This document provides a report on the gum karaya sub-sector in Andhra Pradesh, India. It discusses the resource aspects, economics, regulations, development interventions and their impacts on the gum karaya value chain. Specifically, it describes the geographical distribution of gum karaya trees, the role of the Girijan Cooperative Corporation in procuring non-timber forest products, and issues with the production and marketing of gum karaya before interventions like scientific tapping techniques were introduced. The report aims to analyze production and trade trends over time and assess the impact on livelihoods, incomes and governance.
This document provides information about carbohydrates including their history, occurrence, classification, isolation, properties, identification tests, pharmaceutical importance, and pharmacognostic study of individual carbohydrate-containing drugs. It discusses the various classes of carbohydrates such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Examples are provided for each class. The document also outlines methods for extracting different types of carbohydrates from plant materials and identifying carbohydrates using common chemical tests. The pharmaceutical uses and importance of some specific carbohydrates are highlighted. Individual drug monographs on pectin, guar gum, agar, acacia, honey, isapgol, and tragacanth are also included which detail
Pro Poor Cluster Development Methodology.pdfTheBambooLink
This document sponsored by EDII focuses on methodology of cluster development programme in poverty intensive clusters mostly consists of rural and urban informal clusters where primary stakeholders are mostly in poverty. How to identify the poor stakeholders, understand their problems, needs and prepare an appropriate action plan has been explained in the document along with the methodology of implementation of the programme to address poverty.
The document discusses the Agricultural Minister's proposal to legalize the export of the inner bark of Gyrinops Walla, a tree that grows in Sri Lanka. Gyrinops Walla was traditionally used for medicinal purposes and its bark is now known to produce a valuable resin called agarwood. However, the tree is currently endangered due to unnecessary cutting and smuggling for its monetary value. The summary recommends legalizing export to benefit the economy but under conditions such as comprehensive research, patenting Sri Lankan agarwood, sustainable regulations, and ensuring local communities and small businesses benefit.
This document is an introduction to a book that analyzes key trends and challenges facing India's forests over the past two decades. It was compiled based on think pieces presented at a conference organized by the Rights and Resources Initiative and the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage. The introduction notes that forests in India are facing increasing pressures from economic development, population growth, and climate change policies while also needing to recognize the rights and livelihood needs of forest-dependent communities. It aims to track these trends and their underlying drivers through contributions from leading Indian scholars on topics like policy, conservation, economics, conflicts, and globalization. The goal is to inform future forest sector discourse and shape a model that balances development, ecosystems, and community rights
Paddy soon after harvesting, duetoits importance as basic food, the largest area under cultivation and the
prevailing agro economic conditions of farmers, constitutes a wide length and partners in its supply chain.
Once paddy is hulled in mills it gives the main product rice, cut rice and by products husk and rice bran.
This paper attempts to find out through empirical research, the practices, end products and estimates of
value creation, value realization and value loss to the stakeholders across its extended value chainof paddy
in the state of Karnataka.
With the existing estimates for legitimate variables of the analysis, it is found that supply chain of paddy is
a very complex processdominatedbynetwork of intermediaries called “mill owners and stockists” who
make an investment worth not less than Rs.8000 Crores.(where $13.3 bn should be $1.33 bn) every year
during harvesting through stocking, milling and packing and create a value above 45% of their investment
in the value chain. In the process it is observed that farmer is the only stakeholder who is paid least and
supply chain management of paddy suffers from huge losses to the government as more than 65% farmers
sell paddy to the local agents of “mill owners and stockists”. Taking stock of the issues and opportunities,
a conceptual model is suggested using e-governance and Public Private Partnership(PPP) in managing the
supply chain of paddy which ensures fool proof mechanism not only to control prevailing losses but also
arrives at a unique wealth creation opportunity, which can redefine the face of agricultural developments
in the state.
The Bangladeshi Agarwood Industry: Development Barriers and a Potential Way...Md. Joynal Abdin
Agarwood (which has various names around the Asia and Pacific region) is one of the most
expensive non-timber wood products of the world. Bangladesh is producing three major
products namely agar-wood, agar-oil and agar dust. It has many uses in the cosmetics
(especially perfume) and medicine sectors. Agarwood has traditional, religious moreover
cultural uses in different parts of the world. In addition to various Asian countries, agarwood
has a long history in Bangladesh, especially in Moulvibazar and nearby districts. However, a
few constraints are creating hurdles for a flourishing agarwood sector in Bangladesh. This
paper provides first some background on the agarwood sector in Bangladesh and concentrates
then on identifying development barriers of the agarwood sector in Bangladesh. Based on the
identified development barriers, it then suggests a few recommendations. Proper regulatory
support from the government could play a vital role to make it one of the major foreign
currency earning sectors for Bangladesh.
Abhumka farmers club organic cultivation farm to firmManish Singh
Unavailability of quality raw material in large quantum at a single point source is the major problem at the moment faced by the big companies manufacturing herbal healthcare and cosmetic products across the globe. Procurement of the right quality material at the right price is the major challenge and constraint in the growth of this sector. Under farm to Firm mission, Abhumka Herbal is facilitating contractual organic cultivation of Turmeric, Ginger, Ragi and Air Yam through Abhumka Farmers Club and produce will reach directly to companies directly,thus eliminating all brokers.
Vibrant Gujarat Bird's Eye View of Gujarat Forest SectorVibrant Gujarat
Enhance the quality and extent of forest through improved forest management, rehabilitation and protection and livelihood of the population in the project villages. This involves diversification of the households’ economic activities and improvement of the local infrastructure.
Supplement supply of Gugal gum resin for its use in the Ayurvedic medicines. Standardize sustainable harvesting methods of conservation concern species.
This document provides information about carbohydrates including their history, occurrence, classification, isolation, properties, identification tests, pharmaceutical importance, and pharmacognostic study of individual carbohydrate-containing drugs. It discusses the various classes of carbohydrates such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Examples are provided for each class. The document also outlines methods for extracting different types of carbohydrates from plant materials and identifying carbohydrates using common chemical tests. The pharmaceutical uses and importance of some specific carbohydrates are highlighted. Individual drug monographs on pectin, guar gum, agar, acacia, honey, isapgol, and tragacanth are also included which detail
Pro Poor Cluster Development Methodology.pdfTheBambooLink
This document sponsored by EDII focuses on methodology of cluster development programme in poverty intensive clusters mostly consists of rural and urban informal clusters where primary stakeholders are mostly in poverty. How to identify the poor stakeholders, understand their problems, needs and prepare an appropriate action plan has been explained in the document along with the methodology of implementation of the programme to address poverty.
The document discusses the Agricultural Minister's proposal to legalize the export of the inner bark of Gyrinops Walla, a tree that grows in Sri Lanka. Gyrinops Walla was traditionally used for medicinal purposes and its bark is now known to produce a valuable resin called agarwood. However, the tree is currently endangered due to unnecessary cutting and smuggling for its monetary value. The summary recommends legalizing export to benefit the economy but under conditions such as comprehensive research, patenting Sri Lankan agarwood, sustainable regulations, and ensuring local communities and small businesses benefit.
This document is an introduction to a book that analyzes key trends and challenges facing India's forests over the past two decades. It was compiled based on think pieces presented at a conference organized by the Rights and Resources Initiative and the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage. The introduction notes that forests in India are facing increasing pressures from economic development, population growth, and climate change policies while also needing to recognize the rights and livelihood needs of forest-dependent communities. It aims to track these trends and their underlying drivers through contributions from leading Indian scholars on topics like policy, conservation, economics, conflicts, and globalization. The goal is to inform future forest sector discourse and shape a model that balances development, ecosystems, and community rights
Paddy soon after harvesting, duetoits importance as basic food, the largest area under cultivation and the
prevailing agro economic conditions of farmers, constitutes a wide length and partners in its supply chain.
Once paddy is hulled in mills it gives the main product rice, cut rice and by products husk and rice bran.
This paper attempts to find out through empirical research, the practices, end products and estimates of
value creation, value realization and value loss to the stakeholders across its extended value chainof paddy
in the state of Karnataka.
With the existing estimates for legitimate variables of the analysis, it is found that supply chain of paddy is
a very complex processdominatedbynetwork of intermediaries called “mill owners and stockists” who
make an investment worth not less than Rs.8000 Crores.(where $13.3 bn should be $1.33 bn) every year
during harvesting through stocking, milling and packing and create a value above 45% of their investment
in the value chain. In the process it is observed that farmer is the only stakeholder who is paid least and
supply chain management of paddy suffers from huge losses to the government as more than 65% farmers
sell paddy to the local agents of “mill owners and stockists”. Taking stock of the issues and opportunities,
a conceptual model is suggested using e-governance and Public Private Partnership(PPP) in managing the
supply chain of paddy which ensures fool proof mechanism not only to control prevailing losses but also
arrives at a unique wealth creation opportunity, which can redefine the face of agricultural developments
in the state.
The Bangladeshi Agarwood Industry: Development Barriers and a Potential Way...Md. Joynal Abdin
Agarwood (which has various names around the Asia and Pacific region) is one of the most
expensive non-timber wood products of the world. Bangladesh is producing three major
products namely agar-wood, agar-oil and agar dust. It has many uses in the cosmetics
(especially perfume) and medicine sectors. Agarwood has traditional, religious moreover
cultural uses in different parts of the world. In addition to various Asian countries, agarwood
has a long history in Bangladesh, especially in Moulvibazar and nearby districts. However, a
few constraints are creating hurdles for a flourishing agarwood sector in Bangladesh. This
paper provides first some background on the agarwood sector in Bangladesh and concentrates
then on identifying development barriers of the agarwood sector in Bangladesh. Based on the
identified development barriers, it then suggests a few recommendations. Proper regulatory
support from the government could play a vital role to make it one of the major foreign
currency earning sectors for Bangladesh.
Abhumka farmers club organic cultivation farm to firmManish Singh
Unavailability of quality raw material in large quantum at a single point source is the major problem at the moment faced by the big companies manufacturing herbal healthcare and cosmetic products across the globe. Procurement of the right quality material at the right price is the major challenge and constraint in the growth of this sector. Under farm to Firm mission, Abhumka Herbal is facilitating contractual organic cultivation of Turmeric, Ginger, Ragi and Air Yam through Abhumka Farmers Club and produce will reach directly to companies directly,thus eliminating all brokers.
Vibrant Gujarat Bird's Eye View of Gujarat Forest SectorVibrant Gujarat
Enhance the quality and extent of forest through improved forest management, rehabilitation and protection and livelihood of the population in the project villages. This involves diversification of the households’ economic activities and improvement of the local infrastructure.
Supplement supply of Gugal gum resin for its use in the Ayurvedic medicines. Standardize sustainable harvesting methods of conservation concern species.
This presentation imparts a complete overview of Gujarat’s Forest Sector including information about the government initiatives, projects and schemes for collaboration opportunities as well as sustainable development by preserving the biodiversity & forest ecosystem
This document provides background information on a study conducted in the Nainamadu Forest Reserve area in Sri Lanka. It discusses the socioeconomic features and demographics of the study area, which consisted of 8 villages affected by the regional conflict. Agriculture is the main livelihood activity. The document outlines the study's methodology, which included surveys and interviews with 57 households. It identifies non-timber forest products produced in the area such as wild honey, tamarind, fruits, medicinal plants, and inland fishing. The aim of the study is to promote the sustainable use and commercialization of valuable NTFPs to improve livelihoods in the area.
This document provides an overview of the dairy industry in India and Karnataka Milk Federation (KMF) in Dharwad, Karnataka. It discusses the development of the dairy industry in India, key statistics on milk production and consumption, and the growth of organized dairy sector processing millions of liters of milk per day. The document also outlines KMF's executive summary, objectives, scope, location and duration of an organizational study being conducted at their Dharwad facility.
11.the skills in demand a case of phulbani district of orissaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes skill development needs and opportunities in Phulbani District, Odisha, India. It finds that while the district has natural resources and potential sectors like agriculture, horticulture, forest products, and medicinal plants, it faces challenges of poverty, lack of infrastructure, and a mismatch between the skills taught and those demanded by the job market. The document conducts a SWOT analysis of skill development opportunities in the district and identifies missing links between current skill supply and demand, recommending improved analysis of market needs and more demand-driven training strategies to close skills gaps and boost employment.
This document provides an introduction to the Atlas of African Agriculture Research and Development. It discusses different classification systems used for aggregating and analyzing agricultural data across African countries, including the FAO's regional groupings and the World Bank's income-based groupings. It also previews select maps and data from the Atlas, including the distribution of agriculture researchers across African countries. The introduction emphasizes that the Atlas aims to highlight factors shaping African agriculture and identify opportunities and constraints through spatial data and analysis in order to inform policy and investment decisions.
National Chickpea Innovation Platform: Way forward in EthiopiaTropical Legumes III
Bringing together all actors in the chickpea value chain was a key focus for setting up a National Chickpea Innovation Platform. Other new initiatives include enhancing chickpea productivity and marketing based on the targets of the Ethiopian Growth and Transformation Plan 2 (GTP2) and enhancing household consumption for nutrition and food security– were discussed at a recent workshop in Ethiopia.
This document provides information on an international journal article that analyzes the problems and prospects of the coconut industry in Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, India. It begins with background on coconut production globally and in India. It then reviews previous literature on coconut cultivation challenges. The main objectives of the study are to analyze cultivation problems faced by coconut farmers in the district and to examine marketing problems related to coconut sales.
1. The document summarizes value chain analyses conducted for kokum and fisheries in Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra under the Umed rural livelihoods program.
2. For kokum, opportunities exist to commercialize underutilized parts of the fruit and develop new products. However, challenges include lack of labor during harvest season and lack of technology in harvesting and processing.
3. Fisheries is a major industry in Ratnagiri but overfishing and pollution have reduced catches while sustainability is a concern. High capital costs mean middlemen have significant control over fishermen's catches.
India forest- jica-inception report PPT.Dharm Singh
The document discusses forest management in India and the state of Uttarakhand. It provides background on India's geography, population, and biodiversity. Uttarakhand has high forest cover but is prone to natural disasters. The document outlines India's forest types and classification systems. It notes that while forest area has decreased, cropland has increased. India's timber production meets only a portion of domestic demand. The speaker aims to develop a sustainable forest management scheme for Uttarakhand that balances conservation and community needs.
Guar outlook 2015- National Institute of Agricultural Marketingehaque4th
This document provides an overview of the guar industry outlook for 2015. It summarizes that India is the largest producer of guar globally, contributing 80% of production. Guar gum has various industrial applications in food, pharmaceutical and oil industries. Rajasthan is the largest guar producing state in India, accounting for over 70% of national production, followed by Haryana. The processing of guar seed yields guar splits, churi, and korma as main products. India exports around 75-80% of its guar gum and derivatives mainly to the US and Europe. The price of guar seed fluctuated significantly between 2007-2013, with average spot prices reaching Rs. 7600/qt in recent years. Issues around standardization,
Influence of Market Arrival on Price Formation of Turmeric in Kandhamal Distr...iosrjce
- Turmeric is a major crop grown in the Kandhamal district of Odisha. The harvesting season runs from January to March.
- The researcher examines the relationship between market arrival (independent variable) and price (dependent variable) of turmeric in Kandhamal district from January 2013 to September 2013.
- Using simple linear regression, the analysis finds a positive relationship between market arrival and price, with market arrival explaining about 62% of the variation in price over the period examined.
BENISON MEDIA is in business of Publishing “ Think Grain Think Feed ” – A Monthly magazine for feed and technology related to it. The magazine provides important information related to animal feed and Grain industry starting from feed crop production to feed additives and premixes, processing and storage technology for poultry, dairy and aqua sector.
It provides a comprehensive information on the market and industry, economic and policy issue, scientific advances, new products, latest technology and latest news and analysis on the development in Feed Industry. Our Feed & Grain magazine is circulated among Government officials, Feed industry, agriculture research and academics, feed millers, raw material traders, technology providers, integrator, cooperatives, veterinarians, embassies, trade associations, storage industry professionals, workers and rural institutions etc.
PROSPECT OF FLORICULTURE IN LUCKNOW DISTRICTIRJET Journal
The document discusses the prospects of floriculture in Lucknow district, India. It begins by defining floriculture as the cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants for direct sale, raw materials, or aesthetic purposes. It notes that floriculture can generate employment and foreign exchange. The study area is Lucknow district in Uttar Pradesh. Currently, floriculture has grown in India as an export-oriented industry, though it faces challenges around logistics, costs, and competition. The document concludes that floriculture presents opportunities to boost rural economies and offers a promising future for Indian farmers.
Potential Analysis of the Seaweed Based Region In Southeast Sulawesiinventionjournals
This document analyzes the potential for seaweed production in various regions of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. It uses a Location Quotient (LQ) analysis to determine if seaweed is a base commodity for different districts based on criteria of LQ>1. The LQ is calculated for fisheries subsectors including seaweed cultivation in North Buton, Buton, Kolaka, Kendari, and Muna regions. The results show that several districts in each region have LQ values above 1 for seaweed, indicating it is a base commodity and has strong potential for production in those areas. The purpose is to provide information on optimal areas for seaweed farming in Southeast Sulawesi.
Jain Irrigation Systems Limited (JISL) has developed a supply chain for dehydrated onion exports from India. The company contracts over 1,700 smallholder farmers to grow white onions according to JISL's quality standards. JISL provides farmers with technical support, a guaranteed minimum price, and helps farmers access loans, which mitigates risks for farmers. The high-quality onions are then processed into dehydrated onions by JISL for export markets. This case study illustrates how private sector involvement can create incentives to attract smallholder farmers into high-value export supply chains by lowering risks and ensuring standards are met.
A report prepared for the
Department for International Development (DFID)
Project: ‘The Role of Fisheries in Poverty Alleviation
and Growth: Past, Present and Future’
pterocarpus santalinus (RED SANDERS) THE ENDANGERED TREEsamwilliams597170
santalinus, commonly known as Red Sandalwood, is a native and endemic to India and can only be found in the southern parts of the Eastern Ghats. It is a small tree that grows to 5-8 meters in height and has a dark grayish bark.
The document presents a business plan for "Udyog Farming Agency", an agricultural services agency that aims to provide farmers in Uttar Pradesh, India with equipment, seeds, fertilizers, and consultancy services to improve productivity and incomes. It outlines the company mission and objectives, market analysis, products and services, operational costs, financial projections, and strategies for promotion. The agency seeks to become the leading farming services provider in the country through the use of modern technology and services to large numbers of farmers.
Production, Processing and Marketing status of Cinnamomum glaucescensAvinashKafle2
This document summarizes the production, processing, and marketing status of Cinnamomum glaucescens in Nepal. It finds that C. glaucescens is an important medicinal and aromatic plant species native to Nepal that is harvested from the wild for its essential oil. The essential oil is extracted through steam distillation and exported, while the leftover cake is used for incense making. Major stakeholders in the value chain include producers, village traders, wholesalers, and exporters. Issues include overharvesting, lack of market linkages and financial access for producers, and middlemen capturing most of the profits. Improving cultivation, processing, certification, and market access could develop this species as a viable
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
This presentation imparts a complete overview of Gujarat’s Forest Sector including information about the government initiatives, projects and schemes for collaboration opportunities as well as sustainable development by preserving the biodiversity & forest ecosystem
This document provides background information on a study conducted in the Nainamadu Forest Reserve area in Sri Lanka. It discusses the socioeconomic features and demographics of the study area, which consisted of 8 villages affected by the regional conflict. Agriculture is the main livelihood activity. The document outlines the study's methodology, which included surveys and interviews with 57 households. It identifies non-timber forest products produced in the area such as wild honey, tamarind, fruits, medicinal plants, and inland fishing. The aim of the study is to promote the sustainable use and commercialization of valuable NTFPs to improve livelihoods in the area.
This document provides an overview of the dairy industry in India and Karnataka Milk Federation (KMF) in Dharwad, Karnataka. It discusses the development of the dairy industry in India, key statistics on milk production and consumption, and the growth of organized dairy sector processing millions of liters of milk per day. The document also outlines KMF's executive summary, objectives, scope, location and duration of an organizational study being conducted at their Dharwad facility.
11.the skills in demand a case of phulbani district of orissaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes skill development needs and opportunities in Phulbani District, Odisha, India. It finds that while the district has natural resources and potential sectors like agriculture, horticulture, forest products, and medicinal plants, it faces challenges of poverty, lack of infrastructure, and a mismatch between the skills taught and those demanded by the job market. The document conducts a SWOT analysis of skill development opportunities in the district and identifies missing links between current skill supply and demand, recommending improved analysis of market needs and more demand-driven training strategies to close skills gaps and boost employment.
This document provides an introduction to the Atlas of African Agriculture Research and Development. It discusses different classification systems used for aggregating and analyzing agricultural data across African countries, including the FAO's regional groupings and the World Bank's income-based groupings. It also previews select maps and data from the Atlas, including the distribution of agriculture researchers across African countries. The introduction emphasizes that the Atlas aims to highlight factors shaping African agriculture and identify opportunities and constraints through spatial data and analysis in order to inform policy and investment decisions.
National Chickpea Innovation Platform: Way forward in EthiopiaTropical Legumes III
Bringing together all actors in the chickpea value chain was a key focus for setting up a National Chickpea Innovation Platform. Other new initiatives include enhancing chickpea productivity and marketing based on the targets of the Ethiopian Growth and Transformation Plan 2 (GTP2) and enhancing household consumption for nutrition and food security– were discussed at a recent workshop in Ethiopia.
This document provides information on an international journal article that analyzes the problems and prospects of the coconut industry in Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, India. It begins with background on coconut production globally and in India. It then reviews previous literature on coconut cultivation challenges. The main objectives of the study are to analyze cultivation problems faced by coconut farmers in the district and to examine marketing problems related to coconut sales.
1. The document summarizes value chain analyses conducted for kokum and fisheries in Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra under the Umed rural livelihoods program.
2. For kokum, opportunities exist to commercialize underutilized parts of the fruit and develop new products. However, challenges include lack of labor during harvest season and lack of technology in harvesting and processing.
3. Fisheries is a major industry in Ratnagiri but overfishing and pollution have reduced catches while sustainability is a concern. High capital costs mean middlemen have significant control over fishermen's catches.
India forest- jica-inception report PPT.Dharm Singh
The document discusses forest management in India and the state of Uttarakhand. It provides background on India's geography, population, and biodiversity. Uttarakhand has high forest cover but is prone to natural disasters. The document outlines India's forest types and classification systems. It notes that while forest area has decreased, cropland has increased. India's timber production meets only a portion of domestic demand. The speaker aims to develop a sustainable forest management scheme for Uttarakhand that balances conservation and community needs.
Guar outlook 2015- National Institute of Agricultural Marketingehaque4th
This document provides an overview of the guar industry outlook for 2015. It summarizes that India is the largest producer of guar globally, contributing 80% of production. Guar gum has various industrial applications in food, pharmaceutical and oil industries. Rajasthan is the largest guar producing state in India, accounting for over 70% of national production, followed by Haryana. The processing of guar seed yields guar splits, churi, and korma as main products. India exports around 75-80% of its guar gum and derivatives mainly to the US and Europe. The price of guar seed fluctuated significantly between 2007-2013, with average spot prices reaching Rs. 7600/qt in recent years. Issues around standardization,
Influence of Market Arrival on Price Formation of Turmeric in Kandhamal Distr...iosrjce
- Turmeric is a major crop grown in the Kandhamal district of Odisha. The harvesting season runs from January to March.
- The researcher examines the relationship between market arrival (independent variable) and price (dependent variable) of turmeric in Kandhamal district from January 2013 to September 2013.
- Using simple linear regression, the analysis finds a positive relationship between market arrival and price, with market arrival explaining about 62% of the variation in price over the period examined.
BENISON MEDIA is in business of Publishing “ Think Grain Think Feed ” – A Monthly magazine for feed and technology related to it. The magazine provides important information related to animal feed and Grain industry starting from feed crop production to feed additives and premixes, processing and storage technology for poultry, dairy and aqua sector.
It provides a comprehensive information on the market and industry, economic and policy issue, scientific advances, new products, latest technology and latest news and analysis on the development in Feed Industry. Our Feed & Grain magazine is circulated among Government officials, Feed industry, agriculture research and academics, feed millers, raw material traders, technology providers, integrator, cooperatives, veterinarians, embassies, trade associations, storage industry professionals, workers and rural institutions etc.
PROSPECT OF FLORICULTURE IN LUCKNOW DISTRICTIRJET Journal
The document discusses the prospects of floriculture in Lucknow district, India. It begins by defining floriculture as the cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants for direct sale, raw materials, or aesthetic purposes. It notes that floriculture can generate employment and foreign exchange. The study area is Lucknow district in Uttar Pradesh. Currently, floriculture has grown in India as an export-oriented industry, though it faces challenges around logistics, costs, and competition. The document concludes that floriculture presents opportunities to boost rural economies and offers a promising future for Indian farmers.
Potential Analysis of the Seaweed Based Region In Southeast Sulawesiinventionjournals
This document analyzes the potential for seaweed production in various regions of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. It uses a Location Quotient (LQ) analysis to determine if seaweed is a base commodity for different districts based on criteria of LQ>1. The LQ is calculated for fisheries subsectors including seaweed cultivation in North Buton, Buton, Kolaka, Kendari, and Muna regions. The results show that several districts in each region have LQ values above 1 for seaweed, indicating it is a base commodity and has strong potential for production in those areas. The purpose is to provide information on optimal areas for seaweed farming in Southeast Sulawesi.
Jain Irrigation Systems Limited (JISL) has developed a supply chain for dehydrated onion exports from India. The company contracts over 1,700 smallholder farmers to grow white onions according to JISL's quality standards. JISL provides farmers with technical support, a guaranteed minimum price, and helps farmers access loans, which mitigates risks for farmers. The high-quality onions are then processed into dehydrated onions by JISL for export markets. This case study illustrates how private sector involvement can create incentives to attract smallholder farmers into high-value export supply chains by lowering risks and ensuring standards are met.
A report prepared for the
Department for International Development (DFID)
Project: ‘The Role of Fisheries in Poverty Alleviation
and Growth: Past, Present and Future’
pterocarpus santalinus (RED SANDERS) THE ENDANGERED TREEsamwilliams597170
santalinus, commonly known as Red Sandalwood, is a native and endemic to India and can only be found in the southern parts of the Eastern Ghats. It is a small tree that grows to 5-8 meters in height and has a dark grayish bark.
The document presents a business plan for "Udyog Farming Agency", an agricultural services agency that aims to provide farmers in Uttar Pradesh, India with equipment, seeds, fertilizers, and consultancy services to improve productivity and incomes. It outlines the company mission and objectives, market analysis, products and services, operational costs, financial projections, and strategies for promotion. The agency seeks to become the leading farming services provider in the country through the use of modern technology and services to large numbers of farmers.
Production, Processing and Marketing status of Cinnamomum glaucescensAvinashKafle2
This document summarizes the production, processing, and marketing status of Cinnamomum glaucescens in Nepal. It finds that C. glaucescens is an important medicinal and aromatic plant species native to Nepal that is harvested from the wild for its essential oil. The essential oil is extracted through steam distillation and exported, while the leftover cake is used for incense making. Major stakeholders in the value chain include producers, village traders, wholesalers, and exporters. Issues include overharvesting, lack of market linkages and financial access for producers, and middlemen capturing most of the profits. Improving cultivation, processing, certification, and market access could develop this species as a viable
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
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India gum karaya report v3
1. REPORT ON THE GUM
KARAYA SUB-SECTOR IN
ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
November 2005
This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared
by the Kovel Foundation and International Resources Group (IRG).
2.
3. REPORT ON THE GUM
KARAYA SUB-SECTOR IN
ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
International Resources Group
1211 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 700
Washington, DC 20036
202-289-0100 Fax 202-289-7601
www.irgltd.com
DISCLAIMER
The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for
International Development or the United States Government.
4.
5. CONTENTS
1. Executive Summary ........................................................................................... 1
2. Introduction to the Sub Sector........................................................................ 2
3. Resource Aspects ............................................................................................... 3
3.1 Geographical Distribution .......................................................................................................... 3
3.2 A Brief Outline of Girijan Cooperative Corporation (GCC) ............................................ 3
3.3 Before Intervention ...................................................................................................................... 3
3.4 After Intervention......................................................................................................................... 4
3.5 Activity Profile and Gender-related Tasks.............................................................................. 7
3.6 Tenure and Access ....................................................................................................................... 7
4. Economics ........................................................................................................... 8
4.1 Yield and Income per Gum Tree .............................................................................................. 8
4.2 Value Chain Analysis .................................................................................................................... 8
4.3 Trends in Sourcing Gum Karaya .............................................................................................11
5. Regulations and Governance Issues ............................................................... 12
5.1 Nationalized NTFPs ...................................................................................................................12
5.2 Monopoly Items ..........................................................................................................................12
5.3 Non–Monopoly Items................................................................................................................12
5.4 NTFP Procurement and Marketing ........................................................................................12
5.5 Export Laws .................................................................................................................................14
5.6 Forest Department-GCC—Tribal Relationship ..................................................................14
5.7 Problems Faced by the Gum Pickers .....................................................................................14
6. Development Interventions on Gum Karaya and their Impacts ............... 15
6.1 The Main Innovations in the WEEM-IGK Project are........................................................16
6.2 Impact of the Project on Nature, Economy and Power Aspects....................................16
7.0 Threats and Opportunities Within the Value Chain.................................. 17
7.1 Opportunities ..............................................................................................................................17
7.2 Threats ..........................................................................................................................................17
REPORT ON THE GUM KARAYA SUB-SECTOR IN ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA I
6.
7. 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Although gum karaya, kendu leaf and sal seed, i.e. Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are available
throughout India, the most significant contribution in terms of quantity and revenues – more than 75 percent
- comes from five states, Andhra Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Orissa. Apart from
increasing state revenues, NTFPs are also a crucial source of income for the poor, particularly forest dwellers
and tribals.
However, the current NTFPs chain is a classic case of missing linkages between market, resource and
dependent poor. Despite the fact that its market is expanding and plenty of resources are available resource
rich forests, NTFPs are typically a secondary livelihood option for NTFP dependent poor, due to numerous
gaps and leakages in the “farm-to-market” chain. One exception is the Gum Karaya sub sector which is
realizing enhanced incomes for its producers.
This report analyses the gum karaya production and trade trends in Andhra Pradesh, India over a period of
time before and after intervention of scientific tapping. It also reviews the impact of this process on nature,
wealth and power aspects so that NRM practictioners and decision-makers may benefit from lessons learned
in the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of similar projects within in India and other countries.
REPORT ON THE GUM KARAYA SUB-SECTOR IN ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA 1
8. 2. INTRODUCTION
TO THE SUB SECTOR
Indian forests are a potential source for large numbers of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) and
therefore, livelihoods for those living in and around forest areas. In Andhra Pradesh, some 10,000 tribal
families living in 23 Districts within three regions, Coastal Andhra, Telangana and Rayalaseema, rely on the
collection of gum karaya and other NTFPs for their livelihood. Andhra Pradesh State is one of the major
producers of gum karaya in India. Other NTFPs include gums and resins, nuts, seeds, roots, tubers, flowers,
fruits, leaves, flowers and medicinal herbs.
They are available only for in short periods (1-2 months) while gum karaya, which can be harvested round
the year, provides a steady source of income to the dependent gum collectors. Gums are basically plant
exudations that result partly from natural phenomena and partly from injury to the stem’s bark. So gum
karaya tapping requires a specialized skill and knowledge in order to access the best quality while minimizing
damage to the tree. Since the gum is widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries, both in domestic and
foreign markets, maintaining high quality standards is critical. Proper scientific processes are critical in
tapping, processing, packing, storing and marketing gum karaya.
2 REPORT ON THE GUM KARAYA SUB-SECTOR IN ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
9. 3. RESOURCE ASPECTS
3.1 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
The terculia or karaya tree is a native of dry deciduous forests in tropical climates. The genus sterculia
comprises about 100 species of which approximately 25 species are said to occur in South Africa’s tropical
forests. Sterculia is found in tropical Himalayas, West and Central India, Deccan Plateau, and throughout the
Eastern and Western Ghats of India (Chopra et al, 1956). In India there are 12 gum karaya species, of which
four species are available in Andhra Pradesh. They are S. foetida, S.populiana, S.willosa and S.urens. Only
sterculia urens species is tapped for gum harvesting.
In Andhra Pradesh State (India), the gum karaya trees are found in the Districts of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram,
Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Khammam, Warangal, Karimnagar, Adilabad,
Mahaboobnagar, Kurnool, Prakasham, Nellore, Chittoor and Cuddapah. The gum trees are found primarily
on hill tops and slopes and in rocky areas. Since all the trees are found in the forest zone, they are included in
the official category, Common Property Resources (CPRs).
3.2 A BRIEF OUTLINE OF GIRIJAN COOPERATIVE CORPORATION
(GCC)
The GCC, established by the Government of Andhra Pradesh in 1956, focuses on improving the socio-
economic status of tribals in the State of Andhra Pradesh. It currently serves some 2.6 million tribals out of a
total tribal population of 4.2 millions living in the State. The GCC is vested with monopoly rights over 24
NTFPs including gum karaya.
The objectives of the GCC are:
• To ensure fair payment for the NTFPs that the tribals collect, excluding in the process middlemen and
private traders who were indulging in unfair trade practices.
• To ensure availability of Essential Commodities (ECs) in the scheduled areas through a network of
Domestic Requirement (DR) Depots
• To provide support to the tribals through extending credit facilities for agricultural activities.
3.3 BEFORE INTERVENTION
3.3.1THE GCC’S PRODUCTION AND MARKETING PROBLEMS
The GCC procures NTFPs from the tribals through Credit Cum Procurement Assistants (CCPAs) at Shandy
points and DR.Depots. Among the NTFPs collected, gum karaya (Sterculia urens) is the key commodity in
terms of production and trade turnover for the tribals as well as the GCC. In the early 1990s, the tribals used
axes to collect the gum. The gum had bark and other foreign matter when it was sold in the shandy. There
was no knowledge of how the gum could be collected, cleaned, sorted and graded. GCC was unable to
dispose of those stocks which resulted in a backlog of over 1200 tons of gum, stored in the GCC godowns
for want of marketing.
In the past (prior to 1990s) when traders offered lower prices for gum karaya, procurement prices also
declined and collection dropped. As can be seen from Figure 3-1, exports fell sharply in 1990. This was due
to substandard quality of gum karaya, as supplied by various agencies.
REPORT ON THE GUM KARAYA SUB-SECTOR IN ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA 3
10. Figure 3-1. Gum Karaya Exports from 1984-84 to 2000 December
4500
4000
3500
Quantity in M.T.
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1984- 1985- 1986- 1987- 1988- 1989- 1990- 1991- 1992- 1993- 1994- 1995- 1996- 1997- 1998- 1999- 2000-
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000
Year
3.4 AFTER INTERVENTION
3.4.1 SEARCH FOR SOLUTIONS
Despite the high level of inventory of Gum Karaya,Sri T.Vijay Kumar, I.A.S. former Managing Director,
GCC was unwilling to decrease the procurement price of gum due to the economic impact on the tribals. He
did not want them to pay the penalty for price fluctuations. Given the inability to sell the stocks of gum, and
with the growing need for commercially viable solutions, discussions were held with buyers and traders to
determine the nature of problems in marketing gum. Based on these discussions, market requirements were
identified for specific levels of:
• viscosity
• swelling ability
• bark and other foreign matter
• color and
• other properties
3.4.2 SCIENTIFIC TESTING OF GUM
GCC conducted experiments with two sets of samples
• Gum drawn from the godown inventory
• Gum collected from the tree
Testing samples drawn from the godown shown that 60 ml swelling ability where as fresh gum shown
swelling ability of 500 ml. Similarly viscosity was 7 cps from godown inventory where as fresh gum viscosity
was 1200 cps. Godown samples also contained high bacterial count and moisture, resulting in gum spoilage
and degradation. Based on the test results, it was found that if the gum was properly handled, tray dried and
properly stored, it would retain viscosity and swelling ability for more than nine months. Packaging practices
caused spoilage and loss of viscosity in less than four months. Having identified the problem, it was clear that
training programs were needed to disseminate information pertaining to the appropriate tools and methods of
gum tapping, processing, grading, and storage.
4 REPORT ON THE GUM KARAYA SUB-SECTOR IN ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
11. 3.4.3 SCIENTIFIC TAPPING OF GUM KARAYA
When a more scientific gum tapping process was required throughout the State, 60 botanists were engaged as
NTFP consultants for extension work. Hundreds of educated tribal youth known as Village Liaison Workers
(VLWs) were also trained. Biochemistry and botany expertise was used to develop scientific methods of gum
tapping, collection, transportation, handling, storage, cleaning, sorting, grading and drying. Extension work
and trainings are now undertaken to ensure quality control at all levels of handling - from tapping to
auctioning the final product. During the trainings, gum pickers received appropriate tools to support more
scientific practices.
For instance, in 1989 (8.9.89), the gum pickers used to receive Rs 30, 26 and 20 for 1st grade, 2nd grade and 3rd
grade respectively for collection, which was considered unprofitable. GCC , in collaboration with Kovel
Foundation, Visakhapatnam conducted regular intensive and refresher trainings on scientific tapping of gum
karaya. They also supplied tool kits consisting of the following items:
• Improved sickle for blazing the gum tree
• Five inches stainless steel forceps for removing bark and other matter from the gum
• Small polythene liners for gum collection
• Bamboo basket for transporting the gum from tree to home
• Material for a one mt. height wooden platform for drying the gum.
• Bamboo mat to cover wooden platform
• One sq. mt. polythene liners to place over the bamboo mat for drying the gum
The gum picker was required to construct the wooden platform in order to receive a free tool kit.
The Kovel Foundation and/or the GCC assessed the number of gum pickers to be trained in each divisional
area and determined those who require tool kits. Kovel houses the tool kits and dispatches them prior to the
commencement of training. After completion of a two- day intensive training program, gum pickers receive
the tool kits, valued at Rs 150, at no cost.
As a result of scientific interventions, gum karaya’s quality and purchase prices have risen substantially.
(Figure 3-2)
Figure 3-2. GCC Prices of Gum Karaya Over a Period of Time
160
140
120
Prices Grade Wise
100
Gr.I
80 Gr.II
Gr.III
60
40
20
0
1989 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2004
Year
The above Bar chart clearly reveals that there is an upward trend in the purchase price of all three grades of
gum karaya since 1989. If we take the prices in the year 1989 as the base point, it is an increase of 367 % for
REPORT ON THE GUM KARAYA SUB-SECTOR IN ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA 5
12. 1st grade, 285 % for 2nd grade and 275% for 3rd grade. As GCC maintained consistent quality and quantity,
it has been able to establish its brand in the national and international market under the name “Girijan
Gum”.
Figure 3-3. Chart Showing the Changes of Selling Price from
Actor to Actor Grade-wise Over a Period of Time
250
200
Price per Kg in Rs.
150
100
50
0
Grade-I Grade-II Grade-III Grade-I Grade-II Grade-III Grade-I Grade-II Grade-III
1998-99 1999-00 2000-01
Year & Grades
Gum Picker Sales Price GCC Sales Price Exporter Price
Table 3-1. Comparative Selling Price between Gum Pickers & GCC
and GCC & Exporters for a Period of Three Years
Gum Picker GCC Exporter Profit margin Percentage of Profit margin Percentage of
Grade Sales Price Sales Price Price to GCC margin to GCC to Exporter margin to Exporter
1998-99
Grade-I 110.00 167.10 179.25 57.10 12.15 7%
Grade-II 75.00 128.88 133.78 53.88 72% 4.90 4%
Grade-III 50.00 75.43 95.09 25.43 51% 19.66 26%
1999-00
Grade-I 125.00 179.51 190.91 54.51 44% 11.40 6%
Grade-II 90.00 120.88 142.59 30.88 34% 21.71 18%
Grade-III 60.00 89.36 98.44 29.36 49% 9.08 10%
2000-01
Grade-I 125.00 165.48 198.70 40.48 32% 33.22 20%
Grade-II 90.00 127.18 150.34 37.18 41% 23.16 18%
Grade-III 60.00 83.77 99.02 23.77 40% 15.25 18%
Prices per KG in Rs
6 REPORT ON THE GUM KARAYA SUB-SECTOR IN ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
13. 3.5 ACTIVITY PROFILE AND GENDER-RELATED TASKS
Tribals, both men and women are involved in the pre- and post-harvesting of gum karaya. Men conduct most of
the gum blazing while women manage processing (drying, grading and storage).
Tribal men and women who undertake gum collection start early in the morning, carrying their food and
water. They walk three to 10 kilometers based on the geographical location of gum trees in the area. They
have an informal understanding about the sharing of gum trees in the forest i.e. whoever cuts the tree first
“owns” it in subsequent years. They blaze the gum tree and leave it for 20 days to ensure regeneration of the
blazed portion. On the 20th day, they cut the blazed area at a thickness similar to onion peel at the upper
portion. When women accompany their husbands, they carry baskets for gum collection and also collect leafy
vegetables, twigs, tubers and fruits. They visit to the gum trees on alternate days and make fresh blazes on
gum trees, wherever needed. Gum collection trips are made three times a week. Men blaze and market while
women are involved in processing and grading but the roles and responsibilities are flexible and interchanged
as needed.
3.6 TENURE AND ACCESS
GCC pays a royalty to the Forest Department to secure collection rights and market monopoly. In the
scheduled area, the tribals have the right to visit forests to collect NTFPs including gum karaya. For this,
GCC issues a “Giricard” to the identified gum picker, which ensures access to forests for gum collection and
also sale in the market place. Most of the Giricards are in the names of men and contains information about
the number of gum trees and transaction details.
With regard to forest management including gum trees, Vana Samrakshana Samithis are responsible for
patrolling, protection and fire control activities with the support of Forest Department. Individual gum
pickers also protect the trees as they visit forests regularly although they have no legal ownership. Produce
ownership is in the male name and will be inherited through the male line. Women secure rights only through
their relationship with men.
REPORT ON THE GUM KARAYA SUB-SECTOR IN ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA 7
14. 4. ECONOMICS
Previously, the tribals cut multiple blazes on a single tree to obtain maximum gum collection, ultimately leading
to over exploitation of the gum trees. In the process, they collected more gum per tree (approximately 100-150
grams per tree per blaze) but the quality was poor and the gum trees were often severely damaged.
With the introduction of scientific tapping of Gum Karaya, collectors now make single blaze on a tree within a
limited blazed area (15-20 cm) and follow best practices for harvesting and processing, thereby producing
superior gum and minimizing damage to the tree. As per our project reports and interaction with the gum
pickers, the number of gum trees per picker is declining due to earlier unscientific practices. The distribution of
trees per gum picker varies from village to village and region to region. However, most pickers manage 20 to 30
gum trees. As per our estimation and experience, the yield and income from one gum karaya tree per year is
presented below
4.1 YIELD AND INCOME PER GUM TREE
• Gum yield for one blaze on one Gum Karaya tree: 30 -50 grams
• Number of blazes on one tree per month: 12 blazes
• Gum yield per month on one tree: 360-600 grams
• Gum yield per one year on one tree: 4.320-7.200 kgs
• Gum yield from 20 trees per year: 86.400-144 kgs
• Gum yield from 30 trees per year: 129.600-216.000
Based on our experience, we expect from the above quantity, 25%, 50% and 25% of first grade, second grade
and third grade respectively. Based on the assumption that each gum picker has 20 - 30 trees for gum tapping,
the output of graded gum with expected income per annum is given below.
4.1.1 EXPECTED OUTPUT FROM 20 GUM TREES
25% of 129.600 kgs 32.400 @ Rs 140/- per kg 4536.00
50% of 129.600 kgs 64.800 @ Rs 100/-per kg 6480.00
25% of 129.600 kgs 32.400 @ Rs. 75/- per kg 2430.00
13446.00
4.1.2 EXPECTED OUTPUT FROM 30 GUM TREES
25% of 216.000 kgs 54.000 @ Rs 140/- per kg 7560.00
50% of 216.000 kgs 108.000 @ Rs 100/-per kg 10800.00
25% of 216.00 kgs 54.000 @ Rs. 75/- per kg 4050.00
22410.00
4.2 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
Many different players including tribals, the GCC, traders and exporters , are involved in the gum
karaya process. Pickers collect, dry, grade, store and sell the gum. The tribal gum pickers carry
8 REPORT ON THE GUM KARAYA SUB-SECTOR IN ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
15. product to the weekly shandy place, where the CCPA purchases and transports the gum to godowns
for tray-drying ( in order to lengthen shelf life.) The dried gum is packed and stored in the GCC
godowns, then auctioned through a tender-cum- bidding process. The GCC conducts monthly
auctions and traders bid. Traders from Mumbai and other parts of India participate and successful
bidders raise the stock’s value.
After crushing and milling, the traders who purchase this gum then grade it into seven different classes. This
process takes place primarily in Mumbai. There is no correspondence in grades between those established by
the GCC and those of traders. Since the GCC is the largest single supplier of gum karaya in India and also
due to its various quality improvement initiatives, GCC product commands a premium price on the domestic
market.
The following table provides the broad characteristics of the different grades with current purchase prices
fixed by the GCC.
Table 4-1. Broad Characteristics of Grades with Current Purchase Prices
Classification of grade Color Minimum permissible BFOM* Purchase Price per Kg (Rs)
Grade I White to off white 0.5% 140
Grade II Tan color 1.5% 100
Grade III Dark tan color 3.0% 75
Table 4-2. Grades of Gum Karaya as Sold by Exporters
Sl. No. Name of grade Maximum Permissible BFOM Color/features
1 Hand Picked Selected (HPS) 0.5% Untouched by machines, transparent
2 Selected no.1 0.75% Off white
3 Grade No. 1 1% Off white to yellow
4 Grade No. 2 2% Yellow to amber
5 Grade No. 3 3% Amber to brown
6 Shiftings-higher 4% Powder (size<1mm)
7 Shiftings-lower 6% Powder (size <1mm)
A substantial proportion of gum karaya from GCC is thus exported through traders to other resellers-cum-
processors located primarily in the developed countries, viz. Europe, U.S and Japan. These traders reportedly
re-sell the gum karaya to the end user industries in various forms depending on specifications.
Table 4-3. Gum Karaya Exports from India: 1984-85-December 2000
Year Quantity in Metric Tones Value in Rs.Lakhs Average Value per kg
1984-85 3993.26 1151.17 28.83
1985-86 2504.49 710.27 28.36
1986-87 2123.68 573.48 27.00
1987-88 2000.57 642.17 32.10
1988-89 1902.24 1105.23 58.10
1989-90 1640.54 1327.79 80.94
1990-91 461.80 385.84 83.55
1991-92 662.86 646.05 97.46
1992-93 884.69 757.31 85.60
1993-94 1590.44 1207.46 75.92
REPORT ON THE GUM KARAYA SUB-SECTOR IN ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA 9
16. Year Quantity in Metric Tones Value in Rs.Lakhs Average Value per kg
1994-95 1527.32 1122.35 73.48
1995-96 1493.33 1376.63 91.88
1996-97 1036.26 1030.85 99.48
1997-98 1386.13 1149.25 82.91
1998-99 1250.82 1224.01 97.86
1999-2000 1586.47 1503.48 94.77
2000-Dec 2000 1042.04 1041.92 99.99
The above table indicates that exports are declining gradually since 1984-85. The reasons could be production
of gum is coming down year after year as the gum pickers were being used unsustainable methods of gum
tapping, availability of synthetic substitutes and availability of gum at lower prices in other countries like
Senegal and Sudan. However, it is clear that value per kg has gone up from Rs 29-100 and overall income
from exports found not much variation.
10 REPORT ON THE GUM KARAYA SUB-SECTOR IN ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
17. Figure 4-1. Schematic Diagram of Gum Karaya Value Chain
Consumers
Pharmaceutical Food items Industries & others
End-user industries
Processors
Exporters
Domestic consumption
Value-addition by Traders
(Industries)
Traders
Auction
Packing & storage
Tray Drying
Pooling Centres
GCC Branch Godowns
Procurement Centres (PCs) / Shandies (Weekly Middlemen/
D.R.Depots
Village Organisations (VOs) Markets) Petty Traders
Tribal Gum Pickers
(Producers)
Resource – Gum Trees in forest
4.3 TRENDS IN SOURCING GUM KARAYA
During the past few decades, the state of Gujarat was the main source of India’s gum karaya. However, as the
number of trees delined and industrialization spread, the source shifted to Madhya Pradesh State. Due to
rampant deforestation and destruction of gum trees, Madhya Pradesh enacted a ban on gum karaya tapping
for a period of ten years starting in the early 1990s. The primary source of gum therefore shifted to Andhra
Pradesh. However Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh State have now lifted the ban in selected forest divisions.
To improve gum quality, they have initiated scientific interventions for gum tapping and have established a
resource team in collaboration with the Kovel Foundation, Visakhapatnam.
REPORT ON THE GUM KARAYA SUB-SECTOR IN ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA 11
18. 5. REGULATIONS AND
GOVERNANCE ISSUES
For economic and conservation reasons, the Government has classified some NTFPs as nationalized items.
There are three official categories:
• Nationalized
• Monopoly items
• Non –monopoly items
5.1 NATIONALIZED NTFPS
State government classifies NTFPs of significant economic value as nationalized items, which can only be
traded / marketed by Forest Department. Those NTFPs included under nationalized items may vary from
state to state; beedi leaf and bamboo are classified as nationalized item in Andhra Pradesh. A trade wing of
The Forest Department’s trade division deals with its marketing and the A.P.Forest Development
Corporation arranges finance for procurement.
5.2 MONOPOLY ITEMS
GCC Limited has monopoly rights for valued added processes and marketing of selected NTFPs under lease
agreement, based on sustainable harvesting and economic value. The Forest Department of Andhra Pradesh
and GCC Limited, Visakhapatnam enter into a new agreement for monopoly rights regarding any given
NTFPs annually. At present, there are 24 NTFPs under the GCC lease agreement.
5.3 NON–MONOPOLY ITEMS
Apart from nationalized and monopoly items, remaining NTFPs are open to all. Primary collectors or their
associations must get permits from the Divisional Forest Officer (DFO) to transport and market the produce.
5.4 NTFP PROCUREMENT AND MARKETING
In Andhra Pradesh, the following regulations are in force for NTFP procurement and marketing. We have
highlighted some of the key regulations in each Regulation Act.
5.4.1 ANDHRA PRADESH FOREST PRODUCE (TRANSIT RULES), 1970
• Any forest produce shall not be moved into nor from or within the state of Andhra Pradesh unless such
produce has government transit permit issued by DFO.
• Collection of forest produce from private lands should require a permit from concerned DFO.
5.4.2 ANDHRA PRADESH FOREST PRODUCE (STORAGE AND DEPOT) RULES, 1989
• Any person or institution desirous of setting up a forest produce depot (storing) shall obtain a license from
the DFO. The license shall be issued for a period not exceeding three years at a time.
12 REPORT ON THE GUM KARAYA SUB-SECTOR IN ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
19. 5.4.3 THE ANDHRA PRADESH MINOR FOREST PRODUCE (REGULATION OF TRADE)
ACT, 1971
• Any minor forest produce specified in the schedule, other than timber, trees, and charcoal comes under
this Act.
• The government may constitute a committee (six to nine members) each year for the purpose of fixing the
price of minor forest produce. The price so fixed shall not be altered during the year to which the price
relates.
• The government may appoint an agent for a unit, for any trade in, any minor forest produce on the behalf
of the Government.
• No person other than the Government or authorized officer or an agent shall sell or purchase or process
or collect or store or transport any minor forest produce.
5.4.4 THE ANDHRA PRADESH SCHEDULED AREAS MINOR FOREST PRODUCE
(REGULATION OF TRADE) REGULATION, 1979
This regulation shall control the minor forest produce cultivation, collection, transport and selling, in respect
of any minor forest produce. It extends to any minor forest produce grown in any land or any reserved forest
or any protected forest of the scheduled areas in the State of Andhra Pradesh.
• Any minor forest produce specified in the schedule, other than timber, trees, and charcoal comes under
this Act.
• The government may appoint a corporation as an agent for any scheduled area, for any trade in any minor
forest produce on the behalf of the Government.
5.4.5 THE ANDHRA PRADESH SCHEDULED AREAS MINOR FOREST PRODUCE
(REGULATION OF TRADE) RULES, 1990
• The Corporation may appoint an agent for the purpose of purchase and trade of any minor forest produce.
• The corporation may set-up such number of purchasing centers, may consider the convenience of the
growers of respective minor forest produce to set up purchase centers and the growers or collectors at the
purchasing centers shall sell the minor forest produce to the corporation.
• The Corporation may refuse to purchase any minor forest produce. Aggrieved person may prefer an appeal
to the Divisional Manager.
• The corporation may set up check posts and erect barriers wherever deemed necessary to avoid
contraventions of the Act.
• Any officer authorized by the corporation may stop and search any person, boat; vehicle or receptacle used
or intended to be used for the transport of minor forest produce.
• Authorized officer may seize minor forest produce together with the receptacles.
• The Corporation shall not be responsible for any loss or damage, which may occur in respect of any minor
forest produce while detained at the check posts.
• The Managing Director of the corporation shall be authorized to fix the purchase price for each
commodity in advance of the season.
REPORT ON THE GUM KARAYA SUB-SECTOR IN ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA 13
20. 5.5 EXPORT LAWS
To ensure that the tribals who are the main “producers” of gum karaya receive a fair price for their labor, the
trade of Gum Karaya was channeled through the state agency NAFED until 1988. TRIFED was launched in
1998-99 and since then has handled this matter. During the early 1990s, gum karaya exports through traders
was banned and TRIFED exported all India’s gum karaya. It also entered into agreement with GCC to pick
up supply from GCC. However this experiment failed due to the strong traders’ network with importers.
Some of the traders in India then shifted to other commodities and while others established supply routes
from Senegal and Mali where the trees are abundantly found. Consequently, the policy was modified and any
trader is now permitted to export gum karaya after registering with TRIFED. All exports of gum karaya
require a “No Objection Certificate” (NOC) from TRIFED and traders must pay a three percent commission
on invoice value to TRIFED. TRIFED issues an NOC after assessing the gum karaya supply source.
5.6 FOREST DEPARTMENT-GCC- TRIBAL RELATIONSHIP
Forest Department has promoted and strengthened 6600 Vana Samrakshana Samithis, which are protecting and
managing about 27% of the forest cover under Joint Forest Management. In the scheduled areas, all the tribal
families are part of the VSS and incentives have been provided. The state is promoting community Forest
Management (CFM) and APFD is facilitating the process of community empowerment. For the VSS, it is a
graduation from protectors and mangers to owners. The GCC procures the NTFPs from the tribals at
predetermined prices that are fixed and revised annually based on the market trend. GCC also extends similar
services for essential commodities (rice, edible oil and kerosene) and financial support for agricultural
operations. GCC has a network of 839 depots which work in close coordination with 10 Integrated Tribal
Development Agencies (ITDAs) in the state.
5.7 PROBLEMS FACED BY THE GUM PICKERS
During marketing of gum karaya, there are frequently issues at three levels- grading, weighing and payment.
5.7.1 GRADING
There is a difference of opinion between gum pickers and CCPAs regarding finalization of gum grades. When
the CCPA considers the gum brought by the gum pickers to be of poor quality, it pays for lower grade. Gum
pickers often disagree. These issues have been discussed during the regular training programs with the gum
pickers and the need is underscored for grading of gum based on color and impurities to be carried out at the
household level before it is delivered to the shandy.
5.7.2 WEIGHING PROCESS
Weighing disagreements often revolves around the moisture content. The GCC installed five kg table scales
especially for gum karaya in all the shandy places. Regarding the high moisture presence in the Gum Karaya,
the gum pickers have been sensitized and trained on proper drying procedures.
5.7.3 PAYMENT
Earlier, gum pickers were given vouchers and asked to collect payment at the next visit. Since many pickers
were illiterate, they often received less money than indicated on the voucher. In the 1990s, middlemen used to
dominate the marketing of gum, paying average prices for all grades and estimating weight.. A barter system
was also in place whereby gum was exchanged for rice, salt, etc. Through training, the gum pickers are
addressing these issues and increasing their bargaining power.
14 REPORT ON THE GUM KARAYA SUB-SECTOR IN ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
21. 6. DEVELOPMENT
INTERVENTIONS ON GUM
KARAYA AND THEIR IMPACTS
The GCC and Kovel Foundation have worked since 1990 to improve the quality and quantity of gum karaya
through regular intensive and refresher training programs for pickers. The training programs are organized
for 25 to 30 gum pickers at any one time. Issues are discussed during these sessions along with appropriate
solutions. The GCC is also supplying tool kits to the gum pickers for free of charge in order to encourage the
adoption of scientific practices to maintain quality standards.
The Kovel Foundation, an apex organization of Girijan Gum Pickers Associations (GGPAs), is implementing
development projects for the NTFP collectors’ socio-economic empowerment in collaboration with GCC and
other funding agencies.
In collaboration with Sir Ratan Tata Trust (SRTT), Mumbai and Canada Fund for Local Initiatives (CFLI)
New Delhi, Kovel implemented two projects entitled “Scientific tapping of Gum Karaya to increase and
sustain income levels to the gum pickers” in two of the Districts in Andhara Pradesh. They made
considerable impact in generating additional income for 1500 gum picking families. For instance, in one of
the project areas, before the 1999 intervention, the total value of gum procured from the area was Rs.7.20
lakhs ; post-intervention, the income levels rose to Rs.25.70 lakhs f
Figure 6-1. Statement Showing Grade-wise, Year-wise Gum Procurement in G.P.C.M.
Society Ltd., Salur, Parvathipuram Division, Vizianagaram District from 1995-96 to 2002-03
(period of year April to March)
Total Quantity (in Quintals)
35000.000
Total Value (in hundreds)
30000.000
25000.000
20000.000
15000.000
10000.000
5000.000
0.000
1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003
Source: GPCMS, Salur Years
3
REPORT ON THE GUM KARAYA SUB-SECTOR IN ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA 15
22. There is another project which is being implemented in collaboration with United Nations Development
Fund for Women (UNIFEM) New Delhi and Society For Elimination of Rural Poverty (SERP), Hyderabad
is “Women’s Economic Empowerment in the market Place – India Gum Karaya (WEEM-IGK)“. The
objectives of the project are:
• To enhance women’s economic empowerment in the market place through collective action thereby
promoting their bargaining power.
• To increase producers’ income and to facilitate women’s access to and control over the NTFPs market by
organizing them into Self Help Groups (SHGs) and Marketing Cooperatives.
6.1 THE MAIN INNOVATIONS IN THE WEEM-IGK PROJECT ARE
• Both women and men are trained in improved and sustainable methods of harvesting, post harvesting of
gum karaya and other NTFPs to add value;
• Women’s groups are organized into Mutually Aided Cooperative Societies (MACS) for collective
marketing, value addition;
• Women are the sales people at the procurement centers which they also control and manage.
• Land- to -lab, lab- to -land approach blends traditional and scientific knowledge
6.2 IMPACT OF THE PROJECT ON NATURE, ECONOMY AND
POWER ASPECTS
Earlier NTFP collectors used to sell individually and often had to forego daily wages when traveling long
distances to the market place. The setting up of NTFP procurement centers has an immediate impact on
household income. The NTFP collectors are getting higher prices. Produce is properly graded. There is a
saving on transport costs- earlier, a round trip to market cost about Rs 30. With the procurement centers
within a five km distance, there is no transport cost and almost no wages lost. Thus, household income
increased by approximately 50 percent.
Before the project set up the procurement centers, men controlled most of the household income. But with
the nearby project-run procurement centers, this has changed. Now in most of cases women go to the
marketplace to sell the NTFP.
The training programs on scientific gum tapping is significantly improving skills, knowledge and capacities of
gum pickers. They are adopting scientific practices in tapping, collection, drying, grading, and storage of gum
thereby helping to conserve gum trees and improve quality and returns. The gum pickers increased their
income from Rs.30 in 1990 to Rs 140 in 2005.
Gum pickers’ ability to grade gum based on the quality is now enhanced and 90% of the gum pickers sell
their gum in graded form at the weekly markets or procurement centers. Improved negotiation and
bargaining skills has led to better management of market issues.
Previously, tribals cut gum trees while clearing forest for shifting cultivation. Appreciating the economic value
of gum trees, they are now protecting the gum trees in the forest and in their own lands. Not only protection
of gum trees but also individual gum pickers are taking up plantations voluntarily on their own lands. The
Forest Department is also promoting gum karaya plantations through Vana Samrakshnan Samithis (VSS)
under World Bank-funded Community Forest Management (CFM) programs.
16 REPORT ON THE GUM KARAYA SUB-SECTOR IN ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
23. 7.0 THREATS AND OPPORTUNITIES
WITHIN THE VALUE CHAIN
7.1 OPPORTUNITIES
• Multiple and varied uses of gum in industrial and domestic applications ensures continuous and stable
demand for good quality gum karaya.
• Introducing solar dryers and quality control labs at community level will help to add value.
• Gum karaya is a natural product and therefore services a growing industry.
• The community is interested in collective initiatives for alternative marketing mechanisms (marketing
cooperatives, controlled and managed by women).
• There is a great scope to train women in production, marketing and sales.
• Plantations increase forest wealth regeneration.
• Transporation time from forest to market center for pickers is reduced.
• There are potentially, new value added products
• Gum collection provides a source of income for the tribal community for most of the year.
7.2 THREATS
• There is a decline in gum trees population as a result of past unscientific practices. On average, number of
gum trees per gum picker has declined by 50%.
• If production declines, the resultant decline in remuneration may drive a shift to other livelihoods.
• Control of the high end market by traders and foreign buyers.
• Weak linkages between gum pickers and end users.
• Sudden implementation of legislative change could result in withdrawal of monopoly rights before the
tribal community is able to market on their own or negotiate in open markets.
REPORT ON THE GUM KARAYA SUB-SECTOR IN ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA 17