The Indian cobra is a highly venomous snake found throughout South Asia. It has a wide black band on its neck and can raise its neck to form a hood as a threat display. It preys on rodents, frogs and other small animals. The cobra's venom is neurotoxic and can paralyze or kill with its bite. It reproduces by laying 12-20 eggs which it guards until hatching. While it helps control pests, its venomous bite also endangers people, and habitat loss is a threat. It is now an endangered species protected under CITES due to hunting and habitat degradation.
A PowerPoint presentation on some desert animals.
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A large, non venomous python species native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.
It’s common names includes Indian python, black-tailed python, Indian rock python, and Asian rock python.
Systematic position
Physical description
Distribution
Food habitat
Grazing habits
Mating behaviour
Threats to wild ass
Poaching
Predation
Conservation efforts
Indian wild ass sanctuary
You Can learn about
1. SOME ENDANGERED SPECIES OF PAKISTAN
2. A Brief introduction to Endangered Species
3. Classification of Endangered Species
4. Critically Endangered (CR) Species
5. Rare or Vulnerable Species:
Presentation on Habit, Habitat, and Ethology of Rhinoceros unicornisRubinaRoy1
Rhinoceros share particular types of habitat, exhibit social behaviors like aggression, parental care, agony, sexual preference. These mammals are the treasures of the world whose conservation is of utmost necessity to protect them from getting extinct.
It is an presentation on snake farming .Every points have been included that important to know about snake farming. here, you can get the basic knowledge about various snakes habits, destitution and it's care and management .
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
A PowerPoint presentation on some desert animals.
Visit my presentation video - https://youtu.be/TxK8xpItoAI
Visit my website - https://sites.google.com/view/overall-general/home
A large, non venomous python species native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.
It’s common names includes Indian python, black-tailed python, Indian rock python, and Asian rock python.
Systematic position
Physical description
Distribution
Food habitat
Grazing habits
Mating behaviour
Threats to wild ass
Poaching
Predation
Conservation efforts
Indian wild ass sanctuary
You Can learn about
1. SOME ENDANGERED SPECIES OF PAKISTAN
2. A Brief introduction to Endangered Species
3. Classification of Endangered Species
4. Critically Endangered (CR) Species
5. Rare or Vulnerable Species:
Presentation on Habit, Habitat, and Ethology of Rhinoceros unicornisRubinaRoy1
Rhinoceros share particular types of habitat, exhibit social behaviors like aggression, parental care, agony, sexual preference. These mammals are the treasures of the world whose conservation is of utmost necessity to protect them from getting extinct.
It is an presentation on snake farming .Every points have been included that important to know about snake farming. here, you can get the basic knowledge about various snakes habits, destitution and it's care and management .
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
3. INTRODUCTION
• The Indian cobra is highly venomous snake with
medium size and heavy body.
• It is also known as the spectacled cobra, Asian
cobra. It is quick and agile.
• Indian cobra is diurnal and mostly active in
evening and early morning.
• The Indian cobra is a slender snake, usually
weighing 6 to 10 kilograms, with the heaviest
cobra weighing 12.6 kilos.
• Their adults have length in meters ranging
from 3 to 5 feet
4.
5. CLASSIFICATION
• The scientific name of Indian cobra is Naja
naja.
• Naja naja was first described by Swedish
physician, zoologist, and botanist Carl Linnaeus
in 1758.
• Naja is a sanskrit word naga meaning "cobra".
In Pakistan, Indian cobra is called by names
like sheesh nag and kala nag.
7. MORPHOLOGY
• It is a smooth-scaled snake with black eyes, a
wide neck and head.
• Cobras poisonous snake with hollow fangs (long
pointed tooth) fixed at the front of the mouth.
They inject venom through their fangs.
8. MORPH….
• The Indian Cobra's most known characteristic
features are the wide black band on the
underside of the neck
• Cobras have round pupils and smooth scales,
have varying colours and patterns.
• The hood is another important feature.
Hooding occurs when the snake spreads out its
neck ribs forming a flattened structure near
the head.
9.
10. DISTRIBUTION AND
HABBTAT
• The Indian cobra is native to the Indian
subcontinent and can be found throughout
India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and
southern Nepal.
• It is found in eastern Pakistan and thar and
cholistan desert
11.
12. DISTRI…
• It can be found in dense or open forests,
plains, agricultural lands (rice paddy fields,
wheat crops), rocky terrain, wetlands, and it
can even be found in heavily populated urban
areas.
• The cobra usually hides in holes in
embarkments, termite mound, tree hollows
rock piles, caves, cracks and small mammal
dens. The Indian cobra is often found in the
vicinity of water.
13. FEEDING AND
BEHAVIOUR
• Indian cobra feeds on rodents, lizards, and
frogs. It feeds on small mammals as well.
• It bites then waits while its venom damages
the nervous system of the prey, paralyzing and
often killing it and then swallows its whole
prey.
• When threatened, the Indian Cobra will assume
its characteristic posture.
• It will raise the front one-third of its body and
elongate its long, flexible neck ribs and loose
skin to form its distinctive hood
14.
15. COBRA VENOM
• The Indian cobra is one of the big four snakes
of South Asia which are responsible for the
majority of human deaths by snakebite in Asia.
• The venom is highly neurotoxic and contain
powerful post-synaptic neurotoxins,
cardiotoxins and other components.
• The venom paralysed the muscles and in severe
bites it can lead to respiratory failure or
cardiac arrest and ultimately to death. The
venom acts faster and symptoms appear in 15
minutes.
• Anti-venom is available. Polyvalent anti-venom
serum is used to treat it.
16. REPRODUCTION
• Indian cobras are oviparous and lay their eggs
between the months of April and July.
• The eggs are usually 12 to 20 and laid in a
hollow tree, or in the earth.
• The female will guard them throughout the
incubation period. The young snakes will then
hatch after approximately 50 days.
• The life span of Indian cobra is 23.9 years on
average but maximum lifespan is 32.3 years.
17.
18. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
The Indian cobras are important as they keep
balance in nature.
Positive importance: The Indian Cobra eats rats
and mice that carry disease. Also, cobra venom
is a potential source of medicines, including
anti-cancer drugs and pain-killers.
Negative importance: This species is highly
venomous and its bite can be lethal and many
people die each year from N.naja bites.
19. CONSERVATION STATUS
Status: The Indian Cobra was not an
endangered species, it has recently been hunted
for its distinctive hood markings in the
production of handbags. Its status is now in
endangered species listed by CITES.
20. CONSER…
Threats: Deforestation, reclamation and
overgrazing are the main threats to the cobras in
Pakistan.
Every year thousands of cobras are killed in
Pakistan for their skins. Snake charmers capture
cobras to stage fights with mongoose in rural
and urban areas, also used in medicines.
Efforts: CITES has included the Indian cobra on
its roster of animals that need a permit for
export, and also sets quotas on how many of the
cobras can be exported yearly
