The document provides an overview of the Indian judicial system, including its hierarchy and major components. It begins with the Supreme Court, then discusses high courts, civil courts, criminal courts, revenue courts, and Lok Adalats. It notes major issues facing the system like high pendency, corruption, lack of transparency, and under trials. It concludes by outlining steps that could help speed up the judicial process, such as increasing judges, modernizing courts, and removing outdated laws.

1. Judicial System
In India
-Rahul Kriplani
-171207

2. Hierarchy of Indian Judiciary

3. Supreme Court
 Came into existence on 28-01-1950. It is in New Delhi.
 The highest judicial forum in India. Final court of
appeal.
 It comprises the Chief Justice and 30 other judges.
 The law declared by the Supreme Court becomes
binding on all courts within India.
 Chief Justice of India - Justice H. L. Dattu(First Holder)
Present: Ranjan Gogoi

4. Qualifications
 Indian citizen.
 Experience of 5 years as a High Court Judge/10 years as
advocate of High Court.
 Distinguished Jurist
 Appointment/Removal
 Appointed by the President
 Retirement age = 65 years / Resignation / Impeachment

5. Powers : Original
 Resolving the disputes between States, Union & States.
 Enforcement of Fundamental Rights – Article 32
 It is empowered to issue directions, orders or writs,
including writs in the nature of habeas corpus,
mandamus, prohibition, quo-warranto and certiorari to
enforce them.
 PILs.

6. Powers : Appellate
 Challenging the lower court verdict.
 Civil cases.
 Criminal cases.
 Transfer of cases from the lower courts.

7. Powers : Advisory
 Advising the President of India.
 Opinion given by the Supreme Court is not to be
considered as a judgment.
Powers : Other
 Court of Records .
 Advisor to States & Centre.
 Issue writs.

8. High Court
 High Court in every State.
 Chief Justice & other judges.
 The number of Judges is not fixed.
 3 High courts during British Rule. There are 24
now.
 Mobile courts or Bench of the High court.
 Chief Justice of HP- Justice V.Ramasubramanian

9. Qualifications
Indian citizen.
Experience of 10 years as a Court Judge/10 years as
advocate of High Court.
Distinguished Jurist
Appointment/Removal
Appointed by the President.
Retirement age = 62 years / Resignation /
Impeachment

10. Powers
Jurisdiction over state.
Civil & Criminal cases.
Appellate jurisdiction in civil and criminal cases.
Issuing Directions, Order or Writs.
Supervise the working of Subordinate courts/transfer
of cases.

11. Civil Courts
 Every district has a civil court. District judge is its chief
justice.
 President appoints the chief justice.
 Chief justice should have an exp of 7 years.
 Other judges are selected through exam.
 Property & finance related cases, Marital cases etc.

12. Subordinate Courts
 The subordinate courts, at the level of districts and
lower, have almost similar structure all over the
country.
 Each State is divided into judicial districts. The
subordinate judiciary in each district is headed by a
District and Sessions Judge.
 There are subordinate courts which assist the
1) Civil Court
2) Criminal Court

13. Criminal Courts
 Came into existence on April 1st 1974.
 They function under the High court. The highest
criminal court at the district level is sessions court.
 Has the power of issuing death sentence/life
imprisonment.
 Verdicts can be appealed in higher courts.
 Cases like murder, robbery, dacoity etc.

14. Courts under the Criminal Court
1) Chief Magisterial Court
Can award maximum punishment of 7 years imprisonment.
2) First Grade Magisterial Court
Can award maximum punishment of 3 years imprisonment &
5000 Rs fine.
3) Second Grade Magisterial Court
Can award maximum punishment of 2 years imprisonment &
1000 Rs fine.
3) Third Grade Magisterial Court
Can award maximum punishment of 1 month imprisonment &
50 Rs fine.

15. Revenue Courts
 There are revenue courts in every district.
 They take up cases related to land tax, land records etc.
 Revenue Court comprises of following courts:
1) Tahasildar Court
2) District Subdivisional Officer’s Court
3) District Land Tax Court or District Magistrate Court
4) Commissioner’s Court
5) Land tax Board

16. Lok Adalats
 A system of alternative dispute resolution developed in
India.
 These are usually presided over by retired judges, social
activists, or other members of the legal profession.
 The Lok Adalats can deal with all Civil Cases,
Matrimonial Disputes, Land Disputes,
Partition/Property Disputes, Labour Disputes etc.
 Fast/cheap/focus on compromise.

17. Major Issues with Judiciary:
• Pendency of Cases
• Corruption
• Lack of Transparency
• Under Trial of Accused
• Lack of Interaction and Information
amoung People and Court
• Lack of Awareness of Law

18. Pendency of cases
One of the essential issues with the Indian legal
framework is the pendency of cases. on the off
chance that the opportunities are filled, pendency
would go down and make the equity conveyance
framework productive. As per a report of 2015, there
were near 400 opportunities for the post of judges in
the 24 High Courts of the nation. The pending number
of cases in the Supreme Court has mounted to
around 60,000. There are some 25-30 million cases in
different courts. Spending portion for the legal is only
0.2 percent of the GDP. The judge-populace
proportion is 10.5-11 to one million, which ought to be
no less than 50-55 to one million.

19. Countless that are pending in the Supreme Court and in
addition the other lower courts has invalidated the point
of the legal framework. A popular saying says,
'equity postponed is equity denied'. Legal is never again
pulling in the best legitimate ability due to difference in
the salary of splendid youthful legal advisors and the
remittances of legal officers. To draw in people of genuine
potential to the legal framework, the framework must
enhance their administration conditions, especially the
states of the preliminary court judges.
As a rule, when the casualty isn't monetarily fortunate,
they have to endure as they are fiscally powerless and
subsequently can't manage the cost of prominent legal
counselors who can win the case in a restricted traverse

20. of time. Then, the rich can without much of a stretch
manage the cost of costly attorneys and change the
course of allotment of the equity to support them (not
really evident if the legal advisor takes after moral
gauges). This additionally makes a major barricade for
universal financial specialists and enterprises who need
to direct business activities in India. As indicated by a
report, in Mumbai, India's money related center, the
courts are troubled with age-old land debate which
goes about as an obstacle to the city's modern
improvement. Therefore, the pendency of cases and
absence of legal counselors and judges is a major test
to the Indian legal framework.

21. Corruption
Like alternate mainstays of vote based system, the
official and the administrative, the legal as well (in a
few examples) has been found to participate in
debasement. There has not been set up any
arrangement of responsibility. on account of legal
procedures, even the media can't give an appropriate
and clear photo of the debasement situation. The media
is by all accounts more centered on uncovering
debasement in different fields, particularly the official.
A priest taking a fix or disseminating cash amid races
may turn into a feature, yet a court assistant taking a
reward and adjusting the date of the preliminary stays
unnoticed.

22. According to the established arrangement, there is no
arrangement yet to register a FIR against a judge who
has taken influence without taking the consent of the
Chief Justice of India. Clearly, going by the CJI, looking
for his authorization, and afterward enrolling a FIR isn't
what a poor man will want to do. This will end up
being more costly and tedious for him, other than the
court and legal advisor's costs.
The Professional self-importance of the judges whereby
judges don't get their work done and land at choices of
grave significance while disregarding point of
reference or legal guideline postpones equity and adds
to preliminary's spam.

23. In 2011, Sumatran Sen., a previous judge at the Calcutta
High Court turned into the primary judge in the India to
be reprimanded by the Rajya Sabha claimed for
misappropriation of assets.

24. Lack of transparency
In the ongoing past, there have been numerous civil
arguments around everywhere throughout the country
with respect to the Collegiums framework and the new
framework that the administration needs to present for
the arrangement of judges, the NJAC. All things
considered, be it the collegiums framework or the
NJAC, none appear to be sufficiently straightforward to
influence the choice to procedure of judges clear and
reasonable to the basic open. All majority rules systems
are quickly pushing toward an open government and a
native's entitlement to know —

25. a worldwide pattern progressively being upheld by
legal choices. Further, the privilege to know is a piece
of the right to speak freely and articulation and the
present undercover framework, as actualized by the
collegiums framework, disregards this principal right.
The standard of open preliminaries and equity is very
basic for the reasonable organization of equity.
The present government drove by Prime Minister Modi
states that the presentation of NJAC will be more
straightforwardness in arrangement of judges. The
preeminent court of India, be that as it may, denied the
reality and said there is a requirement for the

26. considerably more elevated amount of law for the
arrangement of judges as NJAC isn't "great." According
to the SC, the bar chamber was welcome to change the
NJAC saying that the advisory group must involve the
Chief Justice of India and four senior judges of the
incomparable court.
All things considered, suppose on this issue the
administration and the preeminent court stand up close
and personal, yet the truth of the matter is as yet
unanswered whether the expressed change or even
the present proposition get straightforwardness the
choice of judges and make the structure obvious to the
basic open?

27. Under trial of the accused
Another downside that emerges from the above
expressed disadvantages is the under preliminaries of
the charged. Exactly, for the individuals who have
perpetrated a wrongdoing, it is OK; however is it
reasonable for a blameless to invest more energy in
prison only to wait for his preliminary? The Indian
correctional facilities are brimming with individuals
under preliminaries; they are limited to the prisons till
their case arrives at a positive conclusion. For the most
part, they wind up investing more energy in the prison
than the real term that may have had been granted to

28. them had the case been settled on a period and,
expecting it was ruled against them. Additionally,
every one of the costs, torment and desolation that are
utilized by them to protect themselves in courts are
more awful than serving the genuine sentence. Under
preliminaries are not blameworthy till sentenced. Then
again, the rich and great individuals can convey the
police to their sides, and the police can pester or quiet
hindered and poor people, amid the long trials in the
courts.[11]

29. Lack of interaction and information
among people and court
For any Judiciary to be fruitful, it is vital that the overall
population must know the mechanics of legal. The
general public must take part in the court procedures.
In any case, it is the obligation of open too to ensure
that they are sufficiently participative to have the
information identified with the legal. The law officer
and creators must be near general society and look for
their supposition on a specific law or judgments.

30. Vital Stats

31. Disposal rate between 28% and 55%; increasing
number of new cases/year add to pendency

32. In High Courts 25% of cases pending for over 10 years;
Highest pendency in Allahabad HC

33. Pendency increasing in some
HC and decreasing in others

34. Vacancies of judges across
courts have increased;
58% vacancy in Calcutta HC
Vacancies across Subordinate
Courts is high; 46% vacancy
in the subordinate courts
in Bihar

35. Number of under-trials in prison more than double that of
number of convicts

36. How to speed the Indian Judicial
System
The opportunity has already come and gone that we
leave this torpid state and something powerful is done
to make the Indian legal fast. This is essential for the
improvement of the network on the loose. A portion of
the things that should be possible to enliven the lawful
procedures are the accompanying :

37. 1) To increase the strength of the
judiciary
The main thing that the administration should do is
increment in the quantity of judges. This isn't a simple
procedure. It requires intercession at each progression.
Indeed, at each level the quantity of judges should be
expanded including the Supreme Court, the High Court,
and the lower court. Venture must be done to expand
the quantity of understudies taking up law as a
noteworthy field of study. There ought to be more
number of national graduate schools and furthermore
private law universities

38. 2) To keep courts open through the years
Circumstances are different and today individuals are
dynamic round the clock. Be that as it may, the Indian
legal still works in the early mold. They have summer
get-always, winter excursions and a great deal of
different clears out. It is simply not acknowledged
when we are conveying the things of three crore
accumulation cases. Truth be told, the unique night
move judge should be executed with the goal that
individuals require not hold up till the courts open. The
administration needs to get it straight that the Indian
Judicial framework ought to get the status of a crisis
benefit

39. 3) Proper modernization of courts
Today India longs for turning into a totally digitized
nation. Indeed, we have been effective to a vast
degree. However, for some odd reason, the Indian
legal is abandoned. This ought not be the situation. The
Indian law framework ought to be totally digitized
ideal from the earliest starting point till the end. This
will help in sparing a ton of back and forth
documentation time.

40. 4) Introduction of fast track court
There are numerous cases which nearly everybody
knows will experience the session's court, the lower
court, the High court lastly the Supreme Court. So when
the goal of the case is known, there is no need of sitting
idle by showing the case in the sessions and the lower
court. Or maybe, a most optimized plan of attack court
should be presented so a case can be straightforwardly
sent to the Supreme Court without sitting around idly.

41. 5) To do away with the archaic law
Indian Judiciary had appeared after India earned her
autonomy in 1947. The laws were made according to the
societal condition at that point. Be that as it may, as of
late, a great deal of law has turned out to be repetitive.
Henceforth, it is time that the Indian Judicial framework
gets rid of the bygone laws and mulls over the present
social condition before giving a judgment.

42. 6) Nonacceptance of flippant cases
Numerous a times it is seen that a great
political figure gets any kind of case conceded
in the official courtroom. The case might be
expelled at a later stage, yet it squanders
significant time of the legal. Accordingly, judges
ought to have clear directions about the sort of
cases they can acknowledge in the courtroom.

43. Last however not the minimum, alongside
the Indian Judicial framework it is
additionally the obligation of the Indian
natives, not to squander the season of
law with false cases for individual
increases. It is an aggregate duty of all
not to deny equity to anyone.

44. Conclusion
There is no uncertainty upon the believability of the
Indian legal framework. It is one of the biggest legal
frameworks around the globe having a law for a wide
range of criminal exercises. In the event that we take a
gander at the history, the Supreme Court, since its
debut sitting on 28th of January 1950 has conveyed more
than 25000 announced judgments. In any case, the issues
of defilement, pending cases, absence of
straightforwardness in the legal can't be kept away
from.

45. Subsequently if the legal framework evacuates these
accumulations, we may see Indian legal framework as
the best legal framework on the planet. Likewise, the
confidence of the normal individual in legal might be
reestablished before it's totally lost

46. Thank You