In your Collaborative Learning Community, write a paper of 500-1,000.docx

In your Collaborative Learning Community, write a paper of
500-1,000 words and include the following:
Assess the past and present impact nurses, including advanced
professional/advanced practice nurses, have made in addressing
this health issue.
Describe how nurses can become more broadly involved with
influencing health policy related to this issue. Include resources
available.
Hypothesize how nurses can positively impact future outcomes
related to the provision of care for persons affected by the
health issue.
Synthesize all aspects of the health care issue through a
summary conclusion, concisely tying up Parts 1-6 of the CLC -
Health Issue Analysis.
This is APA format, 3 references, I have attached topics 1-5 that
is needed for this CLC project
Topic 1
Influenza CLC group essay 11-28-2017
Introduction
Influenza commonly known as flu is a contagious respiratory
infection that attacks the general respiratory system that is, the
nose, throat, and even the lungs. It is caused by the two types of

influenza viruses which are influenza A, influenza B and
influenza C (Wang & Tao, 2010). Attacks from both viruses are
epidemic and seasonal as they are common within specific
periods within a year. Attack mechanisms for influenza A
viruses depends on the genes on the surface protein of a patient.
They are normally spread through sneezing and coughing from
an infected individual to the surrounding air (Wang & Tao,
2010).
The flu can also attack an individual in case they get into direct
body tissue contact with an infected individual for example
handshaking. Health professionals argue that the flu virus is
stubborn and spreads mainly over tiny droplets which are
produced when the infected individuals’ cough, talk, and sneeze
(Wang & Tao, 2010). Such droplets are easily carried by the
surrounding air and can be landed in the nose and mouths of the
immediate persons. Additionally, it can enter into one’s system
if he or she gets into direct contact with a surface or object that
has the influenza bacteria and consequently rubs or touches
their nose, mouth or even eyes (Wang & Tao, 2010).
Health departments have overtime identified initiative to
address the problem of influenza, such initiatives include:
Reducing human exposure to the flu viruses, this initiative
works by notifying the public on the safe ways to prevent and
control the spread of the virus and it actively works to reduce
infection opportunities and curbs the spread of the pandemic
virus (Abramson, 2011).
They have built able capacities to cope with the pandemic,
measures have been taken and put in place to cope with the
virus since helping the society to stay free from the virus
(Abramson, 2011).
They have innovated much on early warning and

acknowledgments, information about influenza and its impacts
to the society are made clear since it is effective for the society
to stay free from the influenza virus (Abramson, 2011).
Necessary global scientific researches are being carried out and
developments to ensure that vaccines and antiviral drugs are
available across the globe mostly during the seasons which the
virus is spread. The scientific knowledge enables quick and
effective identification of the virus at its initial stages
(Abramson, 2011).
Several measures have been put in place to measure the progress
of the issue. They include;
The World Health Organization has continuously carried out
tests to identify cases of attack by the virus at its early stages
that are in one to four days of an individual’s exposure to the
influenza virus (Tam & Sellwood, 2013).
Materials enlightening the public about the virus and the most
convenient ways to stay free from the attack are being
developed and provisional with all measures that can help curb
and salvage the situation (Tam & Sellwood, 2013).
The current status of the issue based on measures outcomes
clarifies that the globe is well up and at a good place to
overcome the spread of influenza viruses. This has been made
possible by the continuous scientific researchers which develop
antiviral drugs and vaccines which are work to stop the spread
and impacts of the influenza virus upon the general society
(Tam & Sellwood, 2013).
References
Abramson, J. (2011).
Inside the 2009 Influenza Pandemic

. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2011.
Tam, J., & Sellwood, C. (2013).
Pandemic Influenza
. CABI, 2013.
Wang, Q., & Tao, Y. (2010).
Molecular Virology
. Horizon Scientific Press.
Topic 2
Influenza
Diane Boll, Lisa Hart, Risper Ireri
Grand Canyom University:NUR 508
12-06-2017
Influenza
Influenza is a highly infectious respiratory illness that mostly
occurs during winter months north of the equator. Influenza,
commonly known as the “flu” occurs between October and
March and with reported outbreaks between September and
May. Signs of influenza include but are not limited to high
fever, myalgia, headache, sore throat, chills and persistent
malaise (Edelman & Mandle, 2006). Each year in the US alone,
influenza and pneumonia result in 114,000 admissions with
36,000 lives lost and costs an estimated $12 billion (Walton,
2016). Edelman and Mandle (2006) discussed the influenza
vaccine markedly reduce the incidence of complications,
hospitalization, and deaths and the vaccine can be given to
anyone above six months unless allergic to it. It’s given with
caution to those with allergies to eggs (Edelman & Mandle,

2006). Contrary to misconception, the most common vaccine is
not made up of the live influenza virus but composed of the
inactivated whole virus or virus subunits grown in chick embryo
cells and given annually (Edelman & Mandle, 2006). Influenza
is a global issue as many in underprivileged countries without
access to adequate health care continue to die from it and there
is a need to rapidly identify the virus and provide proper
treatment, thereby preventing its spread locally and
internationally.
Influence of Health and Socioeconomic Status on Influenza
Though all age groups can contract influenza those with fragile
or weakened immune systems are more severely affected and
include the pregnant women, elderly adults with comorbidities
like diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, malignancy,
and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. According to
Walton (2016), children less than two years have the highest
infection rate, but death rates are usually highest among elderly
(age 65 and older). Influenza is associated with low social,
economic status, lack of preventive treatment and poor housing.
Most
of the people affected by influenza lack insurance coverage,
have lower levels of education, are unemployed, lack social
network and travel long distances to medical facilities (Watson,
2016).
Initiatives
Health departments have overtime identified initiatives to
address the problem of influenza, such initiatives include:
reducing human exposure to the flu viruses, this initiative works
by notifying the public on the safe ways to prevent and control
the spread of the virus and it actively works to reduce infection
opportunities and curbs the spread of the pandemic virus

(Abramson, 2011). They have built able capacities to cope with
the pandemic, measures have been taken and put in place to
cope with the virus since helping the society to stay free from
the virus (Abramson, 2011). They have innovated much on early
warning and acknowledgements, information about influenza
and its impacts to the society are made clear since it is effective
for the society to stay free from influenza virus (Abramson,
2011). Necessary global scientific researches are being carried
out and developments to ensure that vaccines and antiviral
drugs are available across the globe mostly during the seasons
which the virus is spread. The scientific knowledge enables
quick and effective identification of the virus at its initial
stages (Abramson, 2011). Several measures have been put in
place to measure the progress of the issue. They include; The
world Health Organization has continuously carried out tests to
identify cases of attack by the virus at its early stages that are
in one to four days of a n individual’s exposure to the influenza
virus (Tam & Sellwood, 2013). Materials enlightening the
public about the virus and the most convenient ways to stay free
from the attack are being developed and provisional with all
measures that can help curb and salvage the situation (Tam &
Sellwood, 2013). The status of the issue based on measures
outcomes clarifies that the globe is well up and at a good place
to overcome the spread of influenza viruses. This has been made
possible by continuous scientific researchers which develop
antiviral drugs and vaccines which are to stop the spread and
impacts of the influenza virus upon the general society (Tam &
Sellwood, 2013).
Current Status of Influenza
Global Action Plan for Influenza Vaccines (GAP) is “a
comprehensive strategy to reduce the
present global shortage of influenza vaccines for seasonal
epidemics and pandemic influenza in

all countries of the world (GAP, 2017). Initially, GAP was to be
accomplished through three
major approaches: The first GAP approach was to encourage
countries to increase their use of
seasonal influenza vaccine. This would in turn reduce the
disease burden of seasonal influenza
infections, help to contribute towards the preparedness of
industrialized countries to respond to
an eventual pandemic and possibly, most importantly, motivate
industry to develop greater
capacity for manufacturing vaccines (GAP, 2017). The second
GAP approach concentrates on
increasing production capacity for pandemic vaccines. The
short-term goal was established, by
2015 enough vaccine would be produced to immunize two
billion people. Additionally, a long
term goal established to produce enough vaccine to immunize
70% of the world's population
with two doses (GAP, 2017). Lastly, the third GAP approach
addressed the need for the research
community to design more potent and effective vaccines
through use of new technologies.
Progress

According to the Global Action Plan, the seasonal influenza
vaccine production
capacity had increased globally from “less than 500 million per
year to nearly 1
billion doses per year” by the end of 2010, and the numbers
have steadily continued
to rise yearly (2017). Additionally, 14 developing countries
have been awarded
grants from WHO to establish in-country manufacturing
capacity for influenza
vaccines to prevent and treat influenza (GAP, 2017). Moreover,
significant progress
has been achieved with new vaccine formulations. Regular
consultations have been
conducted to bring together vaccine researchers and public
health professionals to
discuss pandemic influenza vaccines and vaccines that can
potentially induce broader
spectrum and longer lasting immunity against both seasonal and
pandemic influenza
strains (GAP, 2017). Also, according to Global Action Plan
(2017) sharing of
research information has been made possible through a non-
restricted internet based

database to facilitate data sharing on clinical trials. This is
updated and
complemented with data from technical meetings, publications,
and direct contacts
with manufacturers.
Conclusion
From the time of the first documented global pandemic, which
contributed to an estimated
300,000 deaths worldwide, science has been researching and
monitoring influenza (Influenza,
2017). Through initiatives between joint stakeholders much
progress has been made toward
decreasing the number of deaths per year as well as other
serious complications related to
influenza (GAP, 2017). The best line of treatment will always
be preventing and control through
vaccination, early detection, and meticulous hand hygiene.
References
Abramson, J. (2011). Inside the 2009 Influenza Pandemic.
World Scientific Publishing
Company, 2011. Retrieved from
http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/978981434357
2_0001

Edelman, C. L., & Mandle, C. L. (2006).
Health promotion throughout the life span
(6th ed.). St.
Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier.
Global Action Plan. (2017). World Health Organization (WHO).
Global action plan for influenza
vaccines (GAP) Retrieved from
http://www.who.int/influenza_vaccines_plan/en/
Influenza. (2017). World Health Organization (WHO). Influenza
surveillance outputs Retrieved
from
http://www.who.int/influenza/resources/charts/en/
Tam, J., & Sellwood, C. (2013). Pandemic Influenza. CABI,
2013. Retrieved from
http://www.worldcat.org/title/pandemic-
influenza/oclc/798303591
Walton, B. E. (2016). Influenza Pandemic and Other Bugs.
Ohio Nurses Review
,
91
(6), 20-30.
Wang, Q., & Tao, Y. (2010).
Molecular Virology
. Horizon Scientific Press.
Topic 3

INFLUENZA(FLU)
Diane Boll, Lisa Hart, Risper Ireri
Grand Canyon University: NUR 508
12-20-2017
Influenza is a cross-community pandemic hence requires
attention from all sectors involved in maintaining a
community’s welfare. Therefore both the public and the private
sectors are involved in funding for initiatives to address
influenza and such is achieved through:
For the public sector;
State agencies; which are permanent or temporally bodies
appointed by the government and assigned to oversee and
administer in different areas within the state. State agencies
which are designated with the responsibility to monitor the
health sector and related programs actively provide public
funding in such states ("Funding Applications.org : Choose
Application", 2017).
Federal agencies; are special government organizations set up
for the purpose to manage its resources and offering financial
oversight to ensure accountability. Such units are sources of
public funding to initiatives that address flu in the society
("Funding Applications.org : Choose Application", 2017).
Private corporations; are small business units held by non-
governmental bodies or a small group of shareholders which
offer products and services to the public. Such organizations
offer funds to initiatives directed towards ending the influenza
pandemic as a way of giving back to the society as an ethical

practice ("Funding Applications.org : Choose Application",
2017).
Private foundations; are non-profit companies which are created
through an initial donation from an individual or a firm and the
donated funds are managed by the foundation’s trustees and
directors. Initiatives aimed at the control and prevention of
influenza getting funding from all active private organizations
to facilitate their running ("Funding Applications.org : Choose
Application", 2017).
Quality initiatives that address influenza pandemic;
Well calculated and predetermined emergency actions; since the
pandemic attacks as a surprise emergency programs have been
put across as initiatives to stay ready to tackle it anytime, it
knocks hence the health sector has reached a milestone in
fighting it (Wang & Tao, 2010).
Prevention and preparedness to control the effects of the
pandemic; prevention measures against the pandemic include: -
reducing human exposure to influenza virus which is attained
through enlightening the public on the flu and away to possibly
stay free from it. Secondly strengthening early warning systems
which make it possible to note any trace of the flu at its initial
stages and initiate the efforts required to stop its effects. And
thirdly, having adequately developed flu containment operations
(Wang & Tao, 2010).
Preparedness is achieved by having a well build up capacity to
cope with the pandemic and critically investing in developing
new pandemic vaccines and antiviral drugs. Readiness to deal
with the situation just in case it attacks is key to addressing the
pandemic (Wang & Tao, 2010).
Being insured versus being uninsured impacts health outcomes

related to influenza differ. Because insured person is covered
against all the dangers that may accrue to him or her as a result
of exposure to the flu hence that is an initiative to enable
persons to remain focused on their daily tasks (Wang & Tao,
2010).
On the other hand, uninsured individuals do not have any cover
or preventative/ control measure that stands between them and
the flu. Therefore in case they are exposed to it thus its impact
will relatively be all over them hence they are not stable enough
while getting through their day to day activities hence the
community suffers some loss (Wang & Tao, 2010).
References
Funding Applications.org : Choose Application
. (2017).
Fundingapplications.com
. Retrieved 15 December 2017, from
https://www.fundingapplications.com/index.php
Wang, Q., & Tao, Y. (2010).
Influenza: Molecuar Virology
. Horizon Scientific, Press, 2010.
Topic 4
Ethical principles in the treatment of Influenza are the guiding
statements that the World Health Organization has put across to
guide on efforts directed towards treating, prevention and
control of the pandemic. The Influenza pandemic has been
identified as a health threat for all populations thus calling upon
the intervention of global health organizations (Van-Tam,
2012).
Below are some of the leading ethical principles that are

applicable in the treatment of influenza;
The principle which addresses global initiatives that are
reducing the spread of the pandemic through isolation and
putting travel restrictions which subsequently denies them their
freedom of movement. The World Health Organization states
that all persons are obliged to the freedom of movement hence
put such measures which see some populations restricted and
denied their freedom of movement is inappropriate.
Alternatively all societies despite their health status must be
allowed to enjoy their right and privilege of movement with
effective control and prevention measures to curb the spread of
the pandemic (Van-Tam, 2012).
The protection that health workers addressing the pandemic are
obliged to safeguard against the risks which they are exposed to
as they execute their duties. Ethical principles of protecting
healthcare workers who are actively exposed to the dangers of
being infected with the pandemic as they interact with the
infected population. Therefore when the risks to which
healthcare specialists are exposed to are addressed, then they
stand motivated hence maximum delivery while serving the
public (Van-Tam, 2012).
It has been provided that there is a prioritized access to
healthcare resources facilitated by the increased demand and
shortages being experienced from the health provider’s end. The
Influenza pandemic commonly identified with the specific
populations hence such populations have been given priority to
access health services directed towards control, prevention and
preparedness to deal with the epidemic and reduce its fierceness
on them (Van-Tam, 2012).
Population disparities are the differences which are enjoyed by
individuals of different populations in the access and
availability of health facilities and services to curb the spread

and impacts of the pandemic in society. Ethical principles
applicable in the treatment of influenza have brought into being
disparities which are influencing the way the community is
protected from the epidemic. Such variations can be eliminated
by manipulating the set principles and coming up with other
ethical principles through a careful consideration of the general
population because influenza pandemic is not selective. Such an
ethic principle will bring uniformity in the service availability
and accessibility (Van-Tam, 2012).
ANA’s code of Ethics for Nurses serves to guide on the
execution of nursing responsibilities in a manner that observes
the quality and standard services while attending to patients.
The ethics ensure that patient’s rights are followed all through
the treatment, and a good quality of the service is assured. In
the other hand, the rights of the nursing specialist subsequently
observed. Therefore the applicable ethical principles consistent
with the ANA’s code ethics for nurses which sees them
appropriate as they respect both sides involved in the
pandemic’s, prevention, control and preparedness (White, 2012)
References
Van-Tam, J. (2012).
Pandemic Influenza
. CABI, 2012.
White, K. (2012).
The Essential Guide to Nursing Practice: Applying ANA's
Scope and Standards in Practice and Education
. American Nurses Association.
Topic 5

Cultural believes are the integrated patterns of human behavior
that include thoughts and actions. Every cultural practice has
beliefs which guide them on health and disease treatment
decisions which guide on the necessary steps to be followed in
case of an epidemic, in our case “the flu”. In a good number of
cultural practices, family members play vital roles in making
decisions that contribute to healthcare decision making.
Furthermore, a group’s religious faith and spiritual adjustments
direct their behavior on seeking healthcare (Timby, 2009).
Collectively a cultural belief is a collective imagination based
on an invisible thing which is considered real by a given
community and observed as a key role player in the way the
community’s affairs are run (Timby, 2009).
Personal experiences, both positive and negative from medical
administrators and victims influences their individual beliefs
which on the other hand directly influence the nature of
decisions made relating to being vaccinated against flu. For
example, aging populations’ cultural beliefs influence their
likelihood of taking up the influenza vaccine. Therefore such
cultural belief divides them into two groups based on flu
vaccine uptake. That is, there are those that believe that is
likely to catch the flu and are the ones who willingly accept
vaccination against the illness. On the other hand are those that
believe that they are unlikely to catch the flu and are reluctant
to get vaccinated against the epidemic (Timby, 2009).
Beliefs and influence indirectly affect influenza vaccine
administration behavior, since despite the fact that Nurse
Practitioners are trained to apply evidence-based medical
practices while making medical decisions. And contrary to that
the decisions they make are largely affected by their individual
beliefs hence such influence transfers to their healthcare

provision (Timby, 2009).
A belief is an individual’s opinion or conviction which has real
prove but is a key player in the way people does things which
come in their day to day living. Provisionally a belief defines
what is to be done, what is to be avoided and what may accrue
to those who do not observe them. Whereas Values relative to
influenza are old grown beliefs which have existed over a given
period of time considerably a long one. They are, therefore,
defined as the standards based on which people plan their lives
and make flu vaccination choices (Ford et al., 2018).
Spiritual and religious beliefs and values have influenced the
progress in addressing flu and getting rid of it from the
community both positively and negatively. From the positive
end, they have boosted the progress in addressing the epidemic
in that; some sect of the beliefs and values motivates the
community to get vaccinated by having medical care specialists
outlining all the benefits linked with the vaccine and also the
dangers that might accrue to them in case they don’t get
vaccinated. Since the flu can only be prevented and not treated
as it is for most of the epidemics the most appropriate and
effective way to stay free from it is through getting vaccinated
(Ford et al., 2018).
On the other hand, spiritual/religious beliefs negatively affect
the progress in addressing the epidemic whereby they direct the
community not to get vaccinated as they believe that they are
least likely to be attacked by the flu hence no need for them to
get vaccinated (Ford et al., 2018).
Influenza epidemic occurs all across the world with much of its
effects falling to the young population, which is the children
who record a seasonal percentage of 20-30% while the adult
population records an estimated 5-10% ("WHO | Seasonal
influenza", 2018). The flu is a seasonal disease that typically

occurs during winter months affecting the southern hemisphere
from April to September and the Northern hemispheres over the
months of November to April. And with an unclear seasonal
pattern in the tropical regions ("WHO | Seasonal influenza",
2018). All the governments should carefully consider the data
compiled by the World Health Organization in order for it to
make sure that their populations are kept free from the flu
epidemic.
References
Ford, S., Ford, S., Ford, S., & Ford, S. (2018).
Vaccine uptake affected by culture
.
Nursing Times
. Retrieved 12 January 2018, from
https://www.nursingtimes.net/news/primary-care/vaccine-
uptake-affected-by-culture/5019333.article
Timby, B. (2009).
Fundamental Nursing Skills and Concepts
. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009.
WHO | Seasonal influenza
. (2018).
Who.int
. Retrieved 12 January 2018, from
http://www.who.int/ith/diseases/influenza_seasonal/en/

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