time, yet it still hasn't found peace till this day. Jerusalem is considered a
holy city for Christians, Muslims and Jews, which has caused conflicts due to the differences as well
as the desire to control the city from all parties.
Jerusalem in the Ottoman Empire
During the Ottoman rule, Jerusalem experienced a four hundred–year long period of relative calm,
when fighting was mostly due to the jealousies between members of the Empire (Boston
university.edu). As the decades went by, the empire was slowly declining, starting to lose their
economic and military dominance as well as key regions in land (history.com). By the start of World
War I, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The city is holy for Christians because it has the Church of Holy Sepulchre, it is "located on a site
which in central to the story of Jesus, his death, crucifixion and resurrection."(bbc.com) in other
words, it is believed that Jesus was crucified there. Jerusalem is of importance to the Muslims as it
contains the shrine of the Dome of the Rock and the Al–Aqsa Mosque, the third holiest site in islam.
"It is believed that the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) travelled here from Mecca during his night
journey and prayed with the souls of all the prophets. A few steps away, the shrine of the Dome of
the Rock is where the Prophet then ascended to heaven."(bbc.com) The western Wall, a "remnant of
the retaining wall of the mount in which the Holy temple once stood," is the most sacred site in
Judaism. Jews believe that this was where the foundation stone which created the world, and where
Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac. "Today, the Western Wall is the closest place Jews can
pray to the Holy of the

Ancient Ireland Research Paper
The first humanoids appeared in Ireland during the 7th millennium BC. They are believed to have
arrived from France and Scandinavia over the open ocean. They settled areas on the North Eastern
coast of Ireland. During the Mesolithic period inhabitants depended mostly on fishing and hunting
and gathering. Curraghs, light weight boats, were used to navigate inland water and coastal fishing.
The only remnants of this culture are the imprints left in pottery, there were no major contributions
to the island itself. During the 4th millennium BC Ireland's second major wave of settlement.
During this period Europeans came to Ireland in search of land for their crops and animals. These
people left behind major large stone, megalithic, graves through ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Patrick's Confessio was written circa 440 AD, by St. Patrick. In the Confessio St. Patrick tells the
story to the Irish people of why he came to Ireland. He tell them of the messages sent to him from
God throughout his life that had saved him from slavery during his childhood. He uses the story of
his life to show the Irish why they should turn to Christianity. St. Patrick even explains the Irish that
he is not a perfect person. "I know I cannot trust myself as long as I am in this body subject to
death" This quote shows that he does not hold him above the Irish people, but as an equal. He talks
about how even though he has sinned God has forgiven him and has even saved him in times of
need. This confession by St Patrick also defends his actions in Ireland. "When I baptised so many
thousands of people, did I hope to receive even the smallest payment? If so, tell me, and I will return
it to you" This quote tells the Irish that he is not converting them in a selfish way. He is converting
them for their sakes and because he was asked by God himself. In 1171 internal struggle for power
caused the Irish to be open to attack from Anglo–Welsh warriors. This is the first time that Ireland
had faced an army from outside of it's own borders, which had this meant that he Irish had not had
to keep up with the current military innovations. In October of 1171 King Henry II arrived in
Ireland. In 1172 King Henry took Dublin under his protection and issued the first Charter for "his
city".

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