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Establish a tuning environment
Index wisely
Reduce parsing
Take advantage of Cost Based Optimizer
Avoid accidental table scans
Optimize necessary table scans
Optimize joins
Use array processing
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7. Access paths – Getting the data
Access Path Explanation
Full table scan Reads all rows from table & filters out those that do not meet the where clause predicates. Used when no
index, DOP set etc
Table access by Rowid Rowid specifies the datafile & data block containing the row and the location of the row in that block. Used if
rowid supplied by index or in where clause
Index unique scan Only one row will be returned. Used when stmt contains a UNIQUE or a PRIMARY KEY constraint that
guarantees that only a single row is accessed
Index range scan Accesses adjacent index entries returns ROWID values Used with equality on non-unique indexes or range
predicate on unique index (<.>, between etc)
Index skip scan Skips the leading edge of the index & uses the rest Advantageous if there are few distinct values in the leading
column and many distinct values in the non-leading column
Full index scan Processes all leaf blocks of an index, but only enough branch blocks to find 1st leaf block. Used when all
necessary columns are in index & order by clause matches index struct or if sort merge join is done
Fast full index scan Scans all blocks in index used to replace a FTS when all necessary columns are in the index. Using multi-block IO
& can going parallel
Index joins Hash join of several indexes that together contain all the table columns that are referenced in the query. Wont
eliminate a sort operation
Bitmap indexes uses a bitmap for key values and a mapping function that converts each bit position to a rowid. Can efficiently
merge indexes that correspond to several conditions in a WHERE clause
13. What basic statistics to collect
• By default the following basic table & column statistic are collected
– Number of Rows
– Number of blocks
– Average row length
– Number of distinct values
– Number of nulls in column
14. What basic statistics to collect
• Index statistics are automatically gathered during creation and maintained
by GATHER_TABLE_STATS and include
– Number of leaf blocks
– Branch Levels
– Clustering factor
• 12c – Tables have basic statistics gathered
during loads into empty segments too
15. What basic statistics to collect
• Histograms tell Optimizer about the data distribution in a Column
• Creation controlled by METHOD_OPT parameter
• Default create histogram on any column that has been used in the WHERE
clause or GROUP BY of a statement AND has a data skew
• Relies on column usage information gathered at compilation time and
stored in SYS.COL_USAGE$
Histograms
16. What basic statistics to collect
• 11g and before - Two types of histograms
– Frequency
– Height-balanced
• 12c and after – two more
– Top Frequency
– Hybrid
Histograms
17. Histograms
• A frequency histogram is only created if the number of distinct values in a
column (NDV) is less than 254 values
Frequency histograms (FREQUENCY)
Frequency histogram
18. Histograms
• A height balanced histogram is created if the number of distinct values in a
column (NDV) is greater than 254 values
Height balanced histograms (HEIGHT BALANCED)
Height balanced histogram
19. Histograms
• Traditionally a frequency histogram is only created if NDV < 254
• But if a small number of values occupies most of the rows (>99% rows)
• Creating a frequency histograms on that small set of values is very useful even
though NDV is greater than 254
• Ignores the unpopular values to create a better quality histogram for
popular values
• Built using the same technique used for frequency histograms
• Only created with AUTO_SAMPLE_SIZE
Top Frequency (TOP-FREQUENCY) 12c
20. Histograms
• Similar to height balanced histogram as created if the NDV >254
• Store the actual frequencies of bucket endpoints in histograms
• No values are allowed to spill over multiple buckets
• More endpoint values can be squeezed in a histogram
• Achieves the same effect as increasing the # of buckets
• Only created with AUTO_SAMPLE_SIZE
Hybrid Histograms (HYBRID) 12c